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Polímeros heterocíclicos abrangem uma grande variedade de materiais, desde simples polímeros lineares sintetizados a partir de monômeros do tipo heterocíclicos vinílicos até polímeros altamente funcionalizados e reticulados. Neste trabalho realizou-se a modificação química da poliacrilonitrila com a incorporação de grupos tetrazol em diferentes teores (1%, 2,5%, 5% e 10%). Os copolímeros de acrilonitrila e vinil-tetrazol obtidos foram caracterizados por FTIR e o seu comportamento térmico analisado por DSC e TGA. Os polímeros heterocíclicos foram avaliados como inibidores de corrosão para aço-carbono em meio ácido obtendo-se bons resultados e alcançando, em alguns casos, uma eficiência de inibição média superior a 70% / Heterocyclic polymers enclose a great variety of materials, since simple linear polymers synthesized from monomers of vinyl heterocyclics to polymers highly functionalized and crosslinked. In this work was carried out the chemical modified of polyacrilonitrile with incorporation of tetrazole groups in different quantities (1%, 2,5%, 5% and 10%). The acrilonitrile and vinyl-tetrazole copolymers were characterized by FTIR and its thermal behavior analyzed by DSC and TGA. The heterocyclic polymers were evaluated as corrosion inhibitor to carbon steel in acidic medium. It was obtained good results and in some cases inhibitor efficient average higher than 70% were reached

Polímeros heterocíclicos abrangem uma grande variedade de materiais, desde simples polímeros lineares sintetizados a partir de monômeros do tipo heterocíclicos vinílicos até polímeros altamente funcionalizados e reticulados. Neste trabalho realizou-se a modificação química da poliacrilonitrila com a incorporação de grupos tetrazol em diferentes teores (1%, 2,5%, 5% e 10%). Os copolímeros de acrilonitrila e vinil-tetrazol obtidos foram caracterizados por FTIR e o seu comportamento térmico analisado por DSC e TGA. Os polímeros heterocíclicos foram avaliados como inibidores de corrosão para aço-carbono em meio ácido obtendo-se bons resultados e alcançando, em alguns casos, uma eficiência de inibição média superior a 70% / Heterocyclic polymers enclose a great variety of materials, since simple linear polymers synthesized from monomers of vinyl heterocyclics to polymers highly functionalized and crosslinked. In this work was carried out the chemical modified of polyacrilonitrile with incorporation of tetrazole groups in different quantities (1%, 2,5%, 5% and 10%). The acrilonitrile and vinyl-tetrazole copolymers were characterized by FTIR and its thermal behavior analyzed by DSC and TGA. The heterocyclic polymers were evaluated as corrosion inhibitor to carbon steel in acidic medium. It was obtained good results and in some cases inhibitor efficient average higher than 70% were reached

It is generally acknowledged that a variety of problems affecting aesthetics, health, and corrosivity of potable water can arise during installation of building plumbing systems. These include 'blue water', microbial infestation, and rapid loss of disinfectant residual, among other things. Frequently cited causes of the problems include metallic fines left in the plumbing lines from deburring, cutting and product fabrication; solder flux residuals (water soluble and petroleum based flux); and solvents for CPVC. Mechanistically, some materials such as flux contain high chloride, high ammonia and cause low pH, which can increase the corrosivity of water held in the lines. Indirect effects are also suspected to be important. For example, ammonia from flux and organic carbon from flux or PVC solvents can spur microbial growth, which in turn can reduce pH or otherwise increase corrosivity. Recent work has also demonstrated that problems with lead leaching to water from brass in modern plumbing can actually be worse in PVC/plastic than in copper systems, if certain types of microbes such as nitrifiers proliferate and drop pH. Some of the problems initiated by construction practices can persist indefinitely, causing higher levels of lead and copper in water, or longer term, contributing to failures of the plumbing system. Blue water from high copper concentrations is a confounding problem that continues to arise in some locales of the United States. One public elementary school in Miami Dade County is experiencing blue water issues as manifested by blue ice cubes and sink staining. In addition to the aesthetic problems, copper levels are above the EPA's Copper Action Level of 1.3 ppm. Bottled water has been substituted for tap water consumption, which has created a financial burden. The pH of the school's water ranges from 7.15 - 7.5 and the school itself is located 1 ½ miles off the main distribution line resulting in a very low chlorine residual of between 0.06 mg/L Cl2 and 0.18 mg/L Cl2. On site water was shipped to Virginia Tech from Miami to be used in this study. Preliminary testing