Democratization and human development (HD) are inherently controversial processes, which are viewed in this dissertation as elective affinities. This means that both can be seen as mutually inclusive and potentially reinforcing. Contrary to standard modernization theory, both processes are intertwined in an endogenous relationship, hi principle, both have the same logic of inference: the promotion of individual freedoms and the expansion of well-being, both political and economic. The purpose of this dissertation is to analyze how democratization can promote HD and how HD can promote democratization. In order to substantiate this argument the analysis focuses on three interrelated propositions arguing that: (1) Democratization and human development processes can be considered as mutually enhancing and complementary. This elective affinity occurs via their multifaceted characteristics as well as through their individual attributes. (2) Democratization and human development processes sometimes go through identifiable critical junctures or turning points. These turning points are path-dependent but not deterministic. (3) There are strong reciprocal connections between HD and democratization that form two chains which reinforce one another cumulatively over time. This dissertation combines in a single study qualitative and quantitative research methods to explain the mutually enhancing relationship between human development and democratization processes. In addition to reviewing these interactions in general, the dissertation contains in-depth historical and contextual analysis of the Central American cases. In particular, it compares and contrasts Costa Rica and El Salvador, investigating the elective affinities of democratization and human development processes in identifiable stages of their turning points. The findings illustrate the benefits of method triangulation (i.e. paired-comparisons complemented with cross-country analyses) to explore the complementary features between both processes over time.

Many tropical trees do not form reliable annual growth rings, making it a challenge to develop tree-ring width chronologies for application to paleoclimatology in these regions. Here, I seek to establish high-resolution proxy climate records from trees without rings from the Monteverde Cloud Forest in Costa Rica using stable isotope dendroclimatology. Neotropical cloud forest ecosystems are associated with a relatively narrow range of geographic and hydroclimatic conditions, and are potentially sensitive to climate variability and change at time scales from annual to centennial and longer. My approach takes advantage of seasonal changes in the d18O of water sources used by trees over a year, a signature that is imparted to the radial growth and provides the necessary chronological control. A rapid wood extraction technique is evaluated and found to produce cellulose with d18O values indistinguishable from conventional approaches, although its application to radiocarbon requires a statistical correction. Analyses of plantation-grown Ocotea tenera reveal coherent annual d18O cycles up to 9 permil. The width of these cycles corresponds to observed basal growth increments. Interannual variability in d18O at this site is correlated with wet season precipitation anomalies. At higher elevations within the orographic cloud bank, year-to-year changes in the amplitude of oxygen isotope cycles show a relationship with dry season climate. Longer d18O chronologies from mature Pouteria (Sapotacae) reveal that dry season hydroclimatology is controlled at interannual time scales by variability in the eastern equatorial Pacific (ENSO) and the Western Hemisphere Warm Pool (WHWP), which are correlated with trade wind strength and local air temperature. A change in the late 1960s toward enhanced annual d18O amplitude may reflect low frequency changes in the Atlantic and Pacific ocean-atmosphere system. This study establishes the basis for cloud forest isotope dendroclimatology and demonstrates that the local climate of neotropical cloud forests is sensitive to interannual, and perhaps, multidecadal changes in important large-scale modes of climate variability.

International migration has grown in both scope and scale in recent decades. Almost half of the world's migrants move between countries lying within the global economic South, yet scholarship remains focused on South-to-North routes. This dissertation is a qualitative study of South-to-South migration experience of Nicaraguan women living in Costa Rica. In the mid-1990s, Costa Rica surpassed the United States as the primary destination for Nicaraguan migrants due to the coincided effects of economic distress in Nicaragua and economic developments in Costa Rica, creating gaps in the labor market that Nicaraguans filled.During the 1990s, the number of Nicaraguan migrants tripled to compose eight to sixteen percent of the Costa Rican population; women make up around half of the migrant population. What does the experience of moving between destination and origin contexts characterized by relative geographic, cultural, linguistic, economic and historical proximity reveal about the often juxtaposed social processes of integration and transnationalism? To explore this question, over a year of continuous ethnographic field research and systematic archival review of newspaper accounts were pursued in Costa Rica and Nicaragua (2005-06). Participant observation and 138 in-depth interviews were conducted with a purposeful sample of 43 migrant women, of whom two thirds were undocumented, and 12 Costa Rican health care workers. For its symbolic and material value to migrants and host country nationals, the health care system was the lens for examining migration issues and experience.Study findings suggest that multi-dimensional social forms of proximity for this migration circuit do not uniformly facilitate integration or transnationalism but rather the "paradoxes of proximity." Nicaraguan migrant women articulated feelings of profound exclusion and ambivalence about their lives. For Costa Ricans, migrants represented a threat to national ideals of "exceptionalism" central to historical accounts of their national identity. Ideals included racial and class homogeneity as well as the welfare state's successes in providing health care for all. By drawing on multiple theoretical perspectives from critical and clinical medical anthropology, feminist and historical anthropology, the study illustrates the importance of attending to paradoxical, local health-related experiences as a reflection of macro-level processes of globalization.

