Une arithmétique sûre et efficace est un élément clé pour exécuter des calculs rapides et sûrs. Le choix du système numérique et des algorithmes arithmétiques est important. Nous présentons une nouvelle représentation des nombres, les "RN-codes", telle que tronquer un RN-code à une précision donnée est équivalent à l'arrondir au plus près. Nous donnons des algorithmes arithmétiques pour manipuler ces RN-codes et introduisons le concept de "RN-code en virgule flottante." Lors de l'implantation d'une fonction f en arithmétique flottante, si l'on veut toujours donner le nombre flottant le plus proche de f(x), il faut déterminer si f(x) est au-dessus ou en-dessous du plus proche "midpoint", un "midpoint" étant le milieu de deux nombres flottants consécutifs. Pour ce faire, le calcul est d'abord fait avec une certaine précision, et si cela ne suffit pas, le calcul est recommencé avec une précision de plus en plus grande. Ce processus ne s'arrête pas si f(x) est un midpoint. Étant donné une fonction algébrique f, soit nous montrons qu'il n'y a pas de nombres flottants x tel que f(x) est un midpoint, soit nous les caractérisons ou les énumérons. Depuis le PowerPC d'IBM, la division en binaire a été fréquemment implantée à l'aide de variantes de l'itération de Newton-Raphson dues à Peter Markstein. Cette itération est très rapide, mais il faut y apporter beaucoup de soin si l'on veut obtenir le nombre flottant le plus proche du quotient exact. Nous étudions comment fusionner efficacement les itérations de Markstein avec les itérations de Goldschmidt, plus rapides mais moins précises. Nous examinons également si ces itérations peuvent être utilisées pour l'arithmétique flottante décimale. Nous fournissons des bornes d'erreurs sûres et précises pour ces algorithmes.

Les systèmes critiques dépendent du fait que leurs composants logiciels fournissent des services aux comportements corrects (c'est-à-dire satisfaisant leurs exigences). De plus, dans de nombreux cas, ces systèmes doivent être adaptés ou reconfigurés en cas de pannes ou quand des évolutions d'exigences ou de qualité de service se produisent. Quand ces évolutions peuvent être capturées au niveau logiciel, il devient possible de les traiter en utilisant la notion de substitution. En effet, le composant logiciel du système source peut être substitué par un autre composant logiciel pour construire un nouveau système cible. Dans le cas de systèmes critiques, cette opération impose que le nouveau système cible se comporte correctement en préservant, autant que possible, les propriétés de sécurité et de sûreté du système source pendant et après l'opération de substitution. Dans cette thèse, les systèmes étudiés sont modélisés par des systèmes états-transitions. Pour modéliser la substitution de systèmes, la méthode Event-B a été choisie car elle est adaptée à la modélisation de systèmes états-transitions et permet de bénéficier des avantages du raffinement, de la preuve et de la disponibilité d'un outil puissant avec la plate-forme Rodin.Cette thèse fournit un modèle générique pour la substitution de systèmes qui inclut différentes situations comme le démarrage à froid et le démarrage à chaud, mais aussi la possibilité de dégradation ou d'extension de systèmes ou de substitution équivalente. Cette approche est d'abord utilisée pour formaliser la substitution dans le cas de systèmes discrets appliqués à la compensation de Services Web. Elle permet de modéliser la compensation correcte. Par la suite, cette approche est mise en œuvre dans le cas des systèmes caractérisés par des comportements continus comme les systèmes hybrides. Pour modéliser des comportements continus avec Event-B, le plug-in Theory pour Rodin est examiné et s'avère performant pour modéliser des systèmes hybrides. Cela nous permet de proposer un mécanisme de substitution correct pour des systèmes avec des comportements continus. L'exigence de sûreté devient alors le maintien de la sortie du système dans une enveloppe de sûreté. Pour finir, l'approche proposée est généralisée, permettant la dérivation des modèles précédemment définis pour la compensation de Services Web par le raffinement et la réutilisation de preuves entre des modèles de systèmes. / Safety-critical systems depend on the fact that their software components provide services that behave correctly (i.e. satisfy their requirements). Additionally, in many cases, these systems have to be adapted or reconfigured in case of failures or when changes in requirements or in quality of service occur. When these changes appear at the software level, they can be handled by the notion of substitution. Indeed, the software component of the source system can be substituted by another software component to build a new target system. In the case of safety-critical systems, it is mandatory that this operation enforces that the new target system behaves correctly by preserving the safety properties of the source system during and after the substitution operation.In this thesis, the studied systems are modeled as state-transition systems. In order to model system substitution, the Event-B method has been selected as it is well suited to model such state-transition systems and it provides the benefits of refinement, proof and the availability of a strong tooling with the Rodin Platform.This thesis provides a generic model for system substitution that entails different situations like cold start and warm start as well as the possibility of system degradation, upgrade or equivalence substitutions. This proposal is first used to formalize substitution in the case of discrete systems applied to web services compensation and allowed modeling correct compensation. Then, it is also used for systems characterized by continuous behaviors like hybrid systems. To model continuous behaviors with Event-B, the Theory plugin for Rodin is investigated and proved successful for modeling hybrid systems. Afterwards, a correct substitution mechanism for systems with continuous behaviors is proposed. A safety envelope for the output of the system is taken as the safety requirement. Finally, the proposed approach is generalized, enabling the derivation of the previously defined models for web services compensation through refinement, and the reuse of proofs across system models.

