Orientador: Eduardo Hebling / Dissertação (mestrado profissional) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T17:28:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Goncalves_RodolfoLuis_M.pdf: 1145381 bytes, checksum: b6bf54bea73e26256e73ae1461c4afbf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: As resinas compostas são materiais usualmente utilizados em restaurações dentárias diretas. O custo dos materiais faz parte do cálculo do valor dos honorários odontológicos. O objetivo desse trabalho foi determinar e analisar o valor total do custo dos materiais diretos e indiretos utilizados para a confecção de restaurações dentárias diretas de classes III, IV e V em resina composta. O cálculo dos custos foi baseado no método de sistema de custeio variável. A lista dos materiais foi obtida por meio de consulta a uma banca juízes e baseada nos padrões de excelência comprovados na literatura para atendimento em equipe. Os valores dos materiais foram obtidos de uma média dos valores consultados no mercado fornecedor e convertidos em dólar americano (US$1.00=R$2,12). As repetições foram obtidas de preparos cavitários Classes III, IV e V em dentes artificiais pré-fabricados. As cavidades foram classificadas em profundidades rasa, média e profunda. Os materiais foram quantificados para cada tipo de preparo. Sete marcas de resinas compostas avaliadas foram pesadas em balança de precisão após a sua inserção em cada tipo de preparo. Os dados foram avaliados por estatística descritiva e pelo Teste não-paramétrico de Friedman. O custo encontrado para restauração de Classe III foi de US$7.96 (R$16,88), para a de Classe IV de US$8.13 (R$17,24) e, para a de Classe V de US$7.84 (R$16,62). Houve diferença estatística no custo entre algumas marcas de resina, entre todos os tipos de preparos cavitários e entre todas as profundidades. Os valores encontrados podem ser utilizados no cálculo do valor final do procedimento restaurador, auxiliando na gestão de serviços odontológicos públicos ou privados / Abstract: Composite resins are materials commonly used in direct dental restorations. The cost of the materials is part of the calculation of the value of dental fees. The aim of this study was to determine and to assess the total value of direct and indirect materials used in Classes III, IV and V composite resin direct dental restorations. The calculation of costs was based on the method of variable costing system. A list of the materials was obtained by a panel of experts and based on the excellence standards established in the literature for dental team treatment. The values of the materials were obtained from an average of the values founded in the local supplier market (US$1.0=R$2.12). The repetitions were obtained from Classes III, IV and V cavities in artificial pre-manufactured teeth. The materials were quantified for each type of preparation. Seven trademarks of composite resins used were weighed on a precision balance after their insertion in each type of preparation. The data were assessed by descriptive statistics and non-parametric Friedman's test. Result: The cost found for restoration of Class III was US$7.96 (R$16,88), for Class IV was US$8.13 (R$17,24), and for Class V was US$7.84 (R$16,62). There was statistically significant difference in cost between some trademark resins, between all types of cavities preparation and between all depth classifications. These values might be used in the calculation of the final value of the restorative procedure, aiding in the management of public or private dental care services / Mestrado / Odontologia em Saude Coletiva / Mestre em Odontologia em Saúde Coletiva

Our research is an exploratory study on how various parameters in the attack, ranging from that of the worm (replication rate), to those of the network (number of nodes, % fire-walled computers) as well as user behaviour (frequency of checking mail) impact the spread of malware. Through the development of a simulator we have created various experiments and have studied the impact of all possible parameters