This research is an ethnographic case study of the emerging ecotourism economies in the agricultural village of San Gerardo de Rivas, Pérez Zeledón, Costa Rica. Due to the village’s location as the main entry point to climb the country’s tallest mountain within Chirripó National Park, the majority of households in San Gerardo now derive some income from tourism. I conducted twenty household surveys, followed by twenty-one semi-structured interviews with male and female heads of households and representatives of local organizations and tourism businesses. Drawing on local perspectives, I found that ecotourism was a complementary income source to agriculture and that men and women were engaging differently in ecotourism employment. Local organizations were involved in the participatory management of ecotourism activities within Chirripó National Park. Ecotourism has affected environmental practices and local people are strategically negotiating the direction of tourism development, including through using environmental discourses, to optimize the benefits to their community.

No description available.

Geóloga / El presente estudio investigó de manera exploratoria las relaciones numéricas de diferentes parámetros de un relieve en posible proceso de degradación postorogénico, como es el caso de la Cordillera de la Costa de Chile central. El objetivo principal fue establecer un criterio geomorfológico para identificar diferentes grados evolutivos durante el desarrollo de la topografía. Para ello se utilizaron dos metodologías: análisis gravimétrico y de cuencas hidrográficas. La gravimetría relativa se realizó de forma transversal en los valles de María Pinto y Talagante, principalmente, por medio del análisis de perfiles. Este método, estimó un espesor promedio de sedimentos de ~ 100 m y un máximo de ~ 350 m para la zona. Dicha profundidad, comparada con el ancho actual de los valles, confirmó la existencia de una capa horizontal de menor densidad y no cañones profundos rellenos de depósitos, lo que sugirió la ampliación de los valles por medio de erosión lateral de los ríos. La segunda metodología de estudio consideró las cuencas hidrográficas como zonas de relieve (semi) cerradas con un claro contraste entre áreas de mayor y menor inclinación. El reconocimiento se realizó de forma manual y luego se automatizó la adquisición de parámetros desde un Modelo de Elevación Digital (90 m). Se midieron características como altitudes, pendientes, áreas, entre otros. Los resultados entregaron relaciones positivas entre los valores de relieve y área en escala loglog, y una tendencia negativa entre relieve y área de menor inclinación (<10°). Esto permitió concluir que las cuencas al desarrollarse disminuyen su relieve, aumentan su área de menor inclinación y disminuyen su altitud promedio. En otras palabras, el sistema al evolucionar tiende a hacerse más plano, situación que se podría asociar a un proceso de pedimentación. Finalmente, se propuso un modelo de evolución complementario con la literatura que indica que la cuenca del río Maipo, previo a la emersión de terrazas marinas durante el Plio-Pleistoceno, debió haber sufrido un proceso de pedimentación. Esto habría permitido la ampliación de los valles a través de erosión lateral en litologías menos resistentes y la creación de las superficies de erosión reconocidas en la zona. Durante este desarrollo, el relieve asociado a las laderas de la red de drenaje habría aumentado el aplanamiento y disminuido las altitudes y pendientes promedios de las cuencas hidrográficas. Con el alzamiento tectónico de las terrazas marinas, se habría generado el bloqueo del drenaje sedimentario hacia el mar produciendo un descenso de la tasa de erosión y un incremento en el espesor de regolito. Estos dos factores habrían favorecido la cobertura de relieves menores, como lo son las colinas abandonas y pedimentos. Actualmente la Cordillera de la Costa estaría sufriendo una disminución en su tasa de denudación producto del aumento del nivel basal erosivo al tener una mayor cantidad de depósitos en el piedemonte.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

