En aéronautique, les contraintes sont telles que la masse des filtres peut représenterjusqu'à 50% de la masse totale du convertisseur. Ces dernières années, les convertisseursmulticellulaires parallèles entrelacés et magnétiquement couplés ont conduit à améliorer lesperformances des convertisseurs (densité de puissance, efficacité, dynamique,...). Denombreuses topologies de filtrages entrelacés existent, l'objectif principal de cette étude est detrouver parmi ces topologies celles qui sont les mieux adaptées à la réalisation d’un onduleurde tension 110Veff / 400Hz triphasé 25kVA. Il est démontré que le choix du type de matériaumagnétique a un impact déterminant sur le poids, le volume et les pertes du convertisseur. Quidit parallélisation, dit multiplication du nombre de semi-conducteurs. Ces nouvelles structuresdoivent garantir à la fois un rendement élevé, une masse faible et une continuté defonctionnement, même en cas de panne d’un semiconducteur de puissance ou de sacommande. Mais coupler les phases entre elles, impose un lien indissociable qui peut êtrenuisible au fonctionnement de la structure en cas de dysfonctionnement. Des solutionsexistent et sont abordées dans l’étude. Enfin, la réalisation pratique d'un prototype semiindustrielde convertisseur triphasé utilisant des transformateurs interphases est présentée. Ils’agit d’un onduleur réseau avionique triphasé avec reconstruction de neutre pour fonctionneren déséquilibré. Les résultats expérimentaux démontrent l’avantage d’un convertisseur / In aeronautics field, the constraints are such as the mass of the filters can represent upto 50% of the total mass of the converter. During the last years, magnetic coupled interleavedconverters enhances performances (power density, efficiency, transient response). It existeseveral possibilities for use interleaved coupled topologies that use inter-phase transformerexist, the main objective of this study is to find among these topologies the best adaptedconfiguration in the context of a three-phase voltage inverter 110Veff/400Hz 25kVA. Thechoice of the magnetic material type has a great impact on determining the weight, thevolume and the losses of the converter. Parallelization leads to increase the semiconductornumber. These new structures must guarantee at the same time a raised efficiency, a low massand a great reliability, even in the event of case of breakdown of a power semiconductor orhis driver circuit. But coupleing the phases between themselve, imposes a dangerous stronglink on the structure operation in event of default. Solutions exist and are presented in thestudy. Lastly, the implementation of a semi-industrial of three-phase converter using interphasestransformers is performed. This inverter has been desinging to be use on a three-phaseavionics inverter network with rebuilding of neutral in case of unbalancing. Experimentalresults show the advantage of an interleaved converter compared with a conventional solution.

This diploma thesis deals with comparsion of 2x2 and 3x3 couplers. There is also description of issue of the Michelson interferometer and its use as a sensor. This sensor is very good at detecting vibrations. Part of the work is description of simulation of Michelson interferometer with 3x3 coupler as vibration sensor and localization of vibration on optical fiber by Michelson and Mach-Zehnder interferometer.

This master’s thesis deals with modelling of the planar coupling circuits, namely type of the wideband couplers and the ultra-wideband couplers. The purpose of this thesis is an analysis, a synthesis, a numerical modelling and a fabrication (only chosen types) of the presented couplers. All of the couplers works on medium frequency f0 = 7 GHz with coupling C = 3 dB. Types of the substrate are Arlon 25N and Arlon AD600. EM simulator IE3D and circuit simulator in program Ansoft Designer are used for the numerical modelling. The realized wideband couplers were measuring by the vector analyzer Agilent E3864B.