This thesis deals with space conditions and working place in a computer lab. It also de-scribes the rules of correct seating of students and their feeling of comfort related to the stay in a computer lab. Theoretical part contents information about ergonomic requirements on the arrangement of working place at the computer. The information concerns table, chair, monitor, key-board and mouse. The requirements on space conditions of a computer lab are intro-duced as well as other factors. For example floor area, height of a room, position of working place and factors such as lighting, windows, noise, microclimatic conditions and ventilation. Working with computer effects our health, for example musculoskeletal problems, visual difficulties and psychical troubles are mentioned. Also the musculoskeletal system, sitting position, posture and examples of compen-sation exercise (concerning static load) are described in this thesis. The final section of the theoretical part is focused on the school stress, its conse-quences and also the school which supports health. The aim of the thesis is to map space conditions and working place in a computer lab in Písek district and to find out students opinions on feeling of comfort while staying in a computer lab and respecting the rules of correct seating. The second part of thesis gathers the results of my research. It concerned students from 6th till 9th classat chosen primary schools in Písek district by the method of ob-serving and the results were compared with the established criteria. Also the anonymous questionnaires were used. The space conditions of computer labs, working places of students and respecting the rules of correct seating were evaluated by observing. The questionnaires were focused on the recognition of students feeling of comfort while staying in a computer lab. Established facts were statistically tested by using chi-square test. The final results of the research show that working places in computer labs at pri-mary schools are suitable for ergonomic requirements. While observing of respecting the rules of correct seating, it was acknowledged, that these rules are not followed, despite the students have adequate conditions for their work. Although in the observed computer labs there were some deficiencies concerning space conditions and other factors, the students feel comfortable while staying in a computer lab. Because static load influences the musculoskeletal system of the students itis neces-sary to apply the factors of precaution at schools, especially as for the rules of correct seating. The students should be familiar with these rules and following the rules should be regularly and consistently controlled by teachers. The deficiencies in computer labs and on the working places are necessary to re-move to create adequate surrounding and conditions for the work of students. Appropri-ately arranged working place is basic requirement for the precaution of musculoskeletal problems and it also enables easier way of how to follow the rules of correct seating. Long-lasting sitting and unsuitable working conditions influence negatively the health of the students and that is significant also for the future. Health problems can be present till adulthood. The students should be aware of the risks and they should be taught to arrange their working place properly before they start working there.

