Corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete exposed to chloride-laden environments is a well-known and documented phenomenon. The need for cost effective systems for protection against corrosion has become increasingly clear since the first observations of severe corrosion damage to interstate bridges in the 1960's. As one potential solution to the mounting problem of corrosion deterioration of structures, corrosion-inhibiting admixtures have been researched and introduced into service. This report conveys the results of a three-part laboratory study of corrosion inhibiting admixtures in concrete. The commercial corrosion inhibiting admixtures for concrete have been analyzed by three evaluation methods, including: • Conventional concrete corrosion cell prisms under ponding, • Black steel reinforcing bars immersed in simulated concrete pore solutions, • Electrochemical screening tests of special carbon steel specimens in electrochemical corrosion cells containing filtered cement slurry solution. The purposes of the study include: • Determining the influence of a series of commercially available corrosion inhibiting admixtures on general concrete handling, performance and durability properties not related to corrosion. • Determining the effectiveness of corrosion inhibiting admixtures for reduction or prevention of corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete, relative to untreated systems, under laboratory conditions. • Conducting a short-term pore solution immersion test for inhibitor performance and relating the results to those of the more conventional long-term corrosion monitoring techniques that employ admixtures in reinforced concrete prisms. • Determining whether instantaneous electrochemical techniques can be applied in screening potential inhibitor admixtures. Concrete properties under test included air content, slump, heat of hydration, compressive strength, and electrical indication of chloride permeability. Monitoring of concrete prism specimens included macro-cell corrosion current, mixed-cell corrosion activity as indicated by linear polarization, and ancillary temperature, relative humidity, and chloride concentration documentation. Simulated pore solution specimens were analyzed on the basis of weight loss and surface area corroded as a function of chloride exposure. Electrochemical screening involved polarization resistance of steel in solution. Results include corrosion potential, polarization resistance and corrosion current density. / Master of Science

With the reliability requirements of automobile microelectronics pushing towards near 0 ppb levels of failure control, halide induced corrosion issues in wire bonded devices have to be tightly controlled to achieve such a high reliability goal. With real-time corrosion monitoring, for the first time we demonstrated that the explosive H2 evolution coupled with the oxygen reduction reaction, occurring at the critical Al/Cu interfaces, is the key driving force for the observed aggressive corrosion. Several types of passivation coating on Cu wire surfaces to effectively block the cathodic H2 evolution were explored with an aim to disrupt this explosive corrosion cycle. The properties of the protective coating were evaluated using various analytical techniques. The surface coating exhibited high thermal stability up to 260 °C (evaluated using TGA analysis). A uniform, highly hydrophobic coating (surface contact angle of >130° with water), was achieved by carefully controlling CVD parameters such as time of deposition, surface control of Cu metal, amount of inhibitor compound loading, temperature of coating process etc. FTIR spectroscopy combined with corrosion screening was used to optimize the CVD passivated coating with strong chemisorption. SEM and EDX, XPS were carried out on various coated surfaces to understand the composition and selectivity of the film formed through this surface treatment. The surface selective nature of this coating (towards Cu) proved helpful in preventing potential delamination issues during epoxy molding process. The corrosion testing was carried out via HAST testing at 130°C, 2 atm pressure and 100% RH for 48 hours. Delamination analysis and continuity test showed that the inhibitor compound was able to effectively prevent the corrosion even after exposure to harsh HAST conditions.

The optimal conditions for deposition of nickel coating and Ni-layered double hydroxide metal matrix composite coatings onto stainless steel discs in a modified all-sulfate solutions have been examined. Nickel films provide good general corrosion resistance and mechanical properties as a protective layer on many metallic substrates. In recent years, there has been interest in incorporation nano-dimensional ceramic materials, such as montemorillonite, into the metal matrices to improve upon the corrosion and mechanical properties. Layered double hydroxides have been used as corrosion enhancer in polymer coatings by increasing mechanical strength and lowering the corrosion rate but until now, have not been incorporated in a metal matrix by any means. Layered double hydroxides can be easily synthesized in a variety of elemental compositions and sizes but typically require the use of non-polar solvents to delaminate into nanodimensional colloidal suspensions. The synthesis of a Zn-Al LDH has been studied and characterized. The effects of the non-polar solvents dimethylformamide and n-butanol on the deposition and corrosion resistance of nickel coatings from a borate electrolyte bath have been studied, a nickel-LDH nanocomposite coating has been synthesized by electrochemical deposition and the corrosion resistance has been studied. Results indicate an improvement in corrosion resistance for the coatings with minimal change in the nickel matrix's internal strain and crystallite size.