In this paper, the performance simulations of a novel ultra-compact balanced coherent photodetector for operation at a wavelength of 1.5 mu m are presented and design proposals for future fabrication processes are provided. It consists of a compact 2x2 MMI that is evanescently coupled into a germanium MSM photodetection layer. The simulations demonstrate dark current less than 10 nA, capacitance less than 20 fF, and optical bandwidth in the 10-30 GHz range. We propose utilizing the simplicity of direct wafer bonding to bond the detection layer to the output waveguides to avoid complicated epitaxial growth issues. This ultra-compact device shows promise as a high-speed, low-cost integrated silicon photonics solution for the telecommunications infrastructure.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Neste trabalho, apresentamos uma anÃlise numÃrica para a obtenÃÃo de portas lÃgicas totalmente Ãptica baseada em um acoplador direcional nÃo-linear simÃtrico (NLDC) em fibras de cristal fotÃnico (PCF). O projeto mais comumente usado para o NLDC-PCF à uma fibra holey, utilizada neste trabalho, em que a seÃÃo transversal à uma matriz periÃdica de buracos de ar que se prolonga por todo o comprimento da fibra, operando com dois pulsos de luz ultracurtos na forma de sÃlitons, de duraÃÃo mÃnima de 100fs (femtosegundos). Investigamos dois formatos de modulaÃÃo por pulsos, a modulaÃÃo por amplitude de pulso (PAM) na modalidade de chaveamento de mudanÃa de amplitude (ASK) e a modulaÃÃo por largura de pulso (PWM) para obter portas lÃgicas no NLDC-PCF duplo simÃtrico. Avaliamos o efeito resultante de um incremento no parÃmetro codificaÃÃo PAM (ε) e PWM (w), considerando a dispersÃo de segunda ordem (β2), a dispersÃo de terceira ordem (β3) e efeitos nÃo-lineares, tais como: SPM (Self Phase Modulation), SS (Self-Steepening) e IRS (lntrapulse Raman Scattering) em uma configuraÃÃo sem perdas. Os nossos resultados indicam que à possÃvel obter operaÃÃes lÃgicas utilizando um controle de fase entre os pulsos de entrada. / We present a numerical analysis for obtaining all-optical logic gates based on a nonlinear directional coupler symmetric (NLDC) based on photonic crystal fibers (PCF). The most commonly used to project the NLDC-PCF is a holey fiber, used here in cross section which is a periodic array of air holes extending through the length of the fiber, using two ultrashort light pulses in form of solitons, the minimum duration of 100fs (femtoseconds). We investigated two forms of modulation pulse, pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) in the form of amplitude shift keying (ASK) modulation and pulse width modulation (PWM) for logic gate NLDC-PCF symmetrical double. We evaluated the effect resulting from an increase in the offset parameter encoding PAM (ε) and PWM (w), considering the second order dispersion (β2), the third order dispersion (β3) and non-linear modulation effects SPM (Self Phase Modulation), SS (Self-Steepening) and IRS (lntrapulse Raman Scattering) in a configuration without loss. Our results indicate that logical operations can be obtained using a phase control between the input pulses.

Im Bereich der medizinischen Diagnostik spielen DNA-Chips eine immer wichtigere Rolle. Dabei werden Glas- oder Silikon-Oberflächen mit Tausenden von einzelsträngigen DNA-Fragmenten, sog. Sonden, bestückt, die mit den passenden DNA-Fragmenten in der zugefügten Patientenprobe verschmelzen. Die Auswertung solcher Messungen liefert die Diagnose für Krankheiten wie z.B. Krebs, Alzheimer oder für den Nachweis pathogener Erreger. Durch fortschreitende Miniaturisierung dieser Meßsysteme können bis zu 40.000 Genfragmente des Menschen in einer einzigen Messung