Author: Bc. et Bc. Barbora Pyšková Title: Elektromyographic analysis of differences in selected excercises on pommel horse and riding horse Objectives: The aim of the thesis was to measure the activity of selected muscles, expressed as the percentage value of the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), during excercises performed by both males and females probands. The effect of treatment (on pommel horse vs riding horse) and proband sex on muscle activity was tested. Methods: Maximal voluntary contraction of each muscle (eight in total) was electromyographically measured in each proband, using the test according to Janda. These values were used as a standard to which the values obtained by excercising on pommel horse and riding horse were related. The values were averages of three repeated measurements. The effect of studied factors was tested by analysis of variance. Results: The tested hypotheses were confirmed. The muscle activity during excercises was statistically significantly affected by the factors studied, therefore the variation in measured values is not random. Muscle activity tended to be higher on riding horse than on pommel horse, and in females compared to males. Key words: horse riding, pommel horse, EMG, electromyography, hipotherapy, correct horse sit

In this thesis, we present and analyze three algorithms that are designed to make computer simulation more efficient, valid, and/or applicable. The first algorithm uses simulation cloning to enhance efficiency in transient simulation. Traditional simulation cloning is a technique that shares some parts of the simulation results when simulating different scenarios. We apply this idea to transient simulation, where multiple replications are required to achieve statistical validity. Computational savings are achieved by sharing some parts of the simulation results among several replications. We improve the algorithm by inducing negative correlation to compensate for the (undesirable) positive correlation introduced by sharing some parts of the simulation. Then we identify how many replications should share the same data, and provide numerical results to analyze the performance of our approach. The second algorithm chooses a set of best systems when there are multiple candidate systems and multiple objectives. We provide three different formulations of correct selection of the Pareto optimal set, where a system is Pareto optimal if it is not inferior in all objectives compared to other competing systems. Then we present our Pareto selection algorithm and prove its validity for all three formulations. Finally, we provide numerical results aimed at understanding how well our algorithm performs in various settings. Finally, we discuss the estimation of input distributions when theoretical distributions do not provide a good fit to existing data. Our approach is to use a quasi-empirical distribution, which is a mixture of an empirical distribution and a distribution for the right tail. We describe an existing approach that involves an exponential tail distribution, and adapt the approach to incorporate a Pareto tail distribution and to use a different cutoff point between the empirical and tail distributions. Then, to measure the impact, we simulate a stable M/G/1 queue with a known inter-arrival and unknown service time distributions, and estimate the mean and tail probabilities of the waiting time in queue using the different approaches. The results suggest that if we know that the system is stable, and suspect that the tail of the service time distribution is not exponential, then a quasi-empirical distribution with a Pareto tail works well, but with a lower bound imposed on the tail index.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:27:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose Sebastiao Fagundes Cunha Filho.pdf: 688119 bytes, checksum: d462f08cc68c6184e7735c3a443e1c0a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-06-10 / The present dissertation has the objective of examining the access to justice in the Brazilian civil case haw and therefore, extends for two chapters. The first deals with the fundamental institutes for the comprehension of access to justice. The study begins with the conception of the state and it s relation with politic and after with law. Afterwards philosophical theories are exposed about the concept of justices throughout history. So, a proposal of access to justice is created as access to fair juridical to order with the receiving of justice. The second chapter begins with the examination of juridical case concepts and of case law. The matters that involve juridical case relationship are analysed, under the focus the correct legal process, presenting some other constitutional principles that relate with it, such as, the contrary principle, the free motivating convincement, the agreement or the reduction and, finally, the study of the elements of action: parts, cause of ordering and order, and as they link the justice activity always with en phases on the effectiveness of justice guard under it s characteristic of making of the entity responsible for pacifying of social conflicts / A presente dissertação tem por objetivo examinar o acesso à justiça no direito processual civil brasileiro e, para tanto, estende-se por dois capítulos. O primeiro aborda os institutos fundamentais para compreensão do acesso à justiça. O estudo se inicia com a concepção de Estado e sua relação com a política e depois com o Direito. Em seguida são expostas teorias filosóficas sobre o conceito de justiça no decorrer da história. Formula-se, então, proposta de acesso à justiça como acesso à ordem jurídica justa com o recebimento de justiça. O segundo capítulo começa pelo exame dos conceitos jurídicos de processo e de direito processual. São então analisados os pontos que envolvem a relação jurídica processual, sob o enfoque do devido processo legal, vislumbrando alguns outros princípios constitucionais que com ele se relacionam, como o princípio do contraditório, do livre convencimento motivado e da congruência ou da adstrição da sentença. E, por derradeiro, o estudo dos elementos da ação: partes, causa de pedir e pedido, e como os mesmos vinculam a atividade jurisdicional, sempre com ênfase na efetividade da tutela jurisdicional, sob o seu caráter de instrumentalidade, de entidade responsável pela pacificação dos conflitos sociais