Tableau d’honneur de la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales, 2007-2008. / The processes of generalized and localized corrosion induced at a cobalt electrode polarized in slightly alkaline aqueous media (pH 7-10) have been investigated using electrochemical methods and surface analysis techniques. In buffer solutions of H2C03/HCO,/CO^ at near neutral pH (7-8), particularly aggressive corrosion phenomena have been observed. The presence of carbonic acid in solution, as well as the high solubility of the CoO oxide, were identified as being responsible for the accelerated metal dissolution. However, the addition of a low concentration of phosphate species to the corrosive environment allows an important inhibition of cobalt dissolution under the form of the Co(CO,)2_ soluble complex. Potentiodynamic experiments have shown the efficiency of benzotriazole to inhibit the active dissolution of cobalt in slightly alkaline media. Using a novel approach to obtain the SERS effect (Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering) directly from a massive cobalt electrode, the interaction mode of benzotriazole with the metal surface has been determined. Neutral benzotriazole molecules, first chemisorbed under cathodic polarization, are thereafter deprotonated at the zero charge potential of the System. As a result, a thin polymer-like [Co(II)(BTA)2-H20]„ film, insoluble and highly protective, is found on the electrode surface. This passive film restrains the access of chemical species known to be aggressive to the active sites of the electrode. In a situation of incomplete surface coverage by benzotriazole, cobalt species which originate from further dissolution processes, are preferentially complexed to deprotonated benzotriazole species present in the bulk solution. Such a mechanism contributes to the formation of the [Co(II)(BTA)2H20]„ film. To avoid degradation of cobalt through the initiation of localized corrosion induced by chloride ions, a protection method based on the passivation of the metal has been developed. It has been demonstrated that when cobalt is submitted to specific potentiostatic conditions, a passive bilayer film composed of CoO and C03O4 is electrogenerated on the metal surface. The uniform color of that film, attributed to iridescence, shows that the layer has a constant thickness ail over the electrode surface. A complete characterization of the optical and physical properties of that film is presented. / The processes of generalized and localized corrosion induced at a cobalt electrode polarized in slightly alkaline aqueous media (pH 7-10) have been investigated using electrochemical methods and surface analysis techniques. In buffer solutions of H2C03/HCO,/CO^ at near neutral pH (7-8), particularly aggressive corrosion phenomena have been observed. The presence of carbonic acid in solution, as well as the high solubility of the CoO oxide, were identified as being responsible for the accelerated metal dissolution. However, the addition of a low concentration of phosphate species to the corrosive environment allows an important inhibition of cobalt dissolution under the form of the Co(CO,)2_ soluble complex. Potentiodynamic experiments have shown the efficiency of benzotriazole to inhibit the active dissolution of cobalt in slightly alkaline media. Using a novel approach to obtain the SERS effect (Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering) directly from a massive cobalt electrode, the interaction mode of benzotriazole with the metal surface has been determined. Neutral benzotriazole molecules, first chemisorbed under cathodic polarization, are thereafter deprotonated at the zero charge potential of the System. As a result, a thin polymer-like [Co(II)(BTA)2-H20]„ film, insoluble and highly protective, is found on the electrode surface. This passive film restrains the access of chemical species known to be aggressive to the active sites of the electrode. In a situation of incomplete surface coverage by benzotriazole, cobalt species which originate from further dissolution processes, are preferentially complexed to deprotonated benzotriazole species present in the bulk solution. Such a mechanism contributes to the formation of the [Co(II)(BTA)2H20]„ film. To avoid degradation of cobalt through the initiation of localized corrosion induced by chloride ions, a protection method based on the passivation of the metal has been developed. It has been demonstrated that when cobalt is submitted to specific potentiostatic conditions, a passive bilayer film composed of CoO and C03O4 is electrogenerated on the metal surface. The uniform color of that film, attributed to iridescence, shows that the layer has a constant thickness ail over the electrode surface. A complete characterization of the optical and physical properties of that film is presented. / Les processus de corrosion généralisée et localisée induits à une électrode de cobalt polarisée en milieux aqueux faiblement alcalins (pH 7-10) ont été étudiés à l'aide de méthodes électrochimiques et de techniques d'analyses de surface. Dans des solutions tampons H^CO^/HCOj/CO, de pH quasi-neutres (7-8), des phénomènes de corrosion particulièrement agressifs ont été observés. La présence d'acide carbonique dans la solution, de même que la grande solubilité de l'oxyde CoO dans ces conditions de pH, ont été identifiées comme étant responsables de la dissolution accélérée du métal. Toutefois, l'ajout d'une faible concentration de phosphates dans le milieu corrosif permet d'inhiber considérablement la mise en solution du cobalt sous la forme de l'ion soluble complexe Co(C03)*\ Des expériences potentiodynamiques ont démontré l'efficacité du benzotriazole à inhiber la dissolution active du cobalt en milieux faiblement alcalins. En développant une nouvelle voie d'obtention de l'effet SERS (Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering) directement à partir d'une électrode de cobalt, le mode d'interaction du benzotriazole avec la surface métallique a été déterminé. Les molécules neutres de benzotriazole, d'abord chimisorbées sous polarisation cathodique, sont déprotonnées au potentiel de charge nulle du système. 11 en résulte la formation d'un mince film polymérique du type [Co(Il)(BTA)2-H20]„, insoluble et hautement protecteur, qui bloque l'accès des espèces réputées agressives aux sites actifs de l'électrode. Dans une situation de recouvrement de surface incomplet par le benzotriazole, les espèces de cobalt issues des processus de corrosion subséquents sont préférentiellement complexées par les espèces de benzotriazole déprotonnées et présentes en solution, consolidant ainsi la formation du film de [Co(II)(BTA)2H20]„. Afin de lutter contre la détérioration du cobalt via l'initiation de la corrosion localisée induite par les ions chlorures, une voie de protection par passivation du métal a été mise en place. En soumettant le cobalt à des conditions potentiostatiques particulières, un film passivant composé d'une bicouche de CoO et de C03O4 a pu être électrogénéré à la surface du métal. La coloration uniforme de ce film, attribuée à un phénomène d'iridescence, montre que la couche est d'épaisseur constante sur toute la surface de l'électrode. Une caractérisation complète des propriétés optiques et physiques de ce film est présentée.