showed that an increase in the pH of the water would decrease copper leaching. Several pH's were tested which revealed that increasing the pH of the water to 8.5 would drop copper below 1.3 mg/L. When these recommendations were implemented at the school, the high alkalinity and calcium rich water caused calcite scales to form which clogged the chemical feed nozzles. Further bench scale testing indicated that adding 2 mg/L orthophosphate corrosion inhibitor would effectively decrease copper to a level that would comply with the EPA's Copper Action Limit. Orthophosphate corrosion inhibitors are used by utilities to limit lead and copper corrosion from consumer's plumbing. An evaluation comparing the effects of both 100% orthophosphate inhibitor and orthophosphate/polyphosphate inhibitor blends was performed to study the effects they have on galvanic corrosion, metallic corrosion, microbial growth and the decay of chloramine disinfectant. On site water was sent to Virginia Tech from UNC for use in this bench scale study. The results from this study indicated that 100% orthophosphate inhibitor was the most effective corrosion inhibitor at decreasing metallic corrosion. It has long been known that microbial activity can have significant effects on water quality. This study evaluated nitrifying and heterotrophic bacterial growth in water systems containing copper pipes, a common plumbing product, and flux which is used in soldering copper pipes together in new construction. There are several types of commercially available fluxes which are often used when soldering new pipes together. Flux ingredients vary and can include extremely high concentrations of ammonia, zinc, chloride, tin, copper and TOC. Flux containing high amounts of ammonia can be detrimental to water quality because it can accelerate the occurrence of nitrification, thus creating a cascading set of problems including, but not limited to, pH decrease and copper corrosion. The results from this case study indicated that flushing a pipe system can effectively decrease the high concentrations of flux present in a new construction system; however, high levels of ammonia from flux can create an environment in which nitrifiers may proliferate within the system. Many water utilities in the United States are switching disinfection type from chlorine to chloramine due to the increased stability, longer residual time, and overall safety benefits of chloramine. Although chloramines have been found to be a desirable means for disinfection, chloramine decay is an issue of great concern because if the chloramine residual decays, it can leave a water system unprotected against microbial infestation. A preliminary examination of this issue was performed in a laboratory setting to evaluate the many components that effect the stability of chloramine decay, including alkalinity, phosphate, temperature, and various pipe materials. The results from this experiment revealed that temperature increase, pH increase, and aged tygon tubing all accelerated the rate of chloramine decay. / Master of Science

O objetivo deste trabalho consiste em avaliar o molibdato de sódio (Na2MoO4), o tungstato de sódio (Na2WO4) e um copolímero a base de silano polioxialquileno e polidimetilsiloxano modificado (CPPM) como inibidores de corrosão para o açocarbono ABNT 1005 em meio de NaCl 3,5%. O estudo compreendeu na exposição do metal no meio proposto na ausência e presença de concentrações crescentes das substâncias estudadas. As técnicas utilizadas foram: ensaios de imersão com medida de perda de massa; medida de potencial de corrosão (Ecorr); espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica (EIE) e curvas de polarização potenciodinâmicas anódicas e catódicas (Cpol). Os resultados dos ensaios de imersão com medida de perda de massa mostraram que a velocidade de corrosão do aço-carbono ABNT 1005 em meio de água do mar é menor que a velocidade de corrosão em meio de NaCl 3,5%. Os valores de potenciais de corrosão mostraram que o Na2MoO4 e Na2WO4 deslocaram os potenciais para valores mais positivos indicando um comportamento de inibidores anódicos. Os parâmetros obtidos pela técnica de EIE mostraram que para o Na2MoO4 o melhor tempo de imersão foi de 6 horas e para o Na2WO4 foi de 12 horas, com eficiências de 70% e 77%, respectivamente. As Cpol confirmaram os resultados de potenciais de corrosão, ou seja, onde tanto o Na2MoO4 quanto o Na2WO4 comportaram-se como inibidores anódicos para o açocarbono ABNT 1005 em meio de NaCl 3,5%. O valor de perda de espessura com a presença de 1x10-2 mol.L-1 de Na2MoO4 com 24 horas de imersão comparado com o valor obtido em NaCl 3,5% sem inibidor forneceu uma eficiência de 82%, enquanto que na presença de Na2WO4, também com 24 horas de imersão e na concentração de 1x10-2 mol.L-1, a eficiência foi de 65%. Os resultados obtidos com o CPPM mostraram que esta substância não age como inibidor de corrosão para o açocarbono ABNT 1005 em meio de