Introdução: Diversos estudos têm demonstrado que os cuidados paliativos (CP) melhoram o controle dos sintomas, a satisfação e o suporte psicológico dos pacientes com câncer e de seus familiares. Há evidências de que quanto mais precoce for o ingresso do paciente em CP menor será a utilização de tratamentos agressivos no último mês de vida. Além disso, a potencial redução nos custos do tratamento na fase final da vida associado a CP também tem sido relatada na literatura. No Brasil, não há estudo que estime o uso de recursos e os custos dos cuidados paliativos para pacientes com câncer. Objetivos: Estimar os custos diretos médicos de cuidados paliativos para pacientes com câncer na perspectiva do Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP). Métodos: Estudo de descrição de custo retrospectivo para estimar a utilização de recursos e os custos diretos médicos associados ao serviço de cuidados paliativos, sob a perspectiva do serviço de saúde (ICESP). A amostra incluiu pacientes maiores de 18 anos com câncer, que foram a óbito de 2010 a 2013 e que receberam pelo menos dois atendimentos em cuidados paliativos e/ou fizeram uso do hospice. Os prontuários eletrônicos e as bases de dados administrativas do Instituto foram as fontes de dados. Utilizou-se das metodologias de microcusteio e macrocusteio para estimar os custos unitários. Realizou-se ainda análises de sensibilidade univariada e multivariada. Os fatores que impactam os custos foram identificados por meio de modelos lineares generalizados. A associação entre cuidados paliativos precoces e indicadores de tratamento agressivo foi avaliada pelo teste qui-quadrado de Pearson e pelo teste exato de Fisher. Resultados: Entre os 2.985 pacientes que fizeram parte do estudo, o intervalo de tempo entre o início em cuidados paliativos e o óbito apresentou mediana de 34 dias. Os pacientes que ingressaram até três meses antes do óbito realizaram menos visitas à emergência (p < 0,001). O custo total foi de R$ 67.372.455,91, com custo médio por paciente de R$ 22.570,34. Os pacientes com câncer de cérebro foram os que apresentaram maior custo (R$ 35.488,47). Não houve diferença no custo do último mês de vida entre os pacientes que ingressaram mais precocemente e os que ingressaram mais tardiamente em cuidados paliativos. Os fatores preditores do custo foram idade do paciente, localização do câncer, local do óbito, número de internações, número de visitas à emergência, dias em hospice e dias em cuidados paliativos. Conclusão: Este estudo permitiu conhecer as práticas de um serviço de cuidados paliativos, apresentou a utilização de recursos e os custos nas diversas localizações do câncer sob a perspectiva do provedor e poderá contribuir para a discussão sobre o cuidado paliativo no Brasil / Introduction: Several studies have shown that palliative care (PC) improves symptoms control, treatment satisfaction and psychological support of patients with cancer and their families. There are evidences that demonstrate that the sooner a patient enters into PC, the lower the need for aggressive treatment in the last month of life. In addition, a potential reduction in treatment costs at the end of life is associated with PC. In Brazil, there is no study to date that reports on the use of resources and the cost of palliative care for cancer patients. Objectives: To estimate the direct medical costs of PC for cancer patients from perspective of Cancer Institute of the State of São Paulo (ICESP). Methods: Retrospective cost description study to estimate the use of resources and direct medical costs associated with PC service from the perspective of ICESP. Eligible patients were older than 18 years of age, received at least 2 consultations in PC and/or made use of a hospice and died between 2010 and 2013. Data were collected from electronic medical records and administrative databases of ICESP. Unit costs were estimated using micro-costing and macro-costing methodologies. Univariate and multivariate sensitivity analyses were performed. The predictors of costs were identified through generalized linear models. The association between early palliative care and aggressive treatment indicators was assessed using Pearson\'s chi-square test and Fisher\'s exact test. Results: Among the 2985 patients in the study, the median time from entry into PC until death was 34 days. Patients who entered earlier into PC ( >- 3 months before death) had fewer emergency visits (p < 0.001). Total cost was R$67.372.455,91 with an average cost per patient of R$22.570,34. Patients with brain cancer presented the highest cost (R$35.488,47). There was no difference in cost in the last month of life between patients who entered earlier and those who entered later into PC. The predictor factors of cost were patient\'s age, cancer site, place of death, number of hospitalizations, number of emergency visits, number of days in hospice and number of days in PC. Conclusion: This study allowed to know the practices of a palliative care service, presented the use of resources and costs in the different locations of cancer from the perspective of the provider and can contribute to discussion about palliative care in Brazil

