The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) was one of the most widely used psychological tests administered to adolescents. The MMPI-A is a revised version of the MMPI that was developed specifically for adolescents. The purpose of this study is to establish clinical correlates for the MMPI-A standard scale codetypes.

Two theories of consciousness have different ideas about when consciousness happens and what neural processes enable conscious experience. The recurrent processing theory supports an early onset of consciousness caused by recurring loops of information between sensory areas. Contrary to this belief, the global workspace theory claims that consciousness appears later, through global recurrent loops of information between sensory and higher order brain areas such as the visual cortex and frontoparietal areas. Electrophysiological studies have found an event-related negativity arising in primary visual areas around 200 ms that correlates to awareness. This activity suits the predictions of an early onset of consciousness made by the recurrent processing theory. It is followed by a later positive amplitude appearing around 400 ms. This activity is in line with predictions made by the global workspace theory. The current study transition from visual to auditory awareness research in order to find the neural correlates of consciousness in audition. A sound detection task with tones calibrated to each participants threshold value was used in the experiment and two electrophysiological measurements of auditory awareness were found. An auditory awareness negativity that appears around 200 ms after stimulus onset and a late positivity appearing around 400 ms. Researchers disagree about if these event-related potentials correlate with awareness or unrelated cognitive mechanisms. In order to solve this problem, the current experiment was devised to test if they were affected by response conditions. A no-response paradigm with reversed response conditions was used to separate pre- and post-conscious mechanisms from the auditory awareness negativity and the late positivity. Results showed that auditory awareness negativity was independent of response condition and thus free from post-perceptual processes. The late positivity amplitude seems to be dependent on response condition but the result was inconclusive.

<p><font face="Times New Roman"> <p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman"><b><font face="Times New Roman">Aim</font><font face="Times New Roman">: To obtain baseline data on adherence levels and the major determinants of adherence among patients on HAART at Rundu Hospital, Namibia.</font></b></font></p> </font></p>

Among indigenous populations, there is significant evidence that the rates of completed suicide are much higher than in the general population. The current study examines whether the prevalence and risk factors of suicidal ideation, plans and attempts differ when comparing an American Indian reservation sample to a US general population sample. Data were from the National Comorbidity Survey (n = 5,877) and the American Indian Service Utilization, Psychiatric Epidemiology, Risk and Protective Factors Project (N = 3,084). The current findings indicate that there are few differences in the likelihood of suicidal behavior in conjunction with particular disorders or traumas. However, American Indians appeared more likely to make a suicide attempt and less likely to have suicidal thoughts in their lifetime when compared with the general population. Although preliminary and exploratory, findings provide evidence that suicide interventions for indigenous populations may require modification based on differential risk factors for suicide. / October 2008

Motivational Interviewing (MI) is a client-centered, directive approach for behavior change. Self-Determination Theory (SDT) is a theory of human motivation and self-determined growth. Both of these social-cognitive theories aim to explain motivation and health behavior change and have generated a lot of research on how to increase human motivation. However, MI lacks a definite theory on mechanisms of behavior change and SDT offers a theory of motivation based on extensive research on human interactions. This paper aims to critically look at facilitators of client motivation for behavior change in-session from a social-cognitive perspective on one hand, and neural correlates related to client behavior change on the other hand. MI and SDT somewhat similarly explain what most importantly determines client motivation for change in-session. However, SDT mainly focus on psychological needs such as fostering client autonomy, and MI focus on the therapeutic alliance and on generating client change talk in-session. Efforts to bridge the two methods aim at generating a clearer definition of motivation in MI, and a better framework of practice in SDT. Studies on neural correlates of behavior change support and challenge elements of both approaches, indicating the importance of autonomy and relatedness for motivating positive behavior change.

<p><font face="Times New Roman"> <p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman"><b><font face="Times New Roman">Aim</font><font face="Times New Roman">: To obtain baseline data on adherence levels and the major determinants of adherence among patients on HAART at Rundu Hospital, Namibia.</font></b></font></p> </font></p>

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Among indigenous populations, there is significant evidence that the rates of completed suicide are much higher than in the general population. The current study examines whether the prevalence and risk factors of suicidal ideation, plans and attempts differ when comparing an American Indian reservation sample to a US general population sample. Data were from the National Comorbidity Survey (n = 5,877) and the American Indian Service Utilization, Psychiatric Epidemiology, Risk and Protective Factors Project (N = 3,084). The current findings indicate that there are few differences in the likelihood of suicidal behavior in conjunction with particular disorders or traumas. However, American Indians appeared more likely to make a suicide attempt and less likely to have suicidal thoughts in their lifetime when compared with the general population. Although preliminary and exploratory, findings provide evidence that suicide interventions for indigenous populations may require modification based on differential risk factors for suicide.