In this diploma thesis, I first theoretically dealt with marketing, marketing services and the most used terms of internet marketing. Furthermore, the process of formation and use of corporate budgeting and business development opportunities, which included analysis of the marketing environment, evaluating existing activities and determining their values, goals and values, and an action plan. In the second part I applied it all to the REAL SPEKTRUM, a.s. including selected analysis and evaluation of existing activities, setting goals and designing actions plans.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to analyze the costs incurred during the transitional period when a radiology department is gradually digitalized and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is gaining ground as guidance for interventions. The specific aims were: to compare the costs of computed (CR) radiography with the costs of conventional radiography, to analyze the cost structures of procedures and the effects of procedure volumes in a multipurpose interventional MRI (IMRI) unit, to compare the costs of MRI and computed tomography (CT)-guided bone biopsies, and to compare the costs of MRI-guided laser ablation and surgery in the treatment of osteoid osteoma. 34 140 plain-film examinations were analyzed; 3/4 of them were CR and 1/4 conventional radiography. The costs of CR were 9% higher compared to conventional radiography, due to the higher capital cost. In the IMRI unit, 563 diagnostic MRI examinations, 89 MRI-guided interventions, and 39 MRI-guided neurosurgical operations were performed. The cost analyses of the alternative simulation models of IMRI usage showed that the volume of diagnostic imaging had an effect on the unit costs of these procedures. Volume was not such a deterministic factor in interventions due to the high material costs. The volume of the neurosurgical use of IMRI had a major effect on the costs of radiological procedures. The costs of 18 MRI-guided and 12 CT-guided bone biopsies were compared. The cost of MRI-guided biopsy was 2.55-fold compared to CT-guided biopsy, due to the longer procedure time and the expensive MRI-compatible instrumentation. The costs of 7 MRI-guided laser ablations and 6 surgical treatments of osteoid osteoma were compared. The cost of laser ablation was higher than the cost of excision of a superficial osteoid osteoma. The cost of excision of a deep osteoma with metallic fixation was considerably higher, due to the higher material, personnel, and ward costs. Laser ablation diminishes the need for sick days and the duration of restricted weight bearing. In conclusion, a higher cost of a new method should be anticipated. The use of a new method should be justified by other factors, such as better efficiency, accuracy, lack of radiation, or mini-invasiveness.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to produce a hypothetical model for the organization of services in accordance with a shared-responsibility mode of living. The model was constructed step by step. At the first stage, the current possibilities of home care clients aged over 75 to live at home and the modes of organizing home help services were analyzed. The key factors affecting the elderly clients' ability to manage at home were the mode of living (alone or with a family member), their ability to move, the adequacy of home care services, the family caregiver's resources and the elderly person's own preferences. At the next stage, the research data were searched for alternative ways of organizing the support services supplied by family members, municipalities (home help services and home nursing), the third sector and private service providers, i.e. different service structure models were outlined. Finally, the costs and functional contents of the service structure models were evaluated. The empirical date were collected by arranging questionnaire survey among the home care clients aged over 75 (N=150) and the caregivers who knew them best (N=145) in Hämeenkyrö, Lohja, Oulu and Tampere. In addition to this, the functions during the working hours of one week were recorded (N=146) with the aim of finding out, by functions, the time spent to help each client and the number of actors needed. The data were analyzed using the SPSS for Windows 10.0 statistical software by calculating absolute and percentage distributions and cross-tabulating the results. The statistical differences between the localities, for example, were compared using box plots and correlation diagrams. The results were illustrated with tables and graphs. The responses to the open-ended questions were analyzed with methods of content analysis. The possibilities of home care clients to choose between different modes of living were still small. No adequate intermediate modes of living have been developed. For a person unable to manage the daily activities at home, the main alternative is a group home or an assisted-living unit, both of which can be considered institutional care in view of their contents and organization. Home care clients are mostly helped by municipal home helpers. Hardly any private services are used, and additional help, when necessary, is provided by the municipal staff. The services provided by the third sector mainly consist of discussion and listening. In the participating municipalities, social services available in the private sector were scant or not utilized. Compared to the other service structure models, the shared-responsibility model of living is cost-effective and competitive, and it will be needed as an alternative to the other models. Further development of the shared-responsibility model will provide more alternatives to the family members or caregivers who want to assume responsibility for the care of their elderly relative. / Tiivistelmä Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on tuottaa hypoteettinen palvelujen organisointimalli vastuunjaolla toimivassa asumismuodossa. Mallin rakentaminen etenee vaiheittain. Ensimmäisessä vaiheessa analysoidaan yli 75-vuotiaiden kotihoidon asiakkaiden nykyisiä kotona asumisen mahdollisuuksia ja kotipalvelujen järjestämistapoja. Kotona suoriutumisen kannalta avaintekijöitä ovat vanhuksen asumismuoto (yksin tai läheisen kanssa), liikuntakyky, kotihoidon palvelujen riittävyys, läheishoitajan jaksaminen ja iäkkään oma tahto. Seuraavassa vaiheessa määritellään ja muotoillaan tutkimusaineistosta nousseita erityyppisiä tukipalvelujen toimintavaihtoehtoja eli palvelurakennemalleja, joiden tuottajina ovat omaiset, kunnat (kotipalvelut ja kotisairaanhoito), kolmas sektori sekä yksityiset palvelujen tuottajat. Lopuksi arvioidaan palvelurakennemallien kustannuksia ja toiminnallista sisältöä. Empiirinen aineisto kerättiin Hämeenkyrössä, Lohjalla, Oulussa ja Tampereella survey-kyselyllä yli 75-vuotiailta kotihoidon asiakkailta (N=150) ja heidät parhaiten tuntevilta hoitajilta (N=145). Lisäksi tehtiin viikon ajalta työajan seuranta (N=146), jonka tarkoituksena oli saada selville toiminnoittain asiakkaan auttamiseen käytetty aika ja toimijoiden määrä. Tutkimusaineistot analysoitiin SPSS for Windows 10.0 -tilasto-ohjelmalla laskemalla suorat ja prosenttijakaumat sekä ristiintaulukoimalla tuloksia. Tilastollisia eroja mm. paikkakunnittain vertailtiin boxplot-kuvioilla ja korrelaatiodiagrammeilla. Tulokset on havainnollistettu taulukoilla ja graafisilla kuvioilla. Avoimet kysymykset analysoitiin sisällön analyysillä. Kotihoidon asiakkaiden valinnan mahdollisuudet erilaisten asumismuotojen välillä ovat edelleen vähäiset. Välimuotoisia asumismuotoja ei ole riittävästi kehitetty. Mikäli kotona ei enää suoriuduta päivittäisissä toiminnoissa, vaihtoehtona on lähinnä ryhmä-/ pienkoti ja palveluasunto, jotka toiminnalliselta sisällöltään ja järjestelyiltään voidaan rinnastaa laitoshoitoon. Kotihoidon asiakkaiden pääasiallisina auttajina toimivat kodinhoitajat. Yksityisiä palveluja ei juuri käytetä, ja lisäapua tarvittaessa palveluja halutaan kunnan työntekijöiltä. Kolmannen sektorin tarjoamat palvelut ovat lähinnä keskustelua ja kuunteluapua. Yksityissektorin sosiaalista palvelutarjontaa on tutkituissa kunnissa joko vähän tai niitä ei käytetä. Palvelurakennemallien kustannuksia arvioitaessa vastuunjaolla toimiva asumismuoto on kilpailukykyinen ja sitä tarvitaan yhtenä vaihtoehtona nykyisten rinnalla. Vastuunjaon mallin kehittäminen lisää valinnan mahdollisuuksia niille omaisille tai omaishoitajille, jotka haluavat ottaa hoitovastuuta läheisistään.