INTRODUÇÃO. O uso abusivo de álcool impõe alto custo econômico à sociedade O seu consumo está relacionado a importantes conseqüências adversas, como situações de intoxicação, a própria dependência, acidentes de carro, episódios de violência e outros. JUSTIFICATIVA. A discussão sobre o custo social do uso do álcool se mostra pertinente no Brasil, visto que seu impacto perpassa o acometimento apenas do paciente, mas também de outras esferas sociais onde este sujeito está inserido. OBJETIVOS. Estimar o custo social, ou seja, os custos direto (internações e atendimentos ambulatoriais) e indireto (mortalidade e incapacidade) das principais doenças diretamente relacionadas ao uso do álcool dependência ao álcool, cardiomiopatia alcoólica, gastrite alcoólica, doença alcoólica do fígado, pancreatite crônica induzida por álcool e síndrome alcoólica fetal no Brasil no ano de 2007. MATERIAL E MÉTODO. Trata-se de um estudo do tipo exploratório, descritivo e transversal. Foram considerados o total de internações, de atendimentos ambulatoriais e de registros de mortalidade hospitalar relativos às doenças diagnosticadas como causas diretas do abuso do álcool no Brasil no ano de 2007. Todos os dados foram coletados junto ao DATASUS (Departamento de Informática do SUS). O cálculo do custo social foi realizado a partir dos Anos de Vida Perdidos por Mortalidade e Incapacidade, multiplicados pelo valor do rendimento médio mensal de todos os trabalhos assalariados no Brasil, calculado por sexo e nível de escolaridade. RESULTADOS. O valor do Custo Social do uso do álcool no Brasil no ano de 2007 foi de R$8.562.680.331,00. Na formação desse valor, 79,67% corresponderam aos custos que ocorreram na população masculina. Nas regiões Norte, Nordeste, Centro-Oeste, Sudeste e Sul, os valores foram, respectivamente, R$255.097.103,00; R$1.025.139.711,00; R$935.799.783,00; R$4.829.791.323,00 e R$1.931.717.630,00. DISCUSSÃO. Na maioria dos diagnósticos, o maior valor do custo social encontra-se entre os anos 40-49, faixa etária de maior participação no mercado de trabalho brasileiro. Ou seja, os brasileiros que estão sofrendo os agravos do uso do álcool, ocasionando o maior impacto socioeconômico, são aqueles que, em tese, deveriam compor o grupo de pessoas da população economicamente ativa, contribuindo para o enriquecimento do país. A região Sul é a terceira maior em termos populacionais, a segunda de maior valor do custo social e a primeira com o maior percentual de padrão de consumo problemático, demonstrando que há uma relação direta entre o padrão de consumo de álcool e o impacto socioeconômico gerado pelo seu uso, uma vez que essa região, mesmo sendo a terceira mais populosa, assume o segundo lugar em termos de custo, já que é a região de maior prevalência de bebedores problemáticos. CONCLUSÃO. Os dados apresentados demonstram a necessidade de se investir em ações de prevenção e tratamento dirigidas a públicos distintos, como a população masculina, economicamente ativa e os residentes da região Sul do país. Porém, são apenas estimativas, tendo a necessidade de serem ampliados de modo a considerar todas as conseqüências advindas desse uso e que geram ônus ao país, para que seja possível promover subsídios concretos para a devida elaboração de políticas públicas, baseadas em evidências científicas para o benefício de todos / Alcohol abuse imposes high economical cost to society. It´s use is related to important adverse consequences such as intoxication, dependence, car accidents, violence episodes and others. MEAN. The debate around the social cost regarding alcohol consumption has been prove to be relevant in Brazil since it´s impact goes beyond the patient himself, but is also involved in other social spheres where he belongs. OBJECTIVE. To assess the social costs, direct (internments and outpatient appointments) and indirect (mortality and incapacity), of the main diseases related to alcohol consumption alcohol dependence, alcoholic cardiomiopathy, alcoholic gastrititis, alcoholic disease of the liver, chronic pancreatitis induced by alcohol and fetal alcoholic syndrome in Brazil in the year of 2007. MATERIAL AND METHOD. This is an exploratory, descriptive and transversal study. In this study we considered the total number of internments, of outpatient appointments, and of registrations of mortality related to diseases diagnosed as the cause of alcohol abuse that occurred in Brazil in 2007. All data were collected at DATASUS (Department of Computer Science of SUS). The calculation of the social costs was accomplished by multiplying the Disability Adjusted Life Years with the value of monthly medium income of all salaried works in Brazil, considering gender and education level. RESULTS. The total value of the social costs caused by alcohol consumption in Brazil in 2007 was R$8.562.680.331,00. 