Este trabalho tem como proposta apresentar a metodologia de diagnóstico de influência local de Cook (1986) conjuntamente com a metodologia de seleção da perturbação adequada proposta por Zhu et al. (2007) no modelo de calibração ultraestrutural com réplicas. A metodologia de Cook (1986) ser´a utilizada para investigar a robustez e a sensibilidade do modelo, onde os esquemas de perturbação adotados foram ponderação de casos e na variável resposta. Perturbar o modelo e/ou os dados de forma arbitrária pode conduzir a interpretações sobre a análise de diagnóstico e a conclusões equivocadas. Portanto, este trabalho irá avaliar as perturbações propostas segundo a metodologia de Zhu et al. (2007) e caso as perturbações não sejam adequadas, iremos propor uma nova forma de fazer as perturbações. Foi utilizado como aplicação a análise de um conjunto de dados com réplicas balanceadas e foram avaliadas quais patamares e laboratórios exercem um efeito desproporcional nas inferências feitas sob o modelo. / This paper aims to present the local influence diagnostic methodology of Cook (1986) along with the selection of the appropriate perturbation schemes proposed by Zhu et al. (2007) in ultrastructural calibration model with replicas. The methodology of Cook (1986) will be used to investigate the robustness and sensitivity of model, where the adopted perturbation schemes were weighting cases and response variables. Perturbing the model and/or data in an arbitrary way can lead to miss interpretations of diagnostic analysis and wrong conclusions. Therefore, this study will evaluate the induced perturbations according to the methodology of Zhu et al. (2007) and if the perturbations are not suitable, we will propose a new way of perturbing the model or the data. As an application it was considered a data set with balanced repeated replication to evaluate which levels and laboratories exercise a disproportional effect on inferences made in the model.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2015-10-07T15:04:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LEONARDO ROCHA DE ALMEIDA_.pdf: 9387028 bytes, checksum: 1c47113addbc283a4a9a2e20fd089fd0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-07T15:04:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LEONARDO ROCHA DE ALMEIDA_.pdf: 9387028 bytes, checksum: 1c47113addbc283a4a9a2e20fd089fd0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-25 / Nenhuma / Este trabalho apresenta uma análise sobre o Pacto Nacional pela Alfabetização na Idade Certa (PNAIC) referente à formação continuada em Língua Portuguesa desenvolvido em 2013 nas escolas públicas de uma rede municipal localizada no sul do Brasil. O trabalho centrou-se nas práticas avaliativas de professoras alfabetizadoras de uma cidade da região metropolitana de Porto Alegre, participantes desta formação. Como referenciais teóricos foram utilizados estudos e pesquisas dos seguintes autores: Emilia Ferreiro, Maria Teresa Esteban, Cipriano Luckesi, entre outros. Para desenvolver o exercício analítico, busquei entender como a formação continuada se desenvolveu sobre o tema da qualificação dos processos de avaliação das aprendizagens escolares no 1º Ano do Ensino Fundamental de Nove Anos. A metodologia selecionada foi a análise de conteúdo, baseado em Laurence Bardin e Maria Laura Franco, desenvolvida a partir do escrutínio e tabulação dos cadernos de formação em Língua Portuguesa do 1º Ano do Ensino Fundamental, além de questionário e entrevista com professoras alfabetizadoras. A partir da análise de conteúdo e o trabalho de debruçar-se sobre os materiais foi possível extrair os seguintes sentidos: Avaliação e Inclusão; Avaliação diagnóstica e planejamento; Impacto do Pacto na prática docente. A partir dos resultados obtidos foi possível criar um projeto de intervenção com o título: Ressignificando o processo de avaliação das aprendizagens na alfabetização. / This paper presents an analysis of the National Pact for Literacy at the Correct Age (PNAIC) for continuing education in Portuguese developed in 2013 in the public schools of a municipal network. The work focused on the evaluation practices of literacy teachers of a city in the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre, participants of this training. As_references, research from the following authors was used: Emilia Ferreiro, Maria Teresa Esteban, Cipriano Luckesi, among others. To develop the analytical exercise, I sought to understand how the continuing education progressed with respect to the classification of the evaluation procedures of school learning for the 1st Elementary School Year Nine Years. The selected methodology was content analysis, based on Laurence Bardin and Maria Laura Franco’s methods, and was developed using ballot tabulation of training books in Portuguese for the 1st year of primary school, and questionnaires and interviews with literacy teachers. From the content analysis, we acted over the materials and extracted some meaning cores: evaluation and inclusion diagnostic evaluation and planning; impact of the pact on teaching practice.Based on the results, we propose a project of intervention with the title: giving new meaning to the evaluation process of learning in literacy.