Air quality legislation in South Africa is entering a transformation phase, shifting the concept of atmospheric emission control towards pollution prevention and emission minimisation through a more integrated approach. This transformation, along with public pressure and increased foreign trade, is providing industries with incentives to consider their effect on the environment and to take action where required. To assist South African industries in determining what air pollution control technologies are best suited to power plants, gasification and refining processes in South Africa; an assessment of air pollution control technologies used in other countries was carried out. This assessment concluded that the best available technologies for power plants to control air emissions are electrostatic precipitators, low-NOx burners, selective catalytic reduction systems and wet flue gas desulphurisation (limestone) systems. For gasification processes it was found that the main air pollution contributor is the gas handling and treatment process. Releases from this process are controlled through dust collection, wet scrubbing, conversion of sulphide compounds, sulphur recovery and the incineration of final vent gases before release to the atmosphere. For refining processes the catalytic cracking unit is normally the largest single air emission source and controlling emissions from this unit avoids controlling multiple minor sources. Emissions from this unit are controlled via wet scrubbing, selective catalytic reduction systems and carbon monoxide boilers. An assessment of the financial effects associated with air pollution control at power plants was conducted by completing a cost analysis. This analysis demonstrated that by increasing capital expenditure on control technologies by R 1,7 billion, the external costs associated with producing electricity can be reduced by almost R 3,4 billion. Formulation of external cost factors for South African conditions, and the development of a software database for the information obtained from the different countries, will promote future technology selections. / Dissertation (MASTER OF ENGINEERING(Environmental Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Chemical Engineering / unrestricted