79,67% of this value corresponded to the male population. In the North, Northeast, Center-West, Southeast and South region, the values were R$255.097.103,00; R$1.025.139.711,00; R$935.799.783,00; R$4.829.791.323,00 and R$1.931.717.630,00 respectively. DISCUSSION. The majority of the diagnoses revealed that the biggest value of social costs is among people between 40 and 49 years old. People in this age group have the largest participation in the Brazilian job market. In other words, the Brazilians who suffer the worst effects of alcohol consumption are those who are part of the economically active population, therefore causing the largest socioeconomic impact. South region has the third largest population, second in value of social cost and first in prevalence of problematic alcohol consumption. This observation demonstrates that there is a direct relationship between the pattern of alcohol consumption and the socioeconomic impact by it´s use. Because the South region has the biggest prevalence of problematic drinkers, it stands as the second place in terms of social costs, even being the third most populous region. CONCLUSION. The present data demonstrates the need to invest in prevention and treatment directed to different targets: the economically active male population, and the residents of the South region of the country. Although we have presented here interesting estimates, further studies need to be made in order to become possible to promote concrete subsidies for the elaboration of public policy for the benefit of the whole country

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Civil Engineering / Mustaque A. Hossain / Stacey E. Kulesza / Recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) is the byproduct of the demolition of concrete structures and pavements. An estimated 140 million tons of concrete waste is produced annually in the United States, most of which ends up in landfills. The use of RCA to replace quarried aggregates in paving projects is one way to utilize these materials and alleviate concerns regarding this increasing waste stream. RCA usage prevents waste concrete disposal into landfills, resulting in more sustainable use of mineral aggregate sources, and may further reduce costs associated with paving projects. However, the inferior physical properties of RCA, such as the presence of recycled mortar, complicate the incorporation of RCA into new concrete mixtures. State highway agencies such as the Kansas Department of Transportation are facing further issues with RCA from D-cracked pavements, raising the question if D-cracked aggregates should be used in paving operations. No known work has evaluated the effect of RCA from D-cracked pavements in subgrade soil stabilization. This study stabilized a low-plasticity clay in Kansas using RCA and three stabilizing materials (lime, Class C fly ash, and a combination of Portland cement and fly ash). Candidate mixtures with varying proportions of chemical stabilizers and D-cracked aggregates were evaluated using the standard Proctor, unconfined compressive strength, linear shrinkage, and California Bearing Ratio tests. Microstructure characteristics of selected mixtures were explored using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray tests. Laboratory test results indicated that RCA, in conjunction with all cementitious materials except lime, improved clay strength, stiffness, and shrinkage properties. SEM results indicated that RCA caused a low void space and a dense arrangement of soil particles. RCA effectively improved evaluated mixture properties when an adequate soil-RCA bond was reached using chemical agents. The long-term performance of full-depth flexible pavements with stabilized mixtures as subgrade was assessed in the AASHTOWare Pavement ME Design (commonly known as MEPDG) software. The life-cycle cost of flexible pavements with stabilized mixtures was estimated for a 40-year design period. Economic analysis results indicated that RCA was cost effective only if it was used with a combination of fly ash and Portland cement.

