MENEZES, José Wally Mendonça. Implementação de porta lógicas ópticas com acoplador direcional não linear triplo planar simétrico de fíbras ópticas. 2006. 111 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Física) - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Física, Departamento de Física, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2006. / Submitted by Edvander Pires (edvanderpires@gmail.com) on 2015-05-25T22:18:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_dis_jwmmenezes.pdf: 2170108 bytes, checksum: 0615686d0a317fa8d05e85006ca06e1b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Edvander Pires(edvanderpires@gmail.com) on 2015-05-27T18:52:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_dis_jwmmenezes.pdf: 2170108 bytes, checksum: 0615686d0a317fa8d05e85006ca06e1b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-27T18:52:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_dis_jwmmenezes.pdf: 2170108 bytes, checksum: 0615686d0a317fa8d05e85006ca06e1b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / In this work, optical logical gates are proposed starting from the use of a symmetric three-core nonlinear directional coupler (NLDC) of fiber optic and with one of the guides operating as control. For such end, we obtain the characteristics of transmission of the coupler and, soon afterwards, we made an analysis of the extinction ratio and of the compression factor. Initially, we investigated the acting of the proposed coupler operating in the regime CW and later using ultra short pulses, type sóliton with 2ps of width. With the model proposed for the device, we got to execute logical gates AND, NAND, OR, XOR and NOT for a group of applied phases to the control pulse. The logical gates generated with the device operating with signs CW, they came more efficient than the same gates generated with soliton pulses. / Neste trabalho, portas lógicas ópticas são propostas a partir da utilização de um acoplador direcional não linear (NLDC) triplo planar simétrico de fibra óptica e com um dos guias operando como controle. Para tal fim, obtemos as características de transmissão do acoplador e, em seguida, fizemos uma análise do coeficiente de extinção e do fator de compressão. Inicialmente, investigamos o desempenho do acoplador proposto operando no regime CW e posteriormente utilizando pulsos ultracurtos, tipo sóliton com 2ps de largura. Com o modelo proposto para o dispositivo, conseguimos efetivar portas lógicas AND, NAND, OR, XOR e NOT para um conjunto de fases aplicadas ao pulso de controle. As portas lógicas geradas com o dispositivo operando com sinais CW, apresentaram-se mais eficientes que as mesmas portas geradas com sinais pulsados.

FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Cearà / Neste trabalho, portas lÃgicas Ãpticas sÃo propostas a partir da utilizaÃÃo de um acoplador direcional nÃo linear (NLDC) triplo planar simÃtrico de fibra Ãptica e com um dos guias operando como controle. Para tal fim, obtemos as caracterÃsticas de transmissÃo do acoplador e, em seguida, fizemos uma anÃlise do coeficiente de extinÃÃo e do fator de compressÃo. Inicialmente, investigamos o desempenho do acoplador proposto operando no regime CW e posteriormente utilizando pulsos ultracurtos, tipo sÃliton com 2ps de largura. Com o modelo proposto para o dispositivo, conseguimos efetivar portas lÃgicas AND, NAND, OR, XOR e NOT para um conjunto de fases aplicadas ao pulso de controle. As portas lÃgicas geradas com o dispositivo operando com sinais CW, apresentaram-se mais eficientes que as mesmas portas geradas com sinais pulsados. / In this work, optical logical gates are proposed starting from the use of a symmetric three-core nonlinear directional coupler (NLDC) of fiber optic and with one of the guides operating as control. For such end, we obtain the characteristics of transmission of the coupler and, soon afterwards, we made an analysis of the extinction ratio and of the compression factor. Initially, we investigated the acting of the proposed coupler operating in the regime CW and later using ultra short pulses, type sÃliton with 2ps of width. With the model proposed for the device, we got to execute logical gates AND, NAND, OR, XOR and NOT for a group of applied phases to the control pulse. The logical gates generated with the device operating with signs CW, they came more efficient than the same gates generated with soliton pulses.