Le présent mémoire est issu d’une collaboration entre le Ministère des Transports du Québec (MTQ) et le Centre de Recherche sur les Infrastructures en Béton (CRIB) de l’Université Laval lors du réaménagement de l’échangeur Dufferin-Montmorency. La démolition de certaines structures dont la vie utile n’était pas à terme a permis de recueillir une grande quantité d’informations sur l’état d’une structure en béton précontraint du réseau autoroutier québécois. Dans le 5ième chapitre, on y regroupe les observations particulières sur les éléments de précontrainte qui sont habituellement inaccessibles pour l’inspection. Dans le 7ième chapitre, on propose une classification des conditions d’exposition des divers éléments structuraux investigués ainsi qu’une technique numérique pour la prédiction du temps nécessaire avant l’initiation de la corrosion. Les 8ième et 9ième chapitres regroupent les discussions sur l’état de cette structure qui a la particularité d’avoir une portion n’ayant jamais été mise en service. / This work has been possible due to collaboration between the Ministère des Transports du Québec and the Centre de Recherche sur les Infrastructures en Béton de Université Laval at the restructuration of Dufferin-Montmorency overpass. The demolition of structures that haven’t reached their total service life time allowed the production of a great quantity of information on a prestressed structure of the Quebecer road network. In chapter 5, observations on prestressed structures have been grouped. This kind of information is, most of time, unavailable on an existing structure due to impossible inspection. In chapter 7, a classification of different exposure conditions of the inspected structural elements is showed as well as a numerical technique for predicting the time before corrosion starts. The last two chapters relate discussions on the actual state of this structure which is particular because one section has never been exposed to traffic.