Orientador: Luís Gustavo Modelli de Andrade / Resumo: Introdução: O Brasil é o maior serviço público de transplantes do mundo sendo a quase totalidade do seu financiamento custeado pelo sistema único de saúde. Os regimes de imunossupressão também são inteiramente financiados pelo Estado através do Componente Especializado de Assistência Farmacêutica, mas são pouco estudados sob a perspectiva econômica. O objetivo primário foi realizar uma análise de custo efetividade do regime de imunossupressão de tacrolimo com micofenolato comparado a tacrolimo associado a imTOR pelo período de um ano após o transplante renal. O objetivo secundário foi avaliar a não inferioridade destes dois regimes. Materiais e Métodos: Tratou-se de um estudo retrospectivo de transplantados renais realizados no Hospital das Clínicas de Botucatu, comparando protocolos de imunossupressão em 12 meses após o transplante. O primeiro esquema de imunossupressão foi o utilizado até outubro de 2015 e o segundo esquema adotado após mudança do protocolo do serviço. Foram feitas comparações entre os dois regimes de imunossupressão para avaliar a não inferioridade sendo definida como: o somatório dos eventos de rejeição aguda, descontinuidade, perda do enxerto e óbito ao fim de um ano. Para as análises de custo foi construído um modelo de análise de decisão no software TreeAge Pro 2009. As probabilidades de ocorrência dos eventos foram calculadas em cada grupo na amostra histórica. Foram conduzidas análises de sensibilidade visando obter uma simulação realista dos custos ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Introduction: Brazil is the largest public transplant service in the world, with almost all of its costs funded by the public health system. The immunosuppressive regimens are also fully funded by the state. These regimes were studied in terms of effectiveness, but they were poorly studied from an economic perspective. The primary objective was to conduct a cost-effectiveness analysis of the immunosuppressive regimen of tacrolimus with mycophenolate compared to tacrolimus associated with imTOR for a period of one year after kidney transplantation. The secondary objective was to assess the non-inferiority of these two regimens. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study of kidney transplants carried out at UNESP, Univ Estadual Paulista, comparing immunosuppressive protocols at 12 months after transplantation. The first immunosuppressive regimen was the one used until October 2015 and the second regimen adopted after changing the service protocol. Comparisons were made between the two immunosuppressive regimens to evaluate non-inferiority, defined as a composite end-point of biopsy proven acute rejection, graft loss, death, and adverse events leading to drug discontinuation. A decision analysis model was constructed with TreeAge Pro 2009 software to perform the cost analyzes. The probability of occurrence of clinical events was calculated for each group in the historical sample. Sensitivity analyzes were conducted in order to obtain a realistic simulation of the fina... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

INTRODUÇÃO: Os custos representam um problema crucial na formação e especialização do médico no mundo moderno. Conhecer os gastos relacionados ao ensino é importante para o planejamento financeiro das instituições de ensino. A cirurgia de catarata é um dos pontos centrais da formação do oftalmologista. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar os custos e as complicações peroperatórias da cirurgia de catarata realizada por residentes com a cirurgia realizada por um cirurgião experiente. MÉTODOS: Neste estudo prospectivo, as cirurgias de facoemulsificação executadas por residentes durante os 3 primeiros meses de treinamento foram comparadas com cirurgias realizadas por um cirurgião experiente quanto aos custos e complicações. Foram incluídas 312 cirurgias, sendo 261 realizadas por residentes e 51 pelo cirurgião experiente. As cirurgias foram divididas, de acordo com a experiência cirúrgica do residente no momento da realização do procedimento (Grupo 1: 0 a 40 cirurgias; Grupo 2: 41 a 80 cirurgias; Grupo 3: mais de 80 cirurgias). RESULTADOS: O custo médio das cirurgias realizadas pelos residentes foi de R$ 802,74 ± 352,48 e pelo cirurgião experiente R$ 588,74 ± 44,68. No grupo 1, foram observados R$ 862,63 ± 382,17; no grupo 2 R$ 809,99 ± 377,92 e no grupo 3 R$ 702,16 ± 234,64. Quanto ao tempo de cirurgia, observou-se nas cirurgias dos residentes 54,2 ± 23,4 minutos e nas cirurgias do grupo controle (cirurgião experiente) 36,0 ± 15,3 minutos. O tempo observado no grupo 1 foi 57,6 ± 23,0 minutos; no grupo 2 foi 54,6 ± 24,7 