analysiert werden. Neben den DNA-Fragmenten können Bio-Chips auch für andere biologische Komponenten wie Antikörper und Proteine eingesetzt werden, wobei bei letzteren neben der Bindung auch die Aktivität ein wichtiger Diagnoseparamter ist. <br /> <br /> Am Fraunhofer-Institut für medizinische Technik und am Lehrstuhl für Analytische Biochemie der Universität Potsdam wurden im Rahmen einer Doktorarbeit Methoden entwickelt, die es ermöglichen auf nukleinsäuremodifizierten Sensoroberflächen die Aktivität von Proteinen zu messen. Es wurden Nukleinsäuren auf Oberflächen optischer Sensoren verankert. Diese fungierten als Rezeptor für die Proteine sowie auch als Substrat für Restriktionsenzyme, die Nukleinsäuren schneiden und Polymerasen, die Nukleinsäuren synthetisieren und verlängern können.<br /> <br /> Seine Anwendung fand diese Messmethode in der Messung der Aktivität des Proteins Telomerase, das in 90% aller Tumore erhöhte Aktivität gegenüber gesunden Zellen aufweist. Die Vorteile dieses neuen Assays gegenüber älteren Methoden liegt im Verzicht auf radioaktiv-markierten Komponenten und einer deutlich verkürzten Analysezeit. Die Arbeit schliesst mit einem funktionsfähigen Nachweis der Telomeraseaktivität im Zellextrakt von gesunden und kranken Zellen. Der direkte Einfluß von Hemmstoffen auf die Aktivität konnte sichtbar gemacht werden, und steht daher bei der Entwicklung neuer Tumor-Diagnostika und Therapeutika zur Verfügung. / In the field of medical diagnostic the importance of DNA chips is growing continuously. On silica surfaces hundreds of single stranded DNA fragments are immobilised which finally detect the complementary sequences in samples of patients by hybridisation. These methods enable the detection of serious diseases as cancer, Alzheimer's disease or infection by pathogens. Biomolecules as nucleic acids, antibodies and proteins can be used as receptors on the solid surfaces whereas in case of proteins not only the binding but also the activity are of high interest for medical diagnosis.<br /> <br /> In this thesis a biosensoric approach has been developed to determine the activity of nucleic-acid modifying enzymes. Optical sensors as, e.g., the grating coupler, were used to monitor the association and dissociation of unlabeled compounds on the sensor surface in real time, by virtue of evanescent-field. Furthermore sensors based on total internal reflection fluorescence measured the activity of restriction enzymes and polymerases. The general approach included the immobilisation of oligonucleotides which acted as the receptor for the enzymes as well as the substrate for the enzymatic reaction. Enzymes as EcoRI and Klenow were used to establish a model system to measure the activity of DNA-modifying enzymes on optical surfaces. As most nucleic acid detection systems use amplification steps such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to increase the amount of the probe the new optical systems facilitated the analysis of the enzymatic activity by measuring the DNA-synthesis or restriction directly.<br /> <br /> These systems were finally used to detect the activity of the telomerase, an enzymatic marker for the cancerous development of cells. In 90% of cancer cells the activity of telomerase is higher than in normal cells. Additionally the increase of the telomerase activity in cells induced by carcinogenic substances was detected. Furthermore no purification steps of the samples were required as all measurements were performed with crude cell extract.<br /> <br /> Also the effect of inhibitors of the telomerase could be shown in real time measurements underlining the potential of this assay for further developments of new cancer therapeutics.