For the written component of my thesis, I am attempting to make sense of a current strain in contemporary painting which, generally speaking, tends towards reduction, humble materiality, lack of overt, didactic critique, and a scholarly interest in outmoded or overlooked art historical movements and figures. These are tendencies with which, as a painter, I feel both affinities and differences. Rather than rigidly define a “movement,” I will identify prevalent modes but also highlight individual strategies. I will begin by outlining some of the basic, underlying problems in painting today. I will then examine, as case studies, three young painters—Josephine Halvorson, Richard Aldrich, and Joe Bradley—who I feel exemplify and yet in some ways transcend this trend. I will speak about the work of each in terms of the context in which it is made. However, part of the point of this thesis is to see how individual works by these artists might be talked about apart from their “scene.” I will therefore examine a specific work by each artist in terms of the visual information it is supplies. I will go on to examine two critical reactions (and in one case a critical-fictional reaction) to this kind of work—that of Raphael Rubenstein’s “Provisional Painting” and Christopher K. Ho’s “Hirsch E.P. Rothko’s Hirsch E.P. Rothko”—in an attempt to assess how this type of work is being interpreted by the critical community. Lastly, I will provide my own explanations for why this work is being produced now, why (or if) it is relevant, and what problems it proposes for painters in the future. Although this is not a thesis that addresses my own work directly, it is my intention to use the art-critical process as a means to clarify my own concerns.

Esta tesis tiene como objetivo identificar si la implementación del modelo DirCom puede ir más allá del campo empresarial y aplicarse dentro de la política peruana, especialmente, en el trabajo de los movimientos políticos cuyas herramientas de comunicación políticas les permiten articular esfuerzos en las campañas electorales. Ante esto, puede que la comunicación política y sus vertientes, ya sea el marketing, branding y propaganda política no sean las únicas herramientas ni estrategias de comunicación dentro de una carrera electoral para la consolidación de un movimiento político. Este trabajo plantea que el modelo DirCom de Joan Costa puede ser aplicado dentro de la política peruana, especialmente, en una organización política para darle un cambio y renovación, consolidar su identidad, reputación, credibilidad y preservar los activos intangibles que hoy en día permiten construir lazos de confianza y cercanía con las audiencias. A lo largo de esta tesis de investigación se puede ver, también, que en el ámbito político aún no existe una clara visión de que la campaña es permanente y no termina con el proceso electoral.

Magíster en Ciencias, Mención Geología / Los estudios de Paleomagnetismo realizados en el Norte de Chile revelan que el patrón de primer orden de las rotaciones tectónicas en sentido horario ahí calculadas está relacionado a la formación del Oroclino Boliviano. Diversos estudios indican que el evento principal en la formación de este el oroclino se habría desarrollado durante el Paleógeno, aunque este permanecería activo en la actualidad. Sin embargo, en las rocas del Mesozoico se ha medido rotaciones tectónicas en el sentido horario mayores a las predichas por este mecanismo, lo que indica la existencia de al menos una rotación tectónica anterior al Paleógeno. En la Cordillera de la Costa del norte de Chile estas rotaciones anteriores han sido relacionadas con la actividad de fallas de mesoescala, las cuales, no obstante, no han sido adecuadamente identificadas debido a la ausencia de mapas geológicos actualizados y a la escala adecuada. El presente estudio se basa en la determinación de rotaciones tectónicas a partir de un estudio de paleomagnetismo en la Cordillera de la Costa en torno a la ciudad de Taltal, en el cual se integró la información de 3 cartas de Geología Básica (1:100.000), lo que condujo a la definición de tres Dominios Estructurales. En ese contexto se analizaron los resultados de la desmagnetización de 95 nuevos sitios y algunos sitios publicados previamente. Estos sitios se ubican en unidades estratificadas, hipabisales y plutónicas de edad comprendida entre el Devónico Superior-Carbonífero Superior hasta el Cretácico Inferior. Al norte de la Falla Taltal (Dominio Paposo) se observó que los plutones de edad cretácica registran una mayor rotación en sentido horario que los plutones de edad jurásica. Al sur de esta falla, las localidades con magnetización más antigua (Triásico Superior-Jurásico Superior) registran una mayor rotación horaria que las rocas remagnetizadas y plutónicas del Cretácico Inferior. Estos antecedentes indican que la Falla Taltal marca una segmentación tectónica en el área, que no sólo separa estos patrones de rotaciones diferentes, sino que además proporciona un mecanismo de rotaciones de bloques desacoplado del proceso de formación del Oroclino Boliviano.