Afin de répondre à la demande croissante du nombre d'objets connectés et de débits de données plus élevés, la cinquième génération de réseau mobile (5G) va être déployée.Pour répondre à ces défis, la 5G utilisera le beamforming pour améliorer la qualité de transmission et étendre la couverture du réseau. En raison du manque de spectre RF disponible en dessous de 6 GHz, l'industrie de la téléphonie mobile étudie actuellement les bandes de fréquences millimétriques en particulier autour de 28 GHz. L'utilisation de la technologie CMOS pour les applications 5G apparait prometteuse pour le marché de masse que vise la 5G, d'autant qu'aujourd'hui la miniaturisation des transistors CMOS permet un fonctionnement compétitif aux fréquences millimétriques. Pour répondre à toutes les attentes de la 5G notamment en termes de fiabilité, de nouvelles idées en rupture, avec le self-healing et le self-contained, permettent d’utiliser au maximum les avantages de la technologie CMOS tout en proposant un fonctionnement fiable pou rl’amplificateur. Dans le cadre du self-healing et du self-contained, plusieurs circuits son tintégrés sur silicium tel qu'un amplificateur intégrant un détecteur de puissance totalement non invasif pour le self-healing et un amplificateur équilibré pour le selfcontained. / In order to meet the growing demand for more connected objects and higher data rates,the fifth generation of mobile network (5G) will be deployed. To address thesechallenges, the 5G will use beamforming to improve the transmission quality and extendthe network coverage. Due to the lack of available RF spectrum below 6 GHz, the mobileindustry is studying millimeter wave frequency bands in particular around 28 GHz. Theuse of CMOS technology for 5G applications is promising for the 5G mass market,especially nowadays the miniaturization of CMOS transistors allows competitiveoperation at millimeter frequencies. To meet all the expectations of the 5G especially interms of reliability, new breakthrough ideas, with the self-healing and the selfcontained,allow to use all the benefits of CMOS technology to the maximum whileoffering reliable operation for the amplifier. Within the framework of self-healing andself-contained, several circuits are integrated on silicon such as an amplifier integratedwith a totally non-invasive power detector for self-healing and a balanced self-containedamplifier.

Ces travaux de recherches s’inscrivent dans le cadre d’une amélioration du bilan de liaison des données de télémesures sur les lanceurs spatiaux. Pour cela, un dispositif d’antenne à pointage électronique a été choisi. Celui-ci utilise un réseau de quatre antennes patchs alimentés par un prototype composé d’un diviseur de puissance 1 vers 4 et de quatre déphaseurs. Les états de phases choisis pour chacun des déphaseurs sont 0°, 90° et 180°. Après une étude bibliographique, les meilleurs déphaseurs pouvant assurer cette fonction sont les déphaseurs à base de coupleur hybride. Grâce à l’utilisation de MEMS-RF dans ces circuits, il est n’est pas nécessaire de rajouter des amplificateurs de puissance, car ces composants sont faibles pertes RF et linéaires. Plusieurs topologies de déphaseurs à base de coupleur hybride utilisant ces commutateurs ont été étudiés. D’après cette étude, il a été possible de réduire la taille des circuits sans détériorer les performances RF, ce qui nous a permis d’en choisir deux d’entre eux. Un commande à distance est nécessaire pour ces dispositifs alors une boîte à relais a été choisie pour assurer ce rôle. Le premier prototype est composé d’un diviseur de puissance qui a été commandé et de quatre déphaseurs fabriqués. Le deuxième prototype est entièrement intégré sur puce, ce qui a permis de réduire la surface du dispositif ainsi que d’améliorer les pertes RF. Ces travaux ont donc pu montrer la faisabilité de fabriquer un prototype simple, faible pertes, et linéaire. / These research works is within the context of an improved link budget telemetry data on space launchers. For this device, an electronically steerable antenna was chosen. It uses an array of four patch antennas supplied by a prototype composed of a power splitter 1 to 4 and four phase shifters. For each selected phase shifters, the phase states are 0 °, 90 ° and 180 °.After a bibliographical study, the best phase shifters that can perform this function are the shifters based on hybrid coupler. Thanks to the use of RF-MEMS in these circuits, it is not necessary to add power amplifiers because these components are linear and present low RF losses. Several topologies of phase shifters based on hybrid coupler using RF-MEMS were studied. According to this study, it was possible to reduce the size of circuits without damaging the RF performance, which allowed us to choose two of them. A remote control is needed for these devices to relay box then was chosen for this role. The first prototype consists of a power divider which was commissioned and produced phase shifters. The second prototype is fully integrated on-chip, which has reduced the device surface and improves the RF losses.These studies were able to demonstrate the feasibility to produce a simple linear prototype with low RF losses.

Superelastic Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) are being explored as alternative reinforcing materials to traditional deformed steel reinforcement for seismic applications. The main advantage is the ability of the SMA to recover large nonlinear strains, which promotes the self-centering phenomenon. The primary objective of this research is to present the performance, before and after repair, of slender reinforced concrete shear walls, one reinforced internally with SMAs in the boundary zones within the plastic hinge region and other control wall reinforced with conventional steel only. The repair procedure included removal of damaged concrete within the plastic hinge region, replacing fractured and buckled reinforcement, followed by shortening of the SMA reinforcement in the boundary zones of SMA wall. The removed concrete was replaced with self-consolidating concrete, while the concrete above the plastic hinge region remained intact. The SMA reinforced concrete shear wall (before and after repair) exhibited stable hysteretic response with significant strength, and displacement and energy dissipation capacities. In addition, the walls exhibited pinching in the hysteretic response as a result of minimizing the residual displacements due to the restoring capacity of the SMA reinforcement. The results demonstrate that SMA reinforced components are self-centering, permitting repairing of damaged areas. Furthermore, the SMA reinforcement is re-usable given its capacity to reset to its original state. The length of the SMA bars in the original and repaired wall, in addition to the presence of starter bars in the original wall, were significant factors in the location of failure of the walls. The conventional steel wall prior to repair was unstable due to large residual displacements experienced during the original test. After repair the wall exhibited ratcheting in hysteretic response but with significant strength. The conventional wall, before and after repair, dissipated more energy than the SMA wall. This was the result of the wider hysteretic loops with reduced punching, but at the cost of large residual displacements. The starter bars in the conventional wall before repair controlled the location of failure, while the presence of couplers in the plastic hinge region was the main factor in determining the failure location in the repaired conventional wall.