minutos e no grupo 3 foi 49,0 ± 18,3 minutos. Todas as comparações foram estatisticamente significantes (P<0,05). A taxa de complicação encontrada nas cirurgias realizadas pelos residentes foi de 11,49% e nas cirurgias realizadas pelo cirurgião experiente foi de 1,92%. No grupo 1 observaram-se 9,65% de rotura de cápsula posterior e 8,77% de perda vítrea; no grupo 2, 7,37% de rotura de cápsula e 4,21% de perda vítrea e no grupo 3, 5,77% de rotura de cápsula e 3,85% de perda vítrea. Estas complicações não foram percebidas nas cirurgias do grupo controle. CONCLUSÃO: A cirurgia de catarata realizada pelo residente representa um aumento dos gastos estatisticamente significante para o serviço e um aumento nos riscos de complicação aos pacientes. A diferença cai progressivamente com a realização de mais procedimentos, demonstrando os efeitos do treinamento / BACKGROUND: The costs represent crucial problem in medical training and specialization in the modern world. Meet the expenses related to education is important for the financial planning of educational institutions. Cataract surgery is one of the central points of the training of ophthalmologists. The aim of this study is to compare the costs and complications of cataract surgery performed by residents with the surgery performed by an experienced surgeon. METHODS: In this prospective study, the phacoemulsification performed by residents during the first 3 months of training was compared with surgery performed by an experienced surgeon about the costs and complications. There were included 312 surgeries; residents performed 261 and an experienced surgeon performed 51. The surgeries were divided according to resident surgical experience at the time of performing the procedure (Group 1: 00-40 surgery, Group 2: 41-80 surgeries and group 3: more than 80 surgeries). RESULTS: The mean cost of surgeries performed by residents was R$ 802.74 ± 352.48 and by the surgeon was R$ 588.74 ± 44.68. In group 1, was observed a mean cost of R$ 862.63 ± 382.17; in group 2 R$ 809.99 ± 377.92 and in group 3 R$ 702.16 ± 234.64. Regarding the time of surgery, was observed in surgeries performed by residents 54.2 ± 23.4 minutes and in the surgery control group (surgeon) 36.0 ± 15.3 minutes. The time observed in group 1 was 57.6 ± 23.0 minutes; in group 2 was 54.6 ± 24.7 minutes and in group 3 was 49.0 ± 18.3 minutes. All comparisons were statistically significant (P <0.05). The complication rate found in surgeries performed by residents was 11.49% and the surgery performed by experienced surgeons was 1.92%. In group 1 we observed rates of 9.65% of posterior capsule rupture and 8.77% of vitreous loss; in group 2 was observed rate of 7.37% of capsule rupture and 4.21% of vitreous loss and in group 3 was observed rate of 5.77% of capsule rupture and 3.85% of vitreous loss. These complications were not observed in the surgery control group. CONCLUSION: Cataract surgery performed by the resident is a statistically significant increase in spending for the service and an increased risk of complications for patients. This difference progressively decreases with the completion of more procedures, demonstrating the effect of training

The aim of the thesis is to analyze the economic profitability of current obstetric facilities in the Czech Republic. The theoretical part deals with economic aspects of health such as health determinants and their effect on human health, the specific of health care and role of the state in health care. Further work is focused on exploring different types of health systems, the principles of financing Czech healthcare system and its development in recent years. Despite the increasing role of direct financing of health care and higher patient participation, the public sector still plays the most important role, which follows from the Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms. Based on available data on infant mortality the efficiency of functioning of the Czech and American health care system will be compared. Infant mortality in the Czech Republic is very low and our country in this regard is placed on the top places in the world. The practical part deals with analysis of the costs of planned caesarean section, including the total time a mother spends in hospital. Furthermore, the practical part deals with the future of obstetrics in the Czech Republic in terms of plans for the closing of small hospitals with low numbers of births and infant homes replacing foster care. The final part deals with births at home as a substitute for births in hospitals. This topic is now getting into media interest when it is discussed to ensure adequate care in childbirth and health risks for mother and newborn.