Among indigenous populations, there is significant evidence that the rates of completed suicide are much higher than in the general population. The current study examines whether the prevalence and risk factors of suicidal ideation, plans and attempts differ when comparing an American Indian reservation sample to a US general population sample. Data were from the National Comorbidity Survey (n = 5,877) and the American Indian Service Utilization, Psychiatric Epidemiology, Risk and Protective Factors Project (N = 3,084). The current findings indicate that there are few differences in the likelihood of suicidal behavior in conjunction with particular disorders or traumas. However, American Indians appeared more likely to make a suicide attempt and less likely to have suicidal thoughts in their lifetime when compared with the general population. Although preliminary and exploratory, findings provide evidence that suicide interventions for indigenous populations may require modification based on differential risk factors for suicide.

Le sens de verticalité constitue un référentiel spatial fondamental pour percevoir et agir dans l'espace. Il permet notamment de déterminer la position de notre corps par rapport à la direction de la gravité et participe à l’organisation du contrôle postural chez l’homme. L'évaluation du sens de verticalité pour une meilleure compréhension des troubles posturaux et spatiaux de patients ayant présentés un accident vasculaire cérébral (AVC) devient pratique courante. Cependant, l’absence de standardisation et de connaissances des qualités psychométriques des mesures de la perception de la verticale limite considérablement l’utilisation clinique de ces outils et l’élaboration d’essais thérapeutiques pour le suivi des troubles posturaux en pathologie neurologique. L’AVC constitue également le modèle lésionnel humain privilégié pour l’étude du sens de verticalité. L'identification des aires cérébrales sous-tendant les processus d’intégration multisensorielle du sens de verticalité reposent majoritairement sur de techniques modernes d’analyse lésionnelle. Cependant, les connaissances des bases cérébrales de la construction et de la mise à jour du sens de verticalité sont encore partielles et appellent à des travaux complémentaires. Nos travaux de recherche visaient à améliorer notre compréhension du sens de verticalité par l’étude de ces altérations en pathologie vasculaire cérébrale, selon une double approche méthodologique et physiopathologique. Nous avons montré que l’évaluation de la perception visuelle de la verticale dans les suites d’un AVC requiert une installation précise des patients (maintien droit du tronc et de la tête chez les patients présentant des troubles posturaux) et doit être basée sur un minimum de 10 essais pour assurer une fidélité inter-essais élevée. Dans ces conditions d’évaluation, l’orientation de la verticale visuelle présente une excellente fidélité inter- et intra-évaluateur, garantissant la fiabilité de cette mesure pour la pratique et la recherche cliniques. Concernant la perception posturale de la verticale, nous proposons une procédure simplifiée et standardisée du test de la roue pour l’évaluation des biais contralésionnels de la verticale posturale après AVC hémisphérique. Enfin, nous identifions au moyen d’une analyse statistique lésionnelle un réseau d’aires corticales et sous-corticales impliqué dans la perception visuelle et posturale de la verticale. Le cœur de ces régions polymodales du sens de verticalité est centré sur le cortex operculo-insulaire et le thalamus postérolatéral, avec une nette prédominance hémisphérique droite et un chevauchement des aires nodales du cortex vestibulaire. Nos résultats nous permettent de mieux comprendre les bases cérébrales du sens de verticalité et constituent des guides importants pour l'utilisation clinique de la mesure du sens de verticalité.Mots clés: Sens de verticalité, AVC, méthodologie d’évaluation, bases neurales, cortex vestibulaire / The sense of verticality is a major spatial referential for perception and action in space. It allows determining our body position relatively to the gravity and it contributes to the organization of the postural control in humans. The assessment of the sense of verticality for a better understanding of postural and spatial disorders in stroke patients becomes common practice. However, the lack of standardization and psychometrical studies of the verticality perception assessment limits considerably the clinical integration of these tools and the development of therapeutic clinical trials for the follow-up of postural disorders in neurological diseases. Stroke is also the primary model for studying the sense of verticality. The identification of neural bases underlying the multisensory integration processes of the sense of verticality is based essentially on modern techniques of lesion analysis. However, our knowledge of the neural bases of the construction and updating of the sense of verticality are partial and require further studies. Our research aimed to improve our understanding of the sense of verticality through study of these disorders after stroke, according to a methodological and physiopathological dual approach. We showed that the assessment of the visual vertical perception after stroke requires a specific postural setting (the trunk and the head maintained upright in stroke patients with postural disorders) and should be based on 10 trials to achieve a high inter-trials reliability. Under these conditions, visual vertical orientation has excellent inter- and intrarater reliability, ensuring the reliability of this measure for both clinical practice and research. For the postural perception of the vertical, we proposed a simplified and standardized procedure with the wheel test to assess contralesional postural vertical biases after hemispheric stroke. Finally, by means of a lesional statistical analysis, we identified a cortical and subcortical areas network of the visual and postural vertical perception. The polymodal regions of the sense of verticality are centered on the operculo-insular cortex and the posterolateral thalamus, with a right hemisphere predominance and a partial overlap with the core regions of the vestibular cortex. Our results provide a better understanding of the neural bases of the sense of verticality in humans and constitute guidelines for the clinical use of the verticality perception measures.Keywords: Sense of verticality, stroke, assessment methodology, neural bases, vestibular cortex.