This master´s thesis is focused on evaluation of company´s economic performance. Evaluation is done by standard methods of financial analysis and modern method Economic Value Added. Theoretical part describes methods and procedures that can be used for evaluation of economic performance. Practical part deals with evaluation of economic performance of the company KOH-I-NOOR PONAS Ltd.

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Solvency II is the new European Union (EU) legislation which will replace the capital adequacy regime for the insurance industry. Considering that the banking sector has experienced a similar change through the different Basel Accords (Basel), there is an opportunity for the insurance industry before The results indicate similar distortions between developing countries while the major driver behind the cost of capital for developing countries is equity market volatility, and not credit risk as might have been expected. Finally, the fourth research problem relates to another objective of financial regulations: to reflect the risks that financial institutions face. The risk sensitivities of economic and regulatory capital for credit risk are investigated empirically using a dynamic optimisation model in one of the first studies of its kind. Results show that economic capital is a superior risk measure to regulatory capital from a systemic- and institution-specific risk perspective. This, along with calls to strengthen Pillar 2 disciplines following the financial crisis, leads to a suggestion that economic capital could be considered as a Pillar 1 capital requirement, replacing the current forms of Pillar 1 regulatory capital. the implementation of Solvency II to learn from the weaknesses and shortcomings in Basel to ensure that the design of Solvency II will, as far as possible, compensate for these. The financial crisis of 2007 to 2010 highlighted certain weaknesses and shortcomings of Basel and there is accordingly an opportunity for the insurance industry to learn from these deficiencies and to strengthen Solvency II to help prevent similar events in the insurance industry. This thesis investigates these weaknesses in Basel in an attempt to determine the extent to which these are inherently included in Solvency II. The first research problem of this thesis examines these weaknesses in Basel and relates them back to Solvency II to determine which, and to what extent, some of them may have been included in Solvency II. The second research problem leads from the first and critically explores an objective of financial regulations, namely to provide financial institutions with equal competitive conditions (the so-called ‘level playing field’) from a regulatory perspective. To achieve this objective, there is an implicit assumption that the cost of capital between countries is equal. Investigation into the cost of capital between both developed and developing countries using a modified weighted average cost of capital model indicates that the cost of capital between developed and developing countries differs and that regulations based on capital requirements tend to favour developed countries. This means that current financial regulations cannot achieve this objective as intended. The third research problem investigates the cost of capital between various developing countries to determine firstly whether similar competitive distortions exist among such countries, while secondly exploring the drivers behind the cost of capital in such countries through linear regression analyses. / PhD (Risk Management), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

Solvency II is the new European Union (EU) legislation which will replace the capital adequacy regime for the insurance industry. Considering that the banking sector has experienced a similar change through the different Basel Accords (Basel), there is an opportunity for the insurance industry before The results indicate similar distortions between developing countries while the major driver behind the cost of capital for developing countries is equity market volatility, and not credit risk as might have been expected. Finally, the fourth research problem relates to another objective of financial regulations: to reflect the risks that financial institutions face. The risk sensitivities of economic and regulatory capital for credit risk are investigated empirically using a dynamic optimisation model in one of the first studies of its kind. Results show that economic capital is a superior risk measure to regulatory capital from a systemic- and institution-specific risk perspective. This, along with calls to strengthen Pillar 2 disciplines following the financial crisis, leads to a suggestion that economic capital could be considered as a Pillar 1 capital requirement, replacing the current forms of Pillar 1 regulatory capital. the implementation of Solvency II to learn from the weaknesses and shortcomings in Basel to ensure that the design of Solvency II will, as far as possible, compensate for these. The financial crisis of 2007 to 2010 highlighted certain weaknesses and shortcomings of Basel and there is accordingly an opportunity for the insurance industry to learn from these deficiencies and to strengthen Solvency II to help prevent similar events in the insurance industry. This thesis investigates these weaknesses in Basel in an attempt to determine the extent to which these are inherently included in Solvency II. The first research problem of this thesis examines these weaknesses in Basel and relates them back to Solvency II to determine which, and to what extent, some of them may have been included in Solvency II. The second research problem leads from the first and critically explores an objective of financial regulations, namely to provide financial institutions with equal competitive conditions (the so-called ‘level playing field’) from a regulatory perspective. To achieve this objective, there is an implicit assumption that the cost of capital between countries is equal. Investigation into the cost of capital between both developed and developing countries using a modified weighted average cost of capital model indicates that the cost of capital between developed and developing countries differs and that regulations based on capital requirements tend to favour developed countries. This means that current financial regulations cannot achieve this objective as intended. The third research problem investigates the cost of capital between various developing countries to determine firstly whether similar competitive distortions exist among such countries, while secondly exploring the drivers behind the cost of capital in such countries through linear regression analyses. / PhD (Risk Management), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