A confecção de próteses totais envolve uma série de procedimentos técnicos complexos. No entanto, a simplificação dessa sequência de procedimentos pode ser tão eficazes quanto os convencionais, mas com menor gasto de tempo e recursos. O objetivo deste estudo foi quantificar os custos envolvidos com a confecção de próteses totais com um método simplificado em comparação a um convencional. A amostra foi formada por pacientes desdentados totais solicitando tratamento com próteses totais duplas, que foram divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos: o Grupo S recebeu próteses totais confeccionadas por um método simplificado, enquanto que o Grupo C recebeu próteses confeccionadas convencionalmente. Os custos diretos e indiretos de cada procedimento foram calculados por participante, incluindo sessões imprevistas. O estudo foi realizado com 19 e 21 participantes nos grupos S e C, respectivamente, e comparações entre os dois grupos foram feitas por meio dos testes de Mann-Whitney e t de Student (&alpha;=0,05). A confecção das próteses demandou do operador um tempo mediano de 173,2 e 284,5 min. para os grupos S e C, respectivamente, enquanto os tempos para o auxiliar foram 46,6 e 61,7 min. (diferenças significantes, P<0,05). Os grupos não diferiram significantemente na fase de ajustes pós-instalação. O grupo S também apresentou valores menores que C durante a fase de confecção, mas não durante os ajustes, para custos com materiais empregados e tempo despendido pelo paciente. No total, o método simplificado reduziu o custo direto do tratamento em 34,9%. Conclui-se que o método simplificado é menos oneroso ao paciente e sistema de saúde, quando comparado a um protocolo convencional para a reabilitação do paciente edentado. / Complete denture fabrication involves a series of complex technical procedures. Nevertheless, simplified methods may be as effective as conventional ones albeit the lower use of time and resources. The aim of this study is to quantify the costs of complete denture fabrication by means of a simplified method compared with a conventional protocol. A sample of edentulous patients needing conventional maxillary and mandibular complete dentures was randomly divided into: group S, which received dentures fabricated by means of a simplified method, and group C, which received conventionally fabricated dentures. We calculated direct and indirect costs for each participant including unscheduled procedures. This study assessed 19 and 20 participants allocated in groups S and C, respectively, and comparisons between groups were conducted by means of the Mann-Whitney and Students t test (&alpha;=0,05). Complete denture fabrication demanded median time periods of 173,2 and 284,5 min from the operator for groups S and C respectively, and 46.6 and 61.7 min from the dental assistant (significant differences, P<0.05). There was no difference between groups regarding postinsertion adjustments. Group S also showed lower values than C during the fabrication stage, but not during adjustments, for costs with materials and time spent by patients. In summary, the simplified method reduced direct treatment costs in 34.9%. It can be concluded that the simplified method is less costly for patients and health system when compared with a conventional protocol for the rehabilitation of edentulous patients.