This thesis addresses the kinematic analysis of mechanisms, in particular, the position analysis of kinematic chains, or linkages, that is, mechanisms with rigid bodies (links) interconnected by kinematic pairs (joints). This problem, of completely geometrical nature, consists in finding the feasible assembly modes that a kinematic chain can adopt. An assembly mode is a possible relative transformation between the links of a kinematic chain. When an assignment of positions and orientations is made for all links with respect to a given reference frame, an assembly mode is called a configuration. The methods reported in the literature for solving the position analysis of kinematic chains can be classified as graphical, analytical, or numerical. The graphical approaches are mostly geometrical and designed to solve particular problems. The analytical and numerical methods deal, in general, with kinematic chains of any topology and translate the original geometric problem into a system of kinematic analysis of all the Assur kinematic chains resulting from replacing some of its revolute joints by slider joints. Thus, it is concluded that the polynomials of all fully-parallel planar robots can be derived directly from that of the widely known 3-RPR robot. In addition to these results, this thesis also presents an efficient procedure, based on distance and oriented area constraints, and geometrical arguments, to trace coupler curves of pin-jointed Gr¨ubler kinematic chains. All these techniques and results together are contributions to theoretical kinematics of mechanisms, robot kinematics, and distance plane geometry. equations that defines the location of each link based, mainly, on independent loop equations. In the analytical approaches, the system of kinematic equations is reduced to a polynomial, known as the characteristic polynomial of the linkage, using different elimination methods —e.g., Gr¨obner bases or resultant techniques. In the numerical approaches, the system of kinematic equations is solved using, for instance, polynomial continuation or interval-based procedures. In any case, the use of independent loop equations to solve the position analysis of kinematic chains, almost a standard in kinematics of mechanisms, has seldom been questioned despite the resulting system of kinematic equations becomes quite involved even for simple linkages. Moreover, stating the position analysis of kinematic chains directly in terms of poses, with or without using independent loop equations, introduces two major disadvantages: arbitrary reference frames has to be included, and all formulas involve translations and rotations simultaneously. This thesis departs from this standard approach by, instead of directly computing Cartesian locations, expressing the original position problem as a system of distance-based constraints that are then solved using analytical and numerical procedures adapted to their particularities. In favor of developing the basics and theory of the proposed approach, this thesis focuses on the study of the most fundamental planar kinematic chains, namely, Baranov trusses, Assur kinematic chains, and pin-jointed Gr¨ubler kinematic chains. The results obtained have shown that the novel developed techniques are promising tools for the position analysis of kinematic chains and related problems. For example, using these techniques, the characteristic polynomials of most of the cataloged Baranov trusses can be obtained without relying on variable eliminations or trigonometric substitutions and using no other tools than elementary algebra. An outcome in clear contrast with the complex variable eliminations require when independent loop equations are used to tackle the problem. The impact of the above result is actually greater because it is shown that the characteristic polynomial of a Baranov truss, derived using the proposed distance-based techniques, contains all the necessary and sufficient information for solving the position / Esta tesis aborda el problema de análisis de posición de cadenas cinemáticas, mecanismos con cuerpos rígidos (enlaces) interconectados por pares cinemáticos (articulaciones). Este problema, de naturaleza geométrica, consiste en encontrar los modos de ensamblaje factibles que una cadena cinemática puede adoptar. Un modo de ensamblaje es una transformación relativa posible entre los enlaces de una cadena cinemática. Los métodos reportados en la literatura para la solución del análisis de posición de cadenas cinemáticas se pueden clasificar como gráficos, analíticos o numéricos. Los enfoques gráficos son geométricos y se diseñan para resolver problemas particulares. Los métodos analíticos y numéricos tratan con cadenas cinemáticas de cualquier topología y traducen el problema geométrico original en un sistema de ecuaciones cinemáticas que define la ubicación de cada enlace, basado generalmente en ecuaciones de bucle independientes. En los enfoques analíticos, el sistema de