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4 pp. / Weight management is more than just cutting back on carbohydrate or fat. Controlling calories is key to achieving and maintaining a healthy weight. This publication reviews how calories count, not matter what type of diet you choose to follow.

Orientador: Antonio Nader Filho / Coorientador: Iucif Abrão Nascif Júnior / Banca: Luciano Menezes Ferreira / Banca: Naiá Carla Marchi de Rezende Lago / Banca: Luiz Augusto do Amaral / Banca: Luiz Francisco Zafalon / Resumo: A contagem de células somáticas (CCS) do leite de tanques de expansão está relacionada com os índices de mastite no rebanho, enquanto a contagem bacteriana total (CBT) demonstra a higiene de ordenha e do ambiente em que os animais são alojados, além dos procedimentos de limpeza dos equipamentos de ordenha. Partindo dessa premissa, foram caracterizadas as qualidades celulares, microbiológicas, físicas e químicas de leites procedentes de tanques de expansão individuais no período de 2007 a 2011. Os resultados mostraram que para o ano de 2007, das 850 amostras analisadas, as CCS variaram de 5,3x105 céls.mL-1 (maio) a 1,1x106 céls.mL-1 (novembro) e para CBT variaram de 5,2x105 UFC.mL-1 (abril) a 1.,6x106 UFC.mL-1. Para 2008, das 892 amostras analisadas, as CCS variaram de 7,0x105 céls.mL-1 (abril) a 1,1x106 céls.mL-1 (outubro) e, para CBT variaram de 9,0x105 UFC.mL-1 (junho) a 1,8x106 UFC.mL-1 (abril). No ano de 2009 as CCS variaram de 6,7x105 céls.mL-1 (março) a 1,0x106 céls.mL-1 (fevereiro) e, para CBT variaram de 3,8x105 UFC.mL-1 (abril) a 1,7x106 UFC.mL-1 (janeiro). Para o ano de 2010, as CCS variaram de 5,6x105 céls.mL-1 (setembro) a 8,8x105 céls.mL-1 (novembro) e para CBT, variaram de 5,0x105 UFC.mL-1 (agosto) a 1,4x106 UFC.mL-1 (fevereiro). No ano de 2011, as variações foram de 5,1x105 céls.mL-1 (agosto) a 8,7x105 céls.mL-1 (janeiro) para CCS e para CBT essas variações foram de 4,6x105 UFC.mL-1 (maio) a 1,2x106 UFC.mL-1 (fevereiro). As CCS e CBT variaram na série histórica, com tendência à redução; o período de chuvas influenciou a incidência de CCS e CBT fora dos padrões da IN 51 e o período de chuvas e seca não interferiu nos parâmetros físicos e químicos em todos os anos pesquisados, com variações mínimas, mas dentro dos padrões estabelecidos pela legislação... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Bulk tank somatic cell count (SCC), milk tanks expansion is related to the indices of mastitis in the herd, while the total bacterial count (CBT) demonstrates the hygiene of milking and the environment in which animals are housed, in addition to procedures for cleaning of the equipment of milking. From this premise, we characterized the cellular, microbiological and physical-chemical quality properties of milk coming from individual bulk tanks in the period 2008 to 2010. The results showed that for the year 2007, the 850 samples analyzed, the CCS ranged from 526x10³ cels.mL-1 (May) to 1,065x10³ cels.mL-1 (November) and CBT varied from 517x10³ UFC.mL-1 (April) to 1,643x10³ UFC.mL-1. The results showed that for the year 2008, of 892 samples analyzed, SCC ranged from 696x10³ cells.mL-1 (April) to 1,102x10³ cells.mL-1 (october), and for TBC varied from 896x10³ CUF.mL-1 (June) to 1,781x10³ CUF.mL-1 (april). In 2009 the SCC ranged from 667x10³ cells.mL-1 (march) the 1,026x10³ cells.mL-1 (February) and for TBC ranging from 377x10³ CUF/ mL (april) to 1,746x10³ CUF.mL-1 (january). For the year 2010, the SCC ranged from 561x10³ cells.mL-1 (september) to 883x10³ cells.mL-1 (november) and TBC, ranged from 503x10³ UFC.mL-1 (august) 1,395x10³ CUF.mL-1 (february). In the year 2011, the variations were 5.1 x105 cels.mL-1 (August) the 8.7x105 cels.mL-1 (January) to SCC and for TBC these variations were 4.6x105 CFU.ml-1 (may) the 1.2x106 CFU.ml-1 (February). The SCC and TBC varied in historical series, with a tendency toward reduction; the rainy period influenced the incidence of SCC and TBC outside of the patterns of IN 51, and rain and dry period did not interfere with physical and chemical parameters in all the years surveyed, with minimal changes, but within the standards established by current legislation. The individual results... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