Os objetivos deste estudo foram mapear e validar os subprocessos do manejo de Resíduos de Serviços de Saúde (RSS) no Centro Cirúrgico (CC).Calcular o custo dos materiais, a taxa de geração e proporção em Kg/nº cirurgia por especialidade, local de geração e por grupos segregados. Trata-se de uma pesquisa exploratória descritiva, de abordagem quantitativa na modalidade de estudo de caso. O local foi o CC do Hospital Universitário da Universidade São Paulo. Considerando o número de cirurgias realizadas nos últimos quatro anos, calculou-se a amostra probabilística estratificada com o poder amostral de 95%. A amostra final foi de 1120 cirurgias. Na coleta de dados foram mapeados os subprocessos de RSS (A, B, D e E) baseada na classificação da RDC 306/04 da ANVISA. Os resíduos foram pesados diariamente por 82 dias, com a colaboração de oito coletadoras, considerando o local de geração e o grupo dos RSS. Para mensuração do custo descreveu-se os subprocesso dos RSS, identificou-se os executores, desenhou-se os fluxogramas, levantamentou-se a quantidade e o custo dos materiais, identificou-se os direcionadores (nº cirurgia) e calculou-se o custo total de cada subprocesso. Os RSS do CC representaram 6,38 % comparado com a produção total do HU-USP. O grupo mais representativo foi o A- infectantes (50,62%) e o percentual de resíduos D-reciclados foi 19,26%, acima do hospital que é 10,34%. A representatividade por local de geração foi: Salas de Operação (55,93%), REC (4,02%), Áreas de Apoio Não recicláveis (28,50%) e Áreas de Apoio Recicláveis (11,55%). Avaliado a inferência de médias foram às cirurgias Buco Maxilares seguidas das Ginecológicas que mais produziram RSS. A média de geração de resíduos por cirurgia foi de 3,72 Kg. O custo de um Kilo foi: Grupo A (R$ 1,10), Grupo B(R$ 5,70), Grupo D Reciclado (R$ 0,96), Grupo D Não Reciclado (R$ 1,01) e o grupo E (R$ 3,23). Assim o custo total médio por cirurgia foi de R$ 8,641, que corresponde a R$ 5,526 das Salas de Operação, com as parcelas dos demais pontos de geração, sendo R$0,531 da REC, R$ 0,485 dos resíduos comuns reciclados e R$ 2,099 dos comuns não reciclados da Área de Apoio. Verificou-se que o peso total de RSS da amostra foi de 8.102,64 Kg e o custo total de R$ 9.679,88 e se mantivermos os processos mapeados a projeção anual de geração será 36.066,63 Kg com uma média de geração diária de 98,812 Kg/dia e um custo anual de R$ 43.087,27, com um custo médio de R$ 118,04 por dia. / This study aimed to validate the mapping and management of subprocesses handling of waste of health services in the operation room. To calculate the cost of materials involved and generation rates and proportion on HG/U, Surgery by specialty, location of generation and segregated groups. It´s a descriptive exploratory research, a quantitative approach in the form of case study . This place was the SC (surgery center) of Hospital Universitário da USP. Considering the number of surgeries performed in the last four years, we calculated the probabilistic stratified sample with sampling power of 95%. The final sample was made from 1120 surgeries average. During data collection, the subprocesses of RSS-based classification of RDC 306/04 of Anvisa were mapped. The residues were weighted daily for 82 days with the help of 8 collectors considering the point of generation and the gorup of RSS. To measure cost, was described subprocesses of RSS and we identified the executors, drawed flowcharts, rose the quantities and the cost of materials involved, we identified the drivers of NR surgeries and calculated each process. RSS DC represented 6,38% compared with total production of HU-USP. The most representative group was A-infective (50,62%) and the percentage of recycled waste D was 19,26%, which is higher than hospital (10,34%). A representative for the local generation was: operation room (55,93%), REC (4,02%) of not recycable area of support (11,55%). Evaluated the inference that means were HTE buccal maxillary surgery followed by gynecological, highest producers of RSS. The average generation of waste by surgery was 3,72 pounds. The cost of 1 kgrs: the A group: (R$ 1,10), B group: (R$ 5,70), recycled group D (R$ 0,96), D group not recycled (R$ 1,01) and E group (R$ 3,23). Thus, the total average cost per surgery was R$ 8,64. R$ 5,52 which corresponds to operation room. The share of other points of generation: R$ 0,53 REC, R$ 0,48 of ordinary residues, R$ 2,09 / recycled and NOT recycled materials from ordinary area of support. It follows the total weight of the RSS sample that is 8.102,64 kgrs and total cost of R$ 9.679,88 and we mapped the entirely process that generates an annual projection of 36.066,63 kgrs with the average f daily generation 98.812 kgrs daily and an annual cost of R$ 43.087,27 with an average cost of R$ 118,04 per day.