<p>U ovoj doktorskoj disertaciji dat je predlog nove metode za merenje talasne dužine monohromatske svetlosti pomoću spektralno osetljivih optičkih komponenti. Princip rada predložene metode se zasniva na kombinovanju spektralnih osetljivosti fiber-optičke račve i dva različita fotodetektora.<br />Izvršena je implementacija i karakterizacija senzorskog sistema za merenje talasne dužine monohromatske svetlosti. U eksperimentalnoj postavci korišćena je 2&times;2 fiber-optička račva, germanijumska (Ge) fotodioda i indijum-galijum-arsenid (InGaAs) fotodioda. Postignuta je linearnost sa faktorom korelacije R2=0.99942 i merna rezolucija od 17 pm u opsegu talasnih dužina svetlosti od 1575 do 1615 nm (L-opseg). U istom opsegu, dobijena je merna greška od približno &plusmn;0.2 nm i ponovljivost od &plusmn;0.16 nm. Ispitani su uticaji promena temperature, snage optičkog izvora i šuma na karakteristike senzorskog sistema.</p> / <p>In this thesis, a new method for measurement of monohromatic light<br />wavelength by using wavelength-dependent optical components is proposed.<br />The principle of operation of the proposed method is based on combining<br />spectral sensitivities of fiber-optic coupler and two different photodetectors.<br />Sensor system for measurement of monochromatic light wavelength is<br />implemented and characterized. Experimental setup consists of 2&times;2 fiberoptic<br />coupler, germanium (Ge) photodiode and indium-gallium-arsenide<br />(InGaAs) photodiode. Excellent linearity (R2=0.99942) and measurement<br />resolution of 17 pm are achieved in measurement range 1575-1615 nm (Lband).<br />In the same measurement range, measurement error of approximately<br />&plusmn;0.2 nm and repeatibility of &plusmn;0.16 nm are obtained. The influence of<br />temperature, optical source power and noise on sensor system characteristics<br />is investigated.</p>

Aujourd’hui, les puces et capteurs provenant de la microélectronique ne sont plus simplement des circuits électroniques mais peuvent désormais véhiculer des signaux électriques et optiques. En témoignent les puces dites photoniques, utilisées pour la transmission de données à très haut débit. Cependant, cette technologie exploite une part très restreinte du spectre de la lumière, située dans le proche infrarouge. L’exploitation de l’ensemble du moyen infrarouge (λ=2-20 µm) permettrait la mise au point de nouveaux capteurs intégrés se servant des empreintes spectrales spécifiques des molécules dans cette partie du spectre électromagnétique.L’objet de cette thèse est de développer des circuits optiques intégrés sur silicium capables de véhiculer ces longueurs d’onde et qui soient compatibles avec des procédés de fabrication en salle blanche 200 mm. La technologie développée dans ces travaux est basée sur des guides carrés à saut d’indice en Si₀,₆Ge₀,₄ enterrés dans le Si, afin d’obtenir des circuits compactes et à faibles pertes. La conception des fonctions optiques nécessaires à la construction des circuits est tout d’abord présentée. Ces fonctions sont ensuite assemblées pour former un circuit optique qui sera fabriqué puis caractérisé afin de valider les performances de la technologie développée. Deux circuits ont ainsi été fabriqués : un premier a été réalisé avec un procédé standard tandis que le deuxième a été fabriqué avec un procédé de type damascène. La première réalisation offre l’avantage d’utiliser des procédés connus, tandis que la deuxième permet de fabriquer des guides pour différentes longueurs d’onde sur une même puce. Ces deux circuits ont été caractérisés afin de mener une étude comparative entre les deux procédés de fabrication. Enfin, dans un soucis de monter en maturité de la plateforme, une étude approfondie des réseaux de couplage sur des guides Si₀,₆Ge₀,₄ a été conduite. Celle-ci a donnée lieu à la fabrication et à la caractérisation de deux réseaux : un constitué d’inclusions d’air et un deuxième localement suspendu. / Nowadays, microelectronic chips and sensors are not simply electronic circuits anymore. They are able to convey both electric and optical signal. As shown by the so-called photonic chips used to transmit data at high speed rate. However, this technology only exploits a very small part of the light spectrum, namely in the near infrared. Exploitation of the whole mid-infrared domain (λ=2-20 µm) would allow to develop new integrated sensors using molecules specific spectral fingerprints in this part of the electromagnetic spectrum.This thesis deals with the development of integrated optical circuits on silicon capable of handling these wavelengths and compatible with 200 mm clean room fabrication processes. The technology developed in this work, is based on Si₀,₆Ge₀,₄ channel square waveguides in order to obtain compact and low loss optical circuits. First of all, the design of optical functions required to build circuits is presented. Then, these functions are assembled into circuits which are manufactured and characterized in order to assess performances of the developed technology. Two circuits have been produced: one with standard processes and one with damascene processes. The first one has the advantage of using known processes, whereas the second one allows to make waveguides for different wavelengths on a single chip. These two circuits have been characterized in order to conduct a comparative study between the two fabrication processes. Finally, in order to mature the technology, an in-depth study on grating coupler for Si₀,₆Ge₀,₄ waveguides have been conducted. It has led to the manufacturing and characterization of two grating couplers : one made of air inclusions and another locally suspended.