NaCl 3,5%. / The aim of this study is to evaluate the sodium molybdate (Na2Mo4), sodium tungstate (Na2WO4) and polydimethyl-siloxane modified copolymer (CPPM) as corrosion inhibitors for the carbon steel ABNT 1005 in 3,5% NaCl media. The metal substrate was exposed in the media with absence and presence of increasing concentrations of the investigated substances. The techniques used were: mass loss tests; open circuit potential; potentiodynamic polarization (Cpol) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). For comparative purpose, mass loss testes were carried out in seawater and in 3,5% NaCl. The results showed that carbon steel ABNT 1005 corrosion rate in seawater is lower than the corrosion rate at 3,5% NaCl. The Na2Mo4 and Na2WO4 corrosion potentials showed more positive values than their absence, indicating an anodic inhibitor behavior. The parameters obtained by EIS technique showed that for the Na2MoO4 the best time of immersion was 6 hours and the Na2WO4 was 12 hours, with efficiencies of 70% and 77% respectively. The Cpol results confirmed the anodic behavior as corrosion inhibitors of the Na2MoO4 and Na2WO4 for carbon steel ABNT 1005 in 3,5% NaCl. After 24 hours of immersion in 1,0x10-2 mol.L-1 Na2MoO4 presence, the corrosion inhibition efficiency estimed using Tafel extrapolation was 82%. In the 1x10-2 mol.L-1 Na2WO4 presence after 24 hours of immersion, the efficiency obtained was 65%. The CPPM results showed it not acting as corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel ABNT 1005 in 3.5% NaCl.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-24T19:38:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Guilherme Alves.pdf: 2875856 bytes, checksum: 413e2c96bb5544d5d44d06e0b591a116 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-05 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The use of aluminum becomes increasing because of the lightness of this metal and its high corrosion resistance. The anodization of the aluminum is now a well known and is widely used to increase the durability of the metal. This electrochemical technique forces the growth of oxide layer. The anodized layer has the peculiarity of having the nanotubes which allows the insertion of pigments and other compounds within these. The anodizing process, industrially used followed by coloration, according to the literature has been applied a current of 50 mA/cm2, dye concentration approximately 2-5 g / L, 15-18% sulfuric acid and temperature 40C. For these different factors, there is no a rigid control, therefore, there must be an optimization study of the process because the use of many reagents on an industrial scale can lead to an undesirable environmental impact, beyond the gas emission due to concentration of the acid used, even high energy expenditure. In this study it was used an organic dye to be deposited in the aluminum alloy AA6351 electrochemically anodized and studied, using a factorial design in the process to minimize the costs and to improve the metal protection. The experimental techniques used in this study were: chemometrics, anodizing, coloring by immersion, open circuit potential, anodic potentiostatic polarization, charge transfer resistance, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, microanalysis and Raman spectroscopy. The parameters for the experimental design, using chemometrics, were taken from the literature, as follows: current density, time and electrolyte concentration for the anodization, and dye concentration for the coloring. Measurements of charge transfer resistance (RCT) have demonstrated which tests would offer the greater protection. Two of the experimental tests, showed an RCT around by 2.85 x 108.cm2. These tests showed two situations: (1st) when anodization current density is high, less anodization time and dye are needed; (2nd) when anodization current density is low, much time and dye are needed. The polarization curves showed a current density of the samples anodized and colored are very small when compared with aluminum only polished. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy also showed greater resistance of the layer developed on the colored pieces. The scanning electron microscopy showed that the diameter of the nanopores of the aluminum anodized, in first case, are around by 11.7 nm, so, therefore, less dye is needed to fill the nanoporos layer. In second case, the nanopores diameters are smaller than the first case; it is around by 7.6 nm, requiring higher dye concentration. In optical microscopy it was observed that the parameter also influence the tone of the chosen color. The energy dispersive system and the microanalysis showed have no heavy metals on the surface of aluminum neither in the dye composition. Raman spectroscopy proved that compound is on surface and did not change in the coloring process. / A utilização do alumínio torna-se cada vez maior, devido à leveza do metal e sua elevada resistência