隨著台灣加入世界貿易組織(WTO)及國際資本市場進一步地整合，國際融資工具如海外存託憑證及海外可轉換公司債近年來備受企業的喜愛，成為企業進行海外市場擴張的一大利器。尤其近二、三年來台灣更掀起發行海外可轉換公司債的籌資風潮。本研究目的在了解此現象對公司價值的影響及市場投資人相關的反應。 本文針對1993至2001年間台灣上市、上櫃公司成功發行的61檔國內可轉換公司債及35檔海外可轉換公司債進行實證研究，主要結論如下： 1. 宣告發行時的訊息效果方面，ECB發行公司不論是宣告發行前後一週或二週的股價累積異常報酬都顯著為正，但CB發行公司卻不然，前者優於後者。 2. 發行海外可轉換公司債及國內可轉換公債發行公司特性差異方面，不論是二獨立樣本T檢定、Mann-Whitney U 檢定及Logistic檢定，結論皆一致：公司規模愈大，轉換溢價幅度愈高、市場利率差愈高的公司愈易傾向發行海外可轉換公司債。此外，二種發行公司發行前的營運績效並無顯著不同。 3. ECB和CB宣告發行時價格效果的不同，和「與國內籌資相比，發行海外可轉換公司債有較高的融資空間」的假設無關，融資空間假設不成立；但和「與國內籌資相比，發行海外可轉換公司債的融資成本較低」的假設有關，融資成本假設成立。 4. 投資人對公司轉換溢價隱含的對未來股價成長的信心及未來資金成本的降低才是解釋宣告發行時價格效果的因子。 5. 投資人給予海外可轉換公司債相對較高的短期價格反應確實表現在海外可轉換公司債發行公司長期較佳的營運績效上。 / With Taiwan’s entrance to the World Trade Organization (WTO) and further integration among international capital markets, international financing tools, such as Global Depositary Receipt (GDR) and European Convertible Bond (ECB) have become popular. For the past few years especially, companies in Taiwan have heavily used ECB as their leading financing tools. This study focuses on how investors in Taiwan response to the issue of ECB and CB. Using 61 CB and 35 ECB samples from Taiwan companies during 1993 and 2001, this study comes to the conclusions as follows: 1. Companies that issue ECB have higher announcement effects than companies that issue CB. 2. Companies with larger size, higher conversion premiums, and higher interest spreads tend to issue ECB instead of CB. There is no significant difference between the pre-issue performance between ECB and CB companies. 3. The hypothesis that “ECB companies have higher debt capacities than CB companies” is not verified. However, the hypothesis that “ECB companies have lower cost of capital than CB companies” is supported. 4. The conversion premium that signals companies’ confidence for the stock price and lower cost of capital in the future is the main factor to explain the announcement effects of ECB and CB. 5. In comparison to CB companies, ECB companies have better post-issue performance which can be supported by their better announcement effects.