This thesis synthesises theoretical and empirical knowledge from four strands of the innovation literature and then uses this knowledge to develop a framework for analysing the determinants of innovation. The framework is tested on one part of the New Zealand economy - the biotechnology sector - an area of rapid technological change where innovation is of particular significance. Theoretical approaches to the economics of innovation and technological change are reviewed with particular reference to the neo-classical, endogenous growth, evolutionary and systems of innovation approaches. Alternative methods of measuring innovation output and innovation rate are also discussed. This is followed by a series of hypotheses regarding the determinants of innovation and a review of their place in the innovation literature. The thesis includes a detailed description of the New Zealand biotechnology sector based on a re-analysis of the first comprehensive (1998/99) survey of biotechnology in New Zealand, data from an original (2002) survey conducted by the author, data from interviews with senior management in a sample of biotechnology firms and a detailed review of secondary sources. This material is used in chapter 5 to address the question 'Does New Zealand have an innovation system for biotechnology?' Count data regression models and data from the 1998/99 and 2002 surveys are then used to test the framework's innovation hypotheses. Hypothesis testing focuses on the effects of several determinants (firm size, firm type, conduct of R, involvement in modern biotechnology, specialisation, and alliances) on innovation output and the innovation rate. Results relating to the effect of demand, technological opportunity and appropriability are also reported. The analysis in this thesis confirms the importance of most of the innovation determinants included in the framework. It also provides a detailed examination of the biotechnology sector and empirical insights into the innovation behaviour of biotech enterprises in New Zealand. Prior to the analysis in this thesis, knowledge of the sector's parameters was very limited or absent.

We analyzed how land-use patterns and changes in urbanization influence positive raccoon rabies cases in an established enzootic area. County resolution was used and the study area included all 159 counties in Georgia. We obtained data on raccoons submitted from 2006 through 2010 for testing at the state public health labs due to exposure incidents with people or domesticated animals. The land-use patterns were extracted from the US Geological Survey’s National Land Cover Database from both 2001 and 2006. Odds ratios were calculated on 16 land-use variables that included natural topography, agricultural development, and urbanization. An additional variable, Submissions/Population density, was used to normalize counties and to account for population bias associated with rabies surveillance. The use of this demographic variable was substantiated by GIS clustering analysis. The outcome variable was heavily right skewed and over dispersed and therefore a negative binomial regression was used in this count statistics technique. The final analysis showed that low intensity residential development is associated with raccoon rabies cases while evergreen forest offers protection. This study supports the hypothesis that the raccoon rabies enzootic is maintained in those edge ecosystems of urbanization. It is advocated here that the public health animal rabies database to include GPS coordinates when reporting wildlife rabies submissions for testing to improve the resolution when studying the disease ecology of enzootic rabies.