a corrosão. A anodização do alumínio é uma técnica bem conhecida e está sendo muito utilizada para o aumento da durabilidade do metal. Esta técnica força eletroquimicamente o crescimento da camada de óxido. A camada anodizada tem a peculiaridade de possuir nanotubos o que permite a inserção de pigmentos e outros compostos no interior destes. O processo de anodização, utilizado industrialmente seguido da coloração, de acordo com a literatura, tem sido aplicado uma corrente de 50 mA/cm2, concentração de corante da ordem de 2-5 g/L, 15-18% de ácido sulfúrico e temperatura de 40C. Nota-se que não há um controle industrial desses diversos fatores que existem no processo, com isso, é preciso que haja um estudo de otimização do processo, pois a utilização de muitos reagentes em escala industrial pode levar a um impacto ambiental indesejável, além da emissão de gases devido a concentração do ácido utilizada e até gasto elevado de energia. Neste trabalho foi utilizado um corante orgânico para ser depositado na liga de alumínio AA6351 anodizada e estudado eletroquimicamente utilizando-se o planejamento fatorial para minimizar custos do processo, e melhorar a proteção do metal. As técnicas experimentais utilizadas neste trabalho foram: quimiometria, anodização, coloração por imersão, potencial de circuito aberto, polarização potenciostática anódica, resistência de transferência de carga, espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica, microscopia óptica, microscopia eletrônica de varredura, microanálise e espectroscopia Raman. Os parâmetros para o planejamento experimental, utilizando-se da quimiometria, foram retirados da literatura, sendo eles: densidade de corrente, tempo e concentração do eletrólito para a anodização; e concentração do corante para a coloração. As medidas de resistência de transferência de carga (RTC) demonstraram a possibilidade de identificar quais dos ensaios ofereceriam maior proteção. Dois dos ensaios do planejamento experimental mostraram uma RTC por volta de 2,85 x 108 .cm2. Estes ensaios mostraram duas situações: (1º) quando a densidade de corrente de anodização é alta, menos tempo de anodização e corante são necessários; (2) quando a densidade de corrente de anodização é baixa, mais tempo de anodização e corante são necessários. As curvas de polarização mostraram uma densidade de corrente, das amostras anodizadas e coloridas, com valores muito menores quando comparado com o alumínio somente polido. A espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica também mostrou uma resistência maior da camada desenvolvida nas peças coloridas. A microscopia eletrônica de varredura mostrou que o diâmetro dos nanoporos do óxido de alumínio do ensaio na primeira situação são maiores, da ordem de 11,7 nm, e por isso é necessário menos corante para preencher a camada de nanoporos, enquanto na segunda os nanoporos eram menores, da ordem de 7,6 nm exigindo maior concentração do corante. Na microscopia óptica foi possível observar que os parâmetros também influenciam na tonalidade da coloração escolhida. Os ensaios de sistema de energia dispersiva e de microanálise não apresentaram metais pesados na superfície do alumínio nem na composição do corante. A espectroscopia Raman comprovou que o composto está na superfície e que não sofreu alteração no processo de coloração.

No presente trabalho analisa-se o comportamento do aço de reforço ante à corrosão, com o uso dos inibidores: nitrito de sódio, fosfato de sódio e etalonamina, na água de poros contaminada com cloreto, e no concreto com a finalidade de analisar seus resultados e seus mecanismos diferenciados. Para cumprir este objetivo o presente trabalho divide-se em duas etapas: uma primeira etapa baseada em simular sinteticamente a água de poro de um concreto, cuja solução é KOH 28g/l+NaOH 4g/l. Essa água de poro é simulada em ambiente marinho, cuja solução é KOH 28g/l + NaOH 4g/l+NaCl 35g/l, e a esta solução referência incorporamse os inibidores (20g/l da cada um). Realizaram-se ensaios de espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica (EIE) (após 3 e 72 horas de imersão) e curvas de polarização (após 72 horas de imersão) com vistas a obter respostas da cinética da corrosão ante a cada solução. Obteve-se o melhor comportamento para a água de poros. No caso da água de poro contaminada por cloretos, o melhor comportamento se obteve para o inibidor nitrito de sódio. Na segunda etapa adotou-se apenas o inibidor nitrito de sódio, pois estatisticamente as eficiências dos três inibidores foram muito similares. Analisou-se o nitrito de sódio em amostras reais de concreto armado contaminado com cloreto de sódio. Para isso se elegeram dois tipos de cimentos (CP IV e CP V) e três relações água-cimento (a/c-0.4, a/c-0.5, a/c- 0.65). Para simular o ambiente marinho, realizaram-se ensaios acelerados de cloretos. Comparam-se métodos de análises simuladas sinteticamente e reais, concluindo-se em ambos meios, embora fossem