本研究依據Ohlson and Juettner(2005)所提出新的衡量權益資金成本方式，異常盈餘成長評價模型(Abnormal Earnings Growth Valuation Model)，探討其是否適合台灣企業作為有效衡量權益資金成本方式之一。並進一步研究已實現報酬與OJ模型估計之權益資金成本關聯性，OJ模型估計之權益資金成本可否作為投資人選擇投資標的時之參考資訊，所得之結論可作為企業管理者與投資人之重要參考依據。最後本研究將OJ模型估計之權益資金成本應用於公司治理之角度，探討權益資金成本與董事會特性關聯性。 實證發現，蒐集台灣企業資料，推算OJ模型估計之權益資金成本與過去研究認為影響權益資金成本的重要風險因子，皆有顯著相關性存在。因此認為OJ模型適用於台灣企業權益資金成本之估計，亦為有效的估計權益資金成本之方式一。另外，利用三因子模型進行複迴歸分析發現，已實現報酬與OJ模型估計之權益資金成本呈顯著正相關，顯示OJ模型估計之權益資金成本愈大的公司，其股票報酬愈高。且以迴歸之局部判定係數分析，於加入ROJ解釋變數後，模型的解釋力增加了，顯示OJ模型估計之權益資金成本對已實現報酬率具有增額之解釋能力，故OJ模型估計之權益資金成本具有解釋股票報酬波動之能力。最後，在權益資金成本與董事會特性之關聯性方面，實證發現權益資金成本與董監事股票質押比率、控制股東掌握之董監事席次比率和現金流量權比率的偏離程度呈顯著正相關。 / In this study, we use Ohlson-Juettner model to generate a market implied cost of capital. We then examine the correlation of cost of capital and risk factors, and the correlation of cost of capital and ex post returns. Additionally, we would like to discuss the relationship between the cost of capital and characteristics of the board of directors and supervisors. Our empirical results show that cost of capital has expected correlation with risk factors, so the cost of capital estimated through Ohlson-Juettner model can be a effective method to estimate cost of capital in Taiwan. The cost of capital also has expected an economically significant association with ex post returns. Additionally, we find that the percentage of shareholding pledged by board members and supervisors is significantly positively associated with cost of capital. The deviation between the percentage of directors and supervisors controlled by controlled stockholder and cash flow rights owned by controlled stockholder is also significantly positively associated with cost of capital.

The object of this thesis is to estimate the value of Palarian, s. r. o. to the 1st of January 2010 for the purpose of determining the value of the company's equity as information for the current owner. There are made strategic and financial analysis, analysis and forecasting of value generators. The financial plan is scheduled for the period 2010 - 2013. The company is valued using the DCF APV method. After the evaluation there is performed a sensitivity analysis on value growth. The valuation of company is defined as the estimation interval of the value, which are pessimistic and optimistic options of the valuation. The thesis contains sensitive data, which are secret.

The aim of this thesis is to perform an analysis of MODUS ltd. which will be based on evaluation of its economic performance and finding out the causes of the current situation. In the first part, there is basic theoretical determination of the analysis and all of its appurtenances. The second part emphasizes on an extensive characteristics of the chosen company, so that it is possible to perceive the calculated determinants from the right perspective. The third part includes the performance of the analysis of a given company and a well-arranged recording and subsequent evaluation of the results obtained. The thesis is concluded with the evaluation of the economic situation of the company based on the results of the analysis and with the recommendation of particular measures which would increase the economic efficiency and effectiveness in the future. Furthermore, there is a summary of models and determinants used with an indication of their advantages and disadvantages.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T18:40:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sergio Volk.pdf: 970743 bytes, checksum: f73e68af6022abaac3548d2636c84a4b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-03-04 / The study of the decisions related to the structure of capital in the Brazilian market always motivates. Especially in Brazil where, the difficulties of raising long-term feature of financial market often leads companies to the debt shorter deadlines. Several studies and empirical evidence have shown that the decisions of the capital structure can affect the value of companies on the market, and evaluate the issue considering the imperfections in the market, such as taxes, cost of bankruptcy, cost of agency and asymmetry of information. Studied the forms and the cost of raising resources for the short and long term and the decision making that defines the capture of resources through case study of ceramic company in the industry of Santa Catarina. We note that the three theories that seek to explain the Temporal Structure of Interest Rates to which most closely approximates the Brazilian reality is the theory of segmentation of the market. That means policyholders and donors of funds are concentrated in certain segments of the yield curve and that the rates in different maturities are determined by conditions of supply and demand of the various market segments. The lack of savings of more mature in Brazil in sufficient volume to meet the investment needs of the economy leads to funding with resources official whose major donor is the National Bank of Economic and Social Development (BNDES), which practices interest rate lower than the private market. Since the cost of equity capital from third less than the cost of equity, the debt contributes to the reduction of the Weighted Average Cost of Capital, especially in the use of debt to long-term, as the interest in this company for the long term are less than the short-term. In the case study found an unusual shape to decrease the cost of capital of the company, which is the tax debt which further reduces the cost of capital / O estudo das decisões relacionadas à estrutura de capital no mercado brasileiro sempre motiva. Principalmente no Brasil onde, as dificuldades de captação de recurso de longo prazo no mercado financeiro muitas vezes levam as empresas ao endividamento a prazos mais curtos. Vários estudos e evidências empíricas têm demonstrado que as decisões de estrutura de capital podem afetar o valor das companhias no mercado, e avaliam a questão considerando as imperfeições no mercado, como impostos, custo de falência, custos de agência e assimetria de informações.Estudamos as formas e o custo de captação de recursos de curto e longo prazo e o processo decisório que define a captação dos recursos através de estudo de caso de empresa do ramo cerâmico de Santa Catarina.Constatamos que das três teorias que buscam explicar a Estrutura Temporal das Taxas de Juros a que mais se aproxima da realidade brasileira é a teoria da segmentação de mercado. Isso significa que tomadores e doadores de fundos se concentram em determinados segmentos da curva de rendimento e que as taxas em diferentes maturidades são determinadas pelas condições de oferta e demanda dos vários segmentos de mercado. A falta de poupanças de maior maturidade no Brasil em volume suficiente para atender às necessidades de investimentos da economia leva ao financiamento com recursos oficiais cujo grande financiador é o Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (BNDES), que pratica taxa de juro inferior às do mercado privado. Sendo o custo de capital próprio de terceiros menor que o custo de capital próprio, o endividamento contribui com a redução do Custo Médio Ponderado de Capital, especialmente na utilização de endividamento de longo prazo, já que nesta empresa os juros de longo prazo são menores que as de curto prazo.No estudo de caso constatamos uma forma pouco usual de diminuição do custo de capital da empresa, que é o endividamento tributário que reduz mais ainda o custo de capital