The diploma thesis deals with microwave directional coupler. The paper presents some of the microwave directional coupler and an analysis of bifurcations. The paper also discussed the various techniques of bifurcations and the bandwidth to which they are making. Proposal is implemented in two selected directional couplers and determining their size. They also performed using the selected simulation program selected two bifurcations. Furthermore, these couplers are made on the perimeter of the analyzer is verified by their actions and are verified by the actual parameters of the coupler.

With the increase in demand for compact and high data rate communication systems, there is a need for high efficiency with modulated signals (PAPR 5-10 dB) for base-station power amplifiers. One of the famous architectures used to achieve this is Doherty architecture. The architecture has recently been extended to the Load Modulated Balanced Amplifier (LMBA) concept, where a separate integrated amplifier generates the control signal for load modulation. Almost all published studies are concerned with discrete "PCB-based" solutions for LMBA. In a recent study [1], the potential of designing an integrated LMBA in 0.18 μm CMOS has been evaluated. The main limitation concerning losses and area comes from the quadrature couplers, consisting of either two or four inductors. Using active inductors in the coupler design may be possible to obtain a more cost-effective solution. However, several aspects must be taken into consideration. One is that the power consumption of the active inductor should not exceed the power loss of the passive inductor. Another one is the ability to handle high power signals (high voltage swing), corresponding to 10-15 dBm at the input of the amplifier. The main objective of this thesis is to implement a hybrid coupler using an active inductor based on the theory of gyrators. The circuits were implemented using TSMC 0.18 μm process. The coupler and the active inductor are designed to operate at 2 GHz centre frequency. The active inductor implemented is considerably linear up to 12 dBm. The coupler has an input reflection coefficient (S11) of -26 dB, the transmission coefficient (S21) of -4.4 dB, and a coupling coefficient (S31) of -2.4 dB. The coupler shows good coupling and isolation characteristics. The phase difference between the through-port and the coupled-port of the coupler is 92°. As a result, when used as a power divider at the input of the power amplifiers, a PAE (Power Added Efficiency) of 63% and output power of 23 dBm is obtained at an input power of 12 dBm.

Using a new implementation of a NASA flight simulation of the Quiet Short-Haul Research Aircraft, autopilots were designed to be capable of flying both straight in (ILS) approaches, and circling (SNI) approaches. A standard glideslope coupler was sufficient for most conditions, but a standard Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) based localizer tracker was not sufficient for maintaining a lateral track on the SNI course. To track the SNI course, a feed-forward system, using GPS steering provided much better results. NASA and the FAA embrace the concept of a Simultaneous, Non-Interfering (SNI) approach as a way to increase airport throughput while reducing the noise footprints of aircraft on approach. The NASA concept for the SNI approach for Short Takeoff and Landing (STOL) aircraft involves a straight in segment flown above the flight path of a normal approach, followed by a spiraling descent to the runway. As this is a procedure that would be utilized by regional airliners, it is assumed that it would be conducted under Instrument Flight Rules (IFR). GPS or INS guidance would be required to fly this approach, and it is likely that it would be necessary to fly the approach with a coupled autopilot: a stabilized, curving, instrument approach to decision altitude would be exceedingly difficult to fly. The autopilots in many current commuter and general aviation aircraft, however, were designed before the event of GPS, and do not have provisions for tracking curved paths. This study identifies problem areas in implementing the SNI circling approach on aircraft and avionics as they stand today and also gives examples of what can be done for the SNI approach to be successful.