um solido e outro líquido o inibidor Nitrito de Sódio aumento a sua eficiência com os ciclos de exposição. / In this paper it is analyzed the behavior of reinforcing steel against corrosion using inhibitors: sodium nitrate, sodium phosphate and ethanolamine in water contaminated with chlorides pore and concrete, in order to analyzing the results and different mechanisms. To meet the objective of this work, it was divided into two stages, a first stage based on synthetically simulate the pore water of a concrete, through the following solution KOH 28g/l+NaOH 4g/l, this same solution simulated pore water to a marine environment it would be KOH 28g/l + NaOH 4g/l+NaCl 35g/l, it is then incorporated into both reference solutions inhibitors in a proportion, (20g/l de cada um). Assays were performed electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIE) (last 3 hours and 72 hours of immersion) and polarization curves (last 72 hours of immersion) in order to obtain responses corrosion kinetics in each solution. the best performance was obtained in the pore water. In the case of water contaminated with chlorides pore, the best performance was obtained in the presence of sodium nitrite inhibitor. In the second step was performed only with the inhibitor sodium nitrate, as statistically efficiencies of the three inhibitors were similar. Sodium nitrate was analyzed in real samples of reinforced concrete contaminated with chlorides of sodium. So they were chosen two types of cement CP- IV and CP-V, cement water three relationships 0.4, a/c-0.5, a/c- 0.65. In this case to simulate the marine environment, accelerated tests were performed chloride. They were compared the methods of analysis, simulated synthetically and simulated in real concrete.

This research examined the impacts of water quality, phosphate-based corrosion inhibitors and pipe wall exposure on free chlorine (HOCl)/chloramine (NH2Cl) degradation and haloacetic acid (HAA)/N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) formation in simulated distribution system water mains and household plumbing at bench-scale and pilot scale. In bench-scale bottle tests, the reactivity of fresh/pre-corroded pipe materials with HOCl/NH2Cl in decreasing order was: ductile iron, copper, lead. The addition of phosphate-based corrosion inhibitors generally increased HOCl/NH2Cl degradation for fresh iron coupons, but decreased HOCl/NH2Cl decay only for fresh copper coupons. Generally, these corrosion inhibitors did not impact HAA formation. Copper corrosion products, including Cu(II), Cu2O, CuO and Cu2(OH)2CO3, catalyzed HAA and NDMA formation. For HAAs, copper catalysis increased with increasing pH from 6.6 to 8.6 and/or increasing concentrations of these copper corrosion products. Interactions of copper with natural organic matter (NOM), likely by complexation, and the subsequent increase in the reactivity of NOM were proposed to be the primary reason for the increased HAA formation.NDMA formation increased with increasing Cu(II) concentrations, DMA concentrations, alkalinity and hardness but was inhibited by the presence of NOM. The transformation of NH2Cl to dichloramine (NHCl2) and complexation of copper with DMA were proposed to be involved in elevating the formation of NDMA at pH 7.0. Finally, in pilot-scale modified pipe loop tests, copper catalysis of NDMA formation was confirmed, especially under laminar flow conditions, and iron was shown to possibly catalyze NDMA formation under turbulent conditions. Orthophosphate increased the catalytic effects of iron but decreased copper catalysis on NDMA formation by either modifying the properties of the iron-associated suspended particles or reducing the dissolved metal concentrations. Orthophosphate increased chloramine decay when in contact with iron, likely by promoting nitrite formation, but orthophosphate decreased chloramine decay for copper and lead by reducing the availability of metal corrosion products.

The objective of this study was to evaluate galvanic corrosion potential under various pH conditions, buffering capacities, and corrosion inhibitors including zinc orthophosphate (ZOP) and orthophosphate (OP). Bench-scale dump-and-fill experiments evaluated metals release from a lead and copper couple under stagnant conditions. Key findings from this study were that increasing DIC from 3 to 7 or 17 mg CaCO3/L significantly reduced lead release with or without corrosion inhibitor; however, the lowest lead concentrations were observed in water conditions with corrosion inhibitor addition. However, addition of 20 mg PO4/L as OP exacerbated lead release in some cases; though dissolved lead release was always below 28 µg/L, particulate lead was as much as 4 times greater compared to no corrosion inhibitor. Overall, this study demonstrated the potential of high dose ZOP and OP for lead corrosion control in drinking water, however, overdosing OP can lead to exacerbated particulate concentrations.