Depuis la première certification de lancier de béton projeté tenue par l’American Concrete Institute (ACI) au printemps 2001, ce programme de certification gagne continuellement en popularité. La certification des lanciers consiste à s’assurer que les lanciers sont en mesure de manipuler les équipements de projection de façon sécuritaire et d’appliquer le béton projeté de façon adéquate. Une partie importante de la certification consiste à évaluer l’enrobage des aciers d’armature sur des carottes prélevées d’un panneau rempli de béton projeté par le lancier. L’enrobage est jugé adéquat, ou non, par un évaluateur reconnu de l’ACI, selon une évaluation qualitative basée sur des paramètres reliés à la présence de vides ou de défauts derrière les barres d’armature. Toutefois, il existe peu d’information objective sur l’effet de la qualité d’enrobage. Ce mémoire présente des résultats expérimentaux portant sur l’évaluation des effets des défauts d’enrobage sur la durabilité et les propriétés structurales d’un ouvrage en béton projeté. Plus particulièrement, l’effet des défauts d’enrobage sur l’initiation de la corrosion des barres d’aciers d’armature et sur les propriétés d’adhérence de l’acier d’armature dans le béton est évalué. La consistance de projection (quantité d’eau ajoutée à la lance), l’épaisseur de recouvrement, les types de défaut créés derrière la barre par une mauvaise projection ont une importance majeure sur les propriétés d’un ouvrage en béton projeté. / Since the first shotcrete nozzleman certification held by the American Concrete Institute (ACI) in the spring of 2001, the program has continuously grown in popularity. The nozzleman certification consists of making sure that the nozzle operator are capable of operating shotcrete equipments and apply shotcrete in a safe and effective manner. A significant part of the certification program consists of evaluating the rebar encasement on specific core extracts from shotcrete panels. Encasement is considered adequate or not by an examiner accredited by the ACI, according to a qualitative evaluation based on established parameters such as the presence of voids or defaults behind bars. However, there is a limited amount of objective information available to determine what is acceptable or not as for the quality of an encasement. This document presents experimental results relating to the evaluation of the effects of defects on durability and structural properties of a shotcrete application. More particularly, the effect of a poor quality encapsulation on the initiation of corrosion of reinforcing bars and on the properties of the bond between reinforcing steel and shotcrete are visited. The shotcrete’s consistency (amount of water added at the lance), the concrete cover thickness, the types of defects created behind the bar by a poor workmanship have a major importance on the properties of a shotcrete work.

This thesis describes corrosion degradation processes taking place on the surface of metal materials in different environments. The theoretical part deals with basic environments we encounter in practice. This part specifies protection of materials against the aggressive environments and provides principles of corrosion measurement. It analyses the issue of corrosion measurement and its impact on mechanical strength of structures. It deals with the application of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) method for measurement of public lighting corrosion and identification of potential breakdown.

No description available.

The use of waste (or recycled) wood as a fuel in heat and power stations is becoming more widespread in Sweden (and Europe), because it is CO2 neutral with a lower cost than forest fuel. However, it is a heterogeneous fuel with a high amount of chlorine, alkali and heavy metals which causes more corrosion than fossil fuels or forest fuel. A part of the boiler which is subjected to a high corrosion risk is the furnace wall (or waterwall) which is formed of tubes welded together. Waterwalls are made of ferritic low-alloyed steels, due to their low price, low stress corrosion cracking risk, high heat transfer properties and low thermal expansion. However, ferritic low alloy steels corrode quickly when burning waste wood in a low NOx environment (i.e. an environment with low oxygen levels to limit the formation of NOx). Apart from pure oxidation two important forms of corrosion mechanisms are thought to occur in waste environments: chlorine corrosion and alkali corrosion. Although there is a great interest from plant owners to reduce the costs associated with furnace wall corrosion very little has been reported on wall corrosion in biomass boilers. Also corrosion mechanisms on furnace walls are usually investigated in laboratories, where interpretation of the results is easier. In power plants the interpretation is more complicated. Difficulties in the study of corrosion mechanisms are caused by several factors such as deposit composition, flue gas flow, boiler design, combustion characteristics and flue gas composition. Therefore, the corrosion varies from plant to plant and the laboratory experiments should be complemented with field tests. The present project may thus contribute to fill the power plant corrosion research gap. In this work, different kinds of samples (wall deposits, test panel tubes and corrosion probes) from Vattenfall’s Heat and Power plant in Nyköping were analysed. Coated and uncoated samples with different alloys and different times of exposure were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and light optical microscopy (LOM). The corrosive environment was also simulated by Thermo-Calc software. The results showed that a nickel alloy coating can dramatically reduce the corrosion rate. The corrosion rate of the low alloy steel tubes, steel 16Mo3, was linear and the oxide scale non-protective, but the corrosion rate of the nickel-based alloy was probably parabolic and the oxide much more protective. The nickel alloy and stainless steels showed good corrosion protection behavior in the boiler. This indicates that stainless steels could be a good (and less expensive) alternative to nickel-based alloys for protecting furnace walls. The nickel alloy coated tubes (and probe samples) were attacked by a potassium-lead combination leading to the formation of non-protective potassium lead chromate. The low alloy steel tubes corroded by chloride attack. Stainless steels were attacked by a combination of chlorides and potassium-lead. The Thermo-Calc modelling showed chlorine gas exists at extremely low levels (less than 0.1 ppm) at the tube surface; instead the hydrated form is thermodynamically favoured, i.e. gaseous hydrogen chloride. Consequently chlorine can attack low alloy steels by gaseous hydrogen chloride rather than chlorine gas as previously proposed. This is a smaller molecule than chlorine which could easily diffuse through a defect oxide of the type formed on the steel. / <p>QC 20130423</p>

No description available.