In recent years, music has become increasingly universal due to technological advances. All kinds of music have become more complex and a large amount around us. How recommending the music that user is interested in from a wide variety of music is the development intentions of the music recommendation system MRS (Music Recommendation System). In the recommending system, the most widely known is Content-based (CB) and Collaborative (COL). Chen et al. have proposed an alternative way that used CB and COL of music recommendation. The purpose of the CB method is to recommend the music objects that belong to the music groups the user is recently interested in. Each transaction is assigned a different weight, where the latest transaction has the highest weight. The preferences of users are derived from the access histories and recorded in profiles. Based on the collaborative approach, the purpose of the COL method is to provide unexpected findings due to the information sharing between relevant users. But in the CB method, the formula of computing music group weight pays much attention to the weight of the transaction. This will lead to the result that the group weight of music group B which appears once in the later transaction is larger than the group weight of the music group A which appears many times in the earlier transaction. In the COL method, they do not care the density of the group, where high density means that the transactions which the music group appears are close in the access history of the user. This will lead to the result that the supports of the groups which have different densities are the same, and then the users may be grouped together. Therefore, in this thesis, we propose the TICI (Transaction-Interest-Count-Interest) method to improve the CB method. Considering the two situations of the music group that user is interested in, the large count of music group and the appearance in the later transaction, we put two parameters: Count-Interest and Transaction-Interest in our TICI method to let users choose which weight they want to emphasize. Sometimes, people not only want the music object from one group. We extend the TICI method to find the group pair that the user is interested in. We use two thresholds: CountT and WeightT to decide which candidates can be in the large itemset. In our propose method, we have two possible ways to find the result. And we propose the DI (Density-Interest) method to improve the COL method. Our DI method calculates the supports of music groups and consider the distributions of appearances of the music group. From our simulation results, we show that our TICI method could provide better performance than the CB method. Moreover, our DI method also could provide better performance than the COL method.

The purpose of this study is to compare the bird communities between mature secondary forests and Cryptomeria (Cryptomeria japonica) plantations. Bird census was carried out in Teng-jhih National Forest Recreation Area, Kaohsiung county, Taiwan during both breeding season and non-breeding season from March to November in 2007. To compare bird communities between two types of forests, diversity index, evenness index, species richness and densities of bird were calculated. Densities of birds were estimated by variable circular-plot point count method. All birds were classified into 10 assemblage guilds. ANOVA was used to examine whether forest types, breeding season and monthly changes will effect the composition of bird communities. A total of 36 bird species of 19 families were recorded during the study period. All of these species were found in secondary forests, and only 27 of them were observed in Cryptomeria plantations. The results showed that bird diversity, abundance and total densities were higher in secondary forests than those in Cryptomeria plantations, either during breeding season or non-breeding season. Canopy tree species of families, Lauraceae and Fagaceae of the secondary forests which can provide more foods than Cryptomeria, canopy foliage omnivores and woodpeckers were more in secondary forests than in Cryptomeria plantations. On the other hand, the openess of shrubs and understory vegetation in the Cryptomeria plantations, shrub foliage omnivores were more in Cryptomeria plantations than in secondary forests.

Obesity is a problem of vast social concern in the United States. One factor that has been linked to reduction in body fat and the health problems associated with obesity is increasing physical activity. Although in-person behavioral interventions have been shown effective at increasing physical activity, attention is now being placed on disseminating these interventions through the use of technology. Several internet-based interventions have been developed and are readily available. The purpose of this study was to evaluate "Fitbit," a web-based behavioral intervention for increasing physical activity and losing weight. Additionally, this study examined if the addition of contact from a behavioral coach through videoconference and email enhanced the effectiveness of this program. Through a multiple-baseline design across seven participants this research project evaluated the effectiveness of the "Fitbit" program with and without a behavioral coach. Step counts were recorded by a Fitbit sensor as a measure of physical activity. The Fitbit program alone increased physical activity for some of the participants, and the addition of the behavioral coach resulted in further increases in mean step counts.

This thesis proposes a new spatial multivariate count model to jointly analyze the traffic crash-related counts of pedestrians and bicyclists by injury severity. The modeling framework is applied to predict injury counts at a Census tract level, based on crash data from Manhattan, New York. The results highlight the need to use a multivariate modeling system for the analysis of injury counts by road-user type and injury severity level, while also accommodating spatial dependence effects in injury counts. / text