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T18:40:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Julio Henrique Machado.pdf: 905798 bytes, checksum: 7ac8ed8754f81d3df49b137642325f77 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-26 / The oil is an essential commodity to the modern economy and it will continue being at least during the first half of 21st century. The fact of the remaining reserves are in deep and ultradeep waters, makes the sector demands considerable investments in research, extration and production. Thus, the petroliferous ones need to have a satisfactory performance, remunerating the shareholders of this sector. In this context, the research is developed with the general objective to analyze the capacity of the companies of the petroliferous sector, in creating economic value and keeping them consistent in the long stated period. For the reach of the general objective, the specific objective is to describe the characteristics of this sector as well as the theoretical referencial being involved theories of the capital structure and value based management. The sample is composed by 10 integrated company of oil listed in the New York Stock Exchange - NYSE. For the correlation study, the activities of exploration and production (E&P) called independent and the economic value added (EVA) called dependent. It has observed that there is not a trend of correlation in the companies, therefore was influenced by the price of market of the barrel and also by the premium demanded for the risk, that varied in the years in analysis. One notices that the reserves are in decline, due to difficulty in its replacement, what it represents uncertainty about the generation of economic value in this sector considering the long stated period / O petróleo é uma commodity essencial à economia moderna e o continuará sendo ao menos durante a primeira metade do século XXI. O fato de as reservas restantes estarem em águas profundas e ultraprofundas, faz com que o setor demande investimentos consideráveis em atividades de exploração e produção. Assim, as petrolíferas precisam ter um desempenho satisfatório, remunerando os acionistas deste setor. Neste contexto, o trabalho desenvolve-se com o objetivo geral de analisar a capacidade das empresas do setor petrolífero, em criar valor econômico e mantê-los consistentes no longo prazo. Para o alcance do objetivo geral, o objetivo específico é descrever as características deste setor bem como o referencial teórico envolvendo teorias da estrutura de capital e gestão baseada no valor. A amostra é composta por 10 companhias integradas de petróleo listadas na New York Stock Exchange - NYSE. Para o estudo de correlação, consideram-se as atividades de exploração e produção (E&P) como variável independente e o valor econômico agregado (EVA) como variável dependente. Observa-se que não há uma tendência de correlação nas empresas, pois o EVA foi fortemente influenciado pelo preço de mercado do barril e também pelo prêmio exigido pelo risco, que variou nos anos em análise. Nota-se que as reservas estão em declínio, devido à dificuldade em sua reposição, o que representa incerteza quanto à geração de valor econômico neste setor considerando o longo prazo