ecuaciones cinemáticas se reduce a un polinomio, conocido como el polinomio característico de la cadena cinemática, utilizando diferentes métodos de eliminación. En los métodos numéricos, el sistema se resuelve utilizando, por ejemplo, la continuación polinomial o procedimientos basados en intervalos. En cualquier caso, el uso de ecuaciones de bucle independientes, un estándar en cinemática de mecanismos, rara vez ha sido cuestionado a pesar de que el sistema resultante de ecuaciones es bastante complicado, incluso para cadenas simples. Por otra parte, establecer el análisis de la posición de cadenas cinemáticas directamente en términos de poses, con o sin el uso de ecuaciones de bucle independientes, presenta dos inconvenientes: sistemas de referencia arbitrarios deben ser introducidos, y todas las fórmulas implican traslaciones y rotaciones de forma simultánea. Esta tesis se aparta de este enfoque estándar expresando el problema de posición original como un sistema de restricciones basadas en distancias, en lugar de directamente calcular posiciones cartesianas. Estas restricciones son posteriormente resueltas con procedimientos analíticos y numéricos adaptados a sus particularidades. Con el propósito de desarrollar los conceptos básicos y la teoría del enfoque propuesto, esta tesis se centra en el estudio de las cadenas cinemáticas planas más fundamentales, a saber, estructuras de Baranov, cadenas cinemáticas de Assur, y cadenas cinemáticas de Grübler. Los resultados obtenidos han demostrado que las técnicas desarrolladas son herramientas prometedoras para el análisis de posición de cadenas cinemáticas y problemas relacionados. Por ejemplo, usando dichas técnicas, los polinomios característicos de la mayoría de las estructuras de Baranov catalogadas se puede obtener sin realizar eliminaciones de variables o sustituciones trigonométricas, y utilizando solo álgebra elemental. Un resultado en claro contraste con las complejas eliminaciones de variables que se requieren cuando se utilizan ecuaciones de bucle independientes. El impacto del resultado anterior es mayor porque se demuestra que el polinomio característico de una estructura de Baranov, derivado con las técnicas propuestas, contiene toda la información necesaria y suficiente para resolver el análisis de posición de las cadenas cinemáticas de Assur que resultan de la sustitución de algunas de sus articulaciones de revolución por articulaciones prismáticas. De esta forma, se concluye que los polinomios de todos los robots planares totalmente paralelos se pueden derivar directamente del polinomio característico del conocido robot 3-RPR. Adicionalmente, se presenta un procedimiento eficaz, basado en restricciones de distancias y áreas orientadas, y argumentos geométricos, para trazar curvas de acoplador de cadenas cinemáticas de Grübler. En conjunto, todas estas técnicas y resultados constituyen contribuciones a la cinemática teórica de mecanismos, la cinemática de robots, y la geometría plana de distancias. Barcelona 13-

Polarization dependences of optical devices in highly-integrated optical systems become a major problem. To overcome this issue, one can implement polarization diversity scheme to achieve a single polarization on-chip network. One of the essential components in a polarization diversity scheme is the polarization beam splitter (PBS). In this thesis, we will a PBS based on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) platform with reduced device size and broad operation bandwidth. We use the three-dimensional Finite-Difference Time-Domain (3D-FDTD) method to perform the simulation. First, we use two asymmetric waveguides to design an asymmetric directional coupler with only TE-like mode phase matching condition. We then tape the lower waveguide to keep the TE-polarized light, and split the TE- and TM- polarized light. By utilizing an asymmetrical directional coupler with a tapered waveguide, we have achieved a 7.3

In this work, we have reported the design, MBE-growth and fabrication of strain-balanced n-type modulation-doped (MD) InGaAlAs/InGaAs multiple quantum wells laser/SOAs on InP. The quantum well contains a lattice-matched InGaAs core, a compressive-strained InGaAs padding, and a tensile-strained InGaAlAs spacer. Two kinds of samples having similar structure but different fundamental transition wavelength of 1.55 £gm and 1.48 £gm are separately prepared for investigating their characteristics in optical amplification under forward bias and electro-absorption under reversed bias. Also, the technique of growing high-quality InGaAlAs with solid-source molecular beam epitaxy has been established and the resulting InGaAlAs bulk and QWs samples are extensively characterized by double-crystal X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, electroluminescence, and photoluminescence measurements. For £f = 1.55 £gm samples, ridge-waveguide lasers of Fabry-Perot (FP) type and tilted-end-facet (TEF) type were fabricated by a