This work traces the history of the juvenile correction system in twentieth century New South Wales, focusing on the evolution of major reforms aimed at curbing delinquency. The study begins in 1905 with the Neglected Children and Juvenile Offenders Act. It concludes in 1988, when another set of significant reforms, designed to deal with perceived inadequacies of the established system, commenced. The main focus of the thesis is the government system of corrections. Although there was an active non - government correction system, this sector was increasingly absorbed by the larger public sphere. The principal argument is that, although there were sporadic periods during which changes to the system were made, its progress through most of the twentieth century was characterised by an underlying attitude which regarded the boys and girls it dealt with, particularly those committed to institutions, as belonging to an inferior, delinquent class. As such, they were treated as the progeny of a criminal class destined for the most part to remain part of that class. This idea of a delinquent class coloured all aspects of the way juveniles were treated, specifically lack of resources, the dominance of economic considerations over the welfare of children, excessive regimentation, harsh discipline and illegal punishments. When management problems arose they were met with increased coercion. Although lip-service was paid to the ideal of child saving, reality did not match the rhetoric. Programs which ostensibly were meant to individualise treatment so that it was tailored to suit each child, were carried out perfunctorily. Periodic and well-meaning efforts at reform were stifled by bureaucratic inertia, political considerations, and the entrenched belief that incarceration was preferable to treatment.

No description available.

This work traces the history of the juvenile correction system in twentieth century New South Wales, focusing on the evolution of major reforms aimed at curbing delinquency. The study begins in 1905 with the Neglected Children and Juvenile Offenders Act. It concludes in 1988, when another set of significant reforms, designed to deal with perceived inadequacies of the established system, commenced. The main focus of the thesis is the government system of corrections. Although there was an active non - government correction system, this sector was increasingly absorbed by the larger public sphere. The principal argument is that, although there were sporadic periods during which changes to the system were made, its progress through most of the twentieth century was characterised by an underlying attitude which regarded the boys and girls it dealt with, particularly those committed to institutions, as belonging to an inferior, delinquent class. As such, they were treated as the progeny of a criminal class destined for the most part to remain part of that class. This idea of a delinquent class coloured all aspects of the way juveniles were treated, specifically lack of resources, the dominance of economic considerations over the welfare of children, excessive regimentation, harsh discipline and illegal punishments. When management problems arose they were met with increased coercion. Although lip-service was paid to the ideal of child saving, reality did not match the rhetoric. Programs which ostensibly were meant to individualise treatment so that it was tailored to suit each child, were carried out perfunctorily. Periodic and well-meaning efforts at reform were stifled by bureaucratic inertia, political considerations, and the entrenched belief that incarceration was preferable to treatment.

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Ongoing technology improvements and feature size reduction have led to an increase in manufacturing-induced parameter variations. These variations affect various memory cell circuits, making them unreliable at low voltages. Memories are very dense structures that are especially susceptible to defects, and more so at lower voltages. Transient errors due to radiation, power supply noise, etc., can also cause bit-flips in a memory. To protect the data integrity of the memory, an error correcting code (ECC) is generally employed. Present ECC, however, is either single error correcting or corrects multiple errors at the cost of high redundancy or longer correction time. This research addresses the problem of memory reliability under adverse conditions. The goal is to achieve a desired reliability at reduced redundancy while also keeping in check the correction time. Several methods are proposed here including one that makes use of leftover spare columns/rows in memory arrays [Datta 09] and another one that uses memory characterization tests to customize ECC on a chip by chip basis [Datta 10]. The former demonstrates how reusing spare columns leftover from the memory repair process can help increase code reliability while keeping hardware overhead to a minimum. In the latter case customizing ECCs on a chip by chip basis shows considerable reduction in check bit overhead, at the same time providing a desired level of protection for low voltage operations. The customization is done with help from a defect map generated at manufacturing time, which helps identify potentially vulnerable cells at low voltage. An ECC based solution for tackling the wear out problem of phase change memories (PCM) has also been presented here. To handle the problem of gradual wear out and hence increasing defect rates in PCM systems an adaptive error correction scheme is proposed [Datta 11a]. The adaptive scheme, implemented alongside the operating system seeks to increase PCM lifetime by manifold times. Finally the work on memory ECC is extended by proposing a fast burst error correcting code with minimal overhead for handling scenarios where multi-bit failures are common [Datta 11b]. The twofold goal of this work – design a low-cost code capable of handling multi bit errors affecting adjacent cells, and fast multi bit error correction – is achieved by modifying conventional Orthogonal Latin Square codes into burst error codes. / text

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