This research investigated using a life cycle environmental and economic approach to evaluate IX technology for small potable water systems, allowing for the identification and development of process and design improvements that reduce environmental impacts and costs. The main goals were to evaluate conventional IX in terms of life cycle environmental and economic sustainability, develop a method for improving designs of IX systems from a environmental and economic sustainability standpoint, evaluate potential design improvements, and make the research findings accessible to water professionals through user-friendly tools and frameworks that take into account their feedback. This research provides an understanding, from the perspective of life cycle environmental impacts and costs, of the tradeoffs between various reactor designs of IX, the effects of scale, key contributors to impact and cost, design trends that improve sustainability, and how combined cation anion exchange compares to conventional IX. Furthermore, tools were developed that can be used to identify design choices that improve sustainability of IX systems. These tools were made into a user-friendly format to better bridge the gap between research and practice.

Current pacemakers allow check up of their function using telemonitoring. Even so, the majority of the checks are carried out on an outpatient basis. It is not known, whether remote follow ups of the patients after pacemaker replacement would be cost-effective compared to in-office controls. A retrospective analysis of patients files of patients after pacemaker replacement in 2002-2005 in Faculty hospital of Kralovske Vinohrady was done. A total of 1407 records from the years 2002-2015 was analyzed. It was demonstrated that the vast majority (96%) of planned controls of these patients was not associated with a change of program of the pacemaker, so it could be performed remotely. Based on the obtained data a model, which compared the cost-effectiveness of outpatient and theoretically made remote controls of pacemakers was created. Using an analysis of cost minimalization, it was found that the remote controls of pacemakers, was not associated with a significant reduction of the costs compared to the ambulatory controls.

This diploma thesis is focused on the Management of the Patients Diagnosed with I80.2 - Phlebothrombosis. The main objective of this project was to approach the diagnosis of Phlebothrombosis from a clinical point of view. Further identification and quantification of costs based on the specific Phlebothrombosis case studies by the Cost of Illness analysis. Subsequent evaluation of the level of awareness of the risk associated with diagnosis of Phlebotrombosis among the general public. The major outcome of this thesis is quantification of the direct costs of public health insurance associated with treating patients and the direct personnel costs. The next important outcome is a research in the form of a questionnaire survey which was intended for the general public. Diploma thesis and its results may help as a basis for a full economic evaluation.

The main objective of this master thesis is Northern Sea Route and its potential economic feasibility in maritime transportation between Europe and Asia. Theoretical part of the study begins by definition of maritime container transportation and then it continues by description of discovery of the Northern Sea Route, its geographical and weather conditions. The empirical part is concentrating on the Russian legislation adjusting using of Northern Sea Route, infrastructure and ports in arctic waters and the services of Russian icebreaker fleet that operates in arctic waters. Last part of the thesis is the case study, where is calculated the price of transport of one TEU between Asia and Europe via Northern Sea Route and the costs of this transport are compared with the costs of transport via Suez canal.