ANOVA analysis is a classic tool for multiple comparisons and has been widely used in numerous disciplines due to its simplicity and convenience. The ANOVA procedure is designed to test if a number of different populations are all different. This is followed by usual multiple comparison tests to rank the populations. However, the probability of selecting the best population via ANOVA procedure does not guarantee the probability to be larger than some desired prespecified level. This lack of desirability of the ANOVA procedure was overcome by researchers in early 1950's by designing experiments with the goal of selecting the best population. In this dissertation, a single-stage procedure is introduced to partition k treatments into "good" and "bad" groups with respect to a control population assuming some key parameters are known. Next, the proposed partition procedure is genaralized for the case when the parameters are unknown and a purely-sequential procedure and a two-stage procedure are derived. Theoretical asymptotic properties, such as first order and second order properties, of the proposed procedures are derived to document the efficiency of the proposed procedures. These theoretical properties are studied via Monte Carlo simulations to document the performance of the procedures for small and moderate sample sizes.

La côte d'Ivoire comme la plupart des pays de l'Afrique subsaharienne, est multilingue avec environ soixante (60) langues reparties en quatre grands groupes géographiques et culturels (Mandé, Gur, Kru, Kwa). La langue de scolarisation héritée de la colonisation n'est pas la langue de première socialisation des apprenants. Les connaissances scolaires sont inadaptées aux pratiques issues de la réalité socioculturelle des apprenants. Le faible pourcentage des réussites est attribué à une large part à l'incompétence en français des élèves. En 2000, dix (10) langues ivoiriennes (abidji, agni, baoulé, bété, guéré, koulango, mahou, senoufo, yacouba), sont introduites dans le système éducatif à travers le projet école intégrée (PEI). Le projet école intégrée est installé dans les zones rurales. Ses objectifs principaux sont d'une part, l'amélioration de la couverture scolaire qui est passé de 76% en (2001-02) à 74,3% en (2006-07), indiquant ainsi que près de 26% de la population d'âges scolarisables n'a pas accès à l'école. En milieu rural l'accès à l'école est réduit, (66% en milieu rural contre 83% en milieu urbain, in rapport d'état du système éducatif), et varie d'une région à une autre avec une déperdition de 35%. Le PEI se caractérise par un bilinguisme de transition, l'enseignement est entièrement en langue locale au cours préparatoire première année (CP1), le français est appris oralement. Au CP2 et au CE1 (cours élémentaire première année), l'enseignement est bilingue, les apprentissages en lecture/écriture se font à partir des deux langues et dans toutes les matières. / Côte d'Ivoire, like most sub-Saharan African countries is a multilingual country with about sixty (60) local languages split into four main geographical and cultural groups: the Mandé, the Gur, the Kru, and the Kwa). The language of socialisation inherited from the colonial period is not learners‘s first language. What pupils learn at school is not adapted to their socio-cultural realities. Lower rate of success at school is on one side mostly due to the learner's incompetence in French. In 2000 ten (10) Ivorian local languages ( Abidji, Agni, Baoulé, Bété, Guéré, Koulango, Mahou, Sénoufo, Yacouba,) were introduced into the educational system in the framework of the integrated school project (PEI in French). The integrated school project (I S P) exits in rural areas only. Its main objectives are on one hand to improve school needs cover, which fell from 76% (in 2001- 2002) to 74.3% in (2006-2007), thus indicating that nearly 26 % of kids who have reached the age to go to school do not have access to school. In rural areas, access to school is still low (66 % in rural areas against 83% in urban areas, says the national report on the educational system), and varies from one region to another with the loss of 35%. The integrated school project (I S P) is characterized by a bilingualism of transition. The teaching is entirely conducted in the local language of the region at CP1 (first grade), French is introduced only orally. At CP2 and CE1 (second and third grade) teaching takes palace in a bilingual classroom environment .Learning how to read and write is conducted in both languages; this in all the school subjects.