new developed multi-step wet-etching process. When injection current density > 20A/cm^2, electroluminescence spectra show higher optical gain for the quantum well e1-hh2 transition at £f = 1460 nm than the e1-hh1 transition at £f = 1550 nm. The FP laser shows a lasing peak of £f = 1514 nm at threshold. Additional lasing wavelength at £f =1528 nm and 1545 nm were observed sequentially as the injection current increased. However, for the TEF laser, only the emission at £f = 1511 nm was observed. These TE-polarized lasing wavelengths are consistent with the £_-like absorption peaks in photocurrent spectra. The lasing performance is possible attributed to optical transitions within quantum dots/wires which are formed by the strain-field profile and alloy segregation/migration. For £f = 1.48 £gm samples, the differential absorption spectroscopy, which measures the change of transmission (£GT/T) in the presence of electric field, is used to study the electro-absorption modulation behavior of MD-SOA¡¦s. A sample with n-type modulation-doping amounting to a sheet density of 3.5 ¡Ñ 10^11 cm^-2 per QW and combining with a hole-stopping barrier represents the largest chirp parameter (£Gn/£Gk) under reversed bias, which offers an excellent platform to realize electro-refractive devices with larger refractive index changes (£Gn) but lower differential absorption (£G£\) near £f = 1.55 £gm, which is also our interested region of operation. In addition, we have succeeded in reducing the length of conventional constant-width multimode interference (MMI) coupler of K = 0.15 and 0.28 more than 32% by a novel stepped-width design concept. By extending the stepped-with idea, we show that it is possible to obtain 2x2 waveguide couplers with new power splitting ratios of 7%, 64%, 80% and 93% for cross coupling by cascading two short MMI sections. We further realize freely chosen power splitting ratio by interconnecting a pair of unequal-width waveguides as the phase-tuning section into the middle of two short MMI sections. These compact and low loss MMI-based devices use only rectangular geometry without any bent, curved, and tapered waveguides. They offer valuable new possibilities for designing waveguide-based photonic integrated circuits.

Ces trois années de thèse balayent la conception, la fabrication et la caractérisation de lasers III V sur silicium à 1.31 µm pour les data-communications. Le design des sources englobe notamment l’optimisation du couplage entre l’empilement III V et le silicium, effectué grâce à un taper adiabatique, ainsi que l’étude de la cavité laser inscrite, comme le taper, dans le silicium. Trois types de cavités à base de réseaux ont été étudiées: les cavités à contre-réaction distribuée (DFB pour distributed feedback), celles à réseaux de Bragg distribuées (DBR pour distributed Bragg reflector) et enfin celles à réseaux de Bragg échantillonnées (SGDBR pour sampled-grating DBR). Deux solutions ont été abordées concernant les lasers DFB: le réseau, inscrit dans le guide silicium sous la zone de gain, est soit gravé au-dessus du guide Si, soit sur les côtés. La seconde possibilité, appelée ‘DFB lasers couplés latéralement’, simplifie la fabrication et élargit les possibilités de design.Les lasers DFB fabriqués sont très prometteurs en terme de puissance (avec jusque 20 mW dans le guide) ainsi que pour leur pureté spectrale (avec une différence de plus de 50 dB entre le mode principal et le mode suivant). Une accordabilité spectrale de plus de 27 nm a été obtenue en continu avec les lasers SGDBR tout en conservant une très bonne pureté spectrale et une puissance de plus de 7 mW dans le guide. / This 3 years work covers the design, the process and the characterization of III-V on silicon lasers at 1.31 µm for datacommunication applications. In particular, the design part includes the optimization of the coupling between III V and Si using adiabatic tapers as well as the laser cavity, which is formed within the Si. Three types of lasers were studied, all of them based on cavities which consist of gratings: distributed feedback (DFB) lasers, distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) lasers and finally sampled-grating DBR (SGDBR) lasers. Regarding the DFB lasers, two solutions have been chosen: the grating is either etched on top or on the edges of the Si waveguide to form so called vertically or laterally coupled DFB lasers. The latter type, quite uncommon among hybrid III V on Si technologies, simplifies the process fabrication and broadens the designs possibilities.Not only the lasers demonstrated show high output powers (~20 mW in the waveguides) but also very good spectral purities (with a side mode suppression ratio higher than 50 dB), especially for the DFB ones. The SGDBR devices turn out to be continuously tunable over a wavelength range higher than 27 nm with a good spectral purity as well and an output power higher than 7 mW in the waveguide with great opportunities of improvement.