The management of natural resources located on private lands often involves a perceived conflict between the mix of private and public benefit outputs they produce. Governments have tended to respond through legislation to restrict and redirect private decisions about resource management. However, the legislative response faces a lack of information about the costs and benefits of alternative management and policy instruments. A pertinent example of this debate is the management of wetlands on private lands. The goal in this thesis is to advance the design of policy relating to the production of environmental outputs on private lands. This goal is achieved by first estimating the welfare impacts of alternative private land management strategies on the wider community. These estimates are used as inputs into the development of alternative policy instruments that are then evaluated in terms of their potential cost-effectiveness in influencing private management. Two case studies of wetland management on private land in Australia are presented ??? the Upper South East Region of South Australia, and, the Murrumbidgee River Floodplain in New South Wales. The conceptual approach described in the first part of the thesis includes a description of the resource management problem and the strengths and weaknesses of the alternative decision frameworks widely employed in Australia. Identification of the cause and nature of transaction costs in the management process is the focus in this discussion. The welfare impacts of alternative wetland management strategies are investigated through the construction of a bio-economic model for each of the case study areas. The approach integrates biophysical analysis of changing wetland management with the value society places on wetlands. Outputs from this process are used in the development of a range of policy instruments directed towards influencing wetland management. The impact of poorly quantified and uncertain transaction costs on the potential cost-effectiveness of these options is evaluated using threshold policy analysis. The empirical results show that the perception of a conflict between the private and public values generated by resource management is accurate. For example, scenarios changing wetland management in the Upper South East of South Australia on the Murrumbidgee River floodplain in New South Wales were shown to generate net benefits of $5.2m and $5.1m respectively. Hence, changing wetland management could generate increased community welfare. The potential for these findings to be translated into wetland policy is less conclusive. Policies directed towards wetland management (in part or in whole) incur a range of transaction costs and deliver differential wetland protection benefits. Ten ???best bet??? policies are identified, but more information is required to determine conclusively whether a net benefit results to the wider community when transaction costs are included.

Green manure crops are critical to maintaining soil fertility in organic cropping systems. However, little research has been conducted to address their contribution to weed control. Indianhead black lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus), AC Green Fix chickling vetch (Lathyrus sativus L.), and Trapper field pea (Pisum sativum L.) are legumes developed for use as annual green manure crops in the Northern Great Plains. Currently, no plant population density recommendations exist for these three species when grown as green manure crops under weedy conditions. The objective of this research was to determine the yield-density response of these three species under weedy and weedy-free conditions and to develop plant population density recommendations for use as annual green manure crops. Each species was grown at five plant population densities (10, 24, 64, 160, and 400 plants m-2) with weedy and weed-free treatments. Wild oat (Avena fatua L.) and wild mustard (Brassica kaber (D.C.) L.C. Wheeler) were planted in weedy treatments to supplement the natural weed community. Biomass samples and soil moisture measurements were taken at early bud and full bloom to simulate when these crops would be terminated. Biomass samples from the early bud stage were analysed for total nitrogen content. Green manure biomass production for all species was lower under weedy conditions. Weed biomass in weedy treatments decreased with increasing green manure plant population density for all species. Trapper field pea was the most competitive crop while Indianhead black lentil was the least competitive. Although total plot biomass differed among species and green manure crop density, changes in soil moisture levels were not greatly affected. No significant difference in total nitrogen concentration was found among green manure species. Differences in total nitrogen accumulation occurred because of differences in biomass production. Marginal cost analysis based on green manure seed costs and their nitrogen contribution to the value of subsequent wheat crop yield were used to determine optimum plant population densities. Under weedy conditions field pea and black lentil should be planted at densities of 49-78 and 223-300 plants m-2, respectively. Under weed-free conditions plant population densities for field pea and black lentil could be reduced to 45-60 and 184-223 plants m-2, respectively. No profitable plant population density was determined for chickling vetch when assuming a lower nitrogen contribution under both weedy and weed-free conditions. However, when assuming a higher nitrogen contribution, a profitable plant population density for chickling vetch of 24 plants m-2 was determined under weedy conditions and 32 plants m-2 under weed-free conditions.