The sustainability, smooth operation and operational life of rotating machinery significantly rely on the techniques that detect the symptoms of incipient faults. Among the faults in rotating systems, the presence of a crack is one of the most dangerous faults that dramatically decreases the safety and operational life of the rotating systems, thereby leading to catastrophic failure and potential injury to personnel if it is undetected. Although many valuable techniques and models have been developed to identify a crack (or cracks) in stationary and rotating systems, finding an efficient technique (or model) that can identify a unique vibration signature of the cracked rotor is still a great challenge in this field. This is because of the unceasing necessity to develop high performance rotating machines and driving towards significant reduction of the time and cost of maintenance. Most of the crack identification techniques and models in the available literature are based on vibration-based methods. The main idea of the vibration-based method is that the presence of a crack in a rotor induces a change in the mass, damping, and stiffness of the rotor, and consequently detectable changes appear in the modal properties (natural frequencies, modal damping, and mode shapes). Among all these modal properties, the choice of the modal natural frequency change is more attractive as a tool for crack identification. The changes in natural frequencies due to a crack can be conveniently measured from just a few accessible points on the cracked rotor. Furthermore, measuring the natural frequencies does not require expensive measuring instruments, and the natural frequency data is normally less contaminated by experimental noise. However, the change that a crack induces in the natural frequencies is usually very small and can be buried in the ambient noise. Moreover, the natural frequencies are not affected if the crack is located at the nodes of modes or far from the location of inertia force and out-of-unbalance force that the disc generates in the shaft. To overcome these problems (or limitations), therefore, this study is conducted using the idea of the roving mass (roving disc in rotor case). The modal natural frequencies are used for the identification and location of cracks of various severities at different locations in both stationary and rotating shafts. The fundamental idea of the roving disc is that an extra inertia force is traversed along the cracked rotor to significantly excite the dynamics of the rotor near the crack locations. In other words, the location of a crack can be anywhere on the shaft which is contrary to the developed techniques in the available literature in which the location of a crack should be close to the disc. Along with the roving disc idea, three crack identification techniques are developed in this study using the natural frequencies of the cracked and intact shafts. Each of these techniques has its merits and limitations for crack identification. These techniques are implemented using data that are numerically generated by the finite element method based on the Bernoulli-Euler shaft elements and experimentally validated in the laboratory environment. The numerical and experimental results clearly demonstrate the capability of the suggested approach for the identification and location of cracks in stationary and rotating shafts.

Deux expériences ont été menées sur la plate-forme expérimentale "SCERES" afin d'évaluer les concentrations et les flux de vapeurs de TCE dans SCERES en présence de deux dalles de béton fissurées installées, l'une après l'autre, à la surface de SCERES. Cet aquifère poreux est un milieu hétérogène de grande échelle (25 x 12 x 3 m3). Les résultats ont montré que le panache de vapeur de TCE couvre la plupart du bassin au bout de 3 semaines depuis la création de la zone source de TCE dans le sous sol. L'hétérogénéité du site SCERES a engendrée une distribution verticale non uniforme de la concentration de vapeurs de TCE. La simulation du panache de vapeur dans SCERES a été effectuée au moyen du code de calcul multiphasique "SIMUSCOPP". La présence sur SCERES de la dalle de béton, un milieu peu perméable et peu diffusif, a constitué une "barrière" en vue du transfert de vapeurs de TCE vers l'interface dalle/atmosphère. Afin de mieux quantifier le flux de vapeurs à travers la dalle de béton, une étude de coefficient de diffusion et de perméabilité des deux dalles a été réalisée. Un mouvement vertical ascendant du toit de la nappe a généré un fort gradient de pression motrice de l'air du sol. Ceci a engendré une forte augmentation des flux de vapeurs à l'interface sol/atmosphère. La quantification de ces flux de vapeurs a été effectuée à l'aide d'une solution semi analytique basée sur la loi de Fick et la loi de Darcy en tenant compte à la fois de l'effet de gradient de pression motrice et l'effet de densité de vapeurs sur le transfert de vapeurs vers la surface du sol. L'intrusion de vapeurs de TCE dans le bâtiment modèle, installé sur la dalle de béton, a été générée par une mise en dépression dans ce dernier. Ce qui a fait augmenter la concentration de vapeurs de TCE sous la dalle ainsi dans le bâtiment. La simulation de l'intrusion de vapeurs dans l'air intérieur de bâtiment a été réalisée par l'intermédiaire du code de calcul multiphysics "COMSOL", avec lequel nous avons démontré l'évolution de la concentration de vapeurs obtenues expérimentalement dans le bâtiment et qui dépend directement de la variation spatio-temporelle du flux massique à travers la dalle. / Two experiments were conducted on the experimental platform "SCERES" to assess the TCE vapour concentrations and fluxes in SCERES with two concrete slabs installed, one after the other, on the ground surface. This artificial aquifer is a large scale (25 x 12 x 3 m3) heterogeneous porous medium. The results showed that the TCE vapour plume covers most of the basin 3 weeks after the creation of the TCE source area in unsaturated zone. The heterogeneity of SCERES has generated a non uniform vertical distribution of the TCE vapour concentration. Simulation of vapour plume in SCERES was carried out by the multiphase code "SIMUSCOPP".The presence in SCERES of a low permeability and low diffusive medium compared to the sand in the basin,as a concrete slab, constituted a "barrier" for the transfer of TCE vapour to the interface concrete slab / atmosphere. To better quantify the TOE fluxes through the concrete slab, a study of diffusion coefficient and permeability of both concrete slabs was done. An upward vertical movement of the water table has generated a strong soil air pressure driving gradient, which led to a strong increase in the TCE vapour concentrations near the surface which has increased the vapour fluxes at the interface soil / atmosphere. Quantification of vapour fluxes at the interfaces soil / atmosphere and concrete slab / atmosphere was performed using a semi analytical approach based onFick's and Darcy's laws by taking into account both the effect of the driving pressure gradient and the effect of density vapour on the vapour transfer towards the soil surface.The intrusion of TCE vapours into the model building installed on the concrete slab was generated by creating a vacuum. The results showed that, during the TCE vapour suction from the model building, the concentration of TCE vapours under the concrete slab and in the building increases. Simulation of vapour intrusion into indoor air was done by the computational Multiphysics code "COMSOL", allowing simulation of the evolution of the vapour concentration obtained experimentally in the building. Il was shown that they depend directly on the spatial-temporal variation of the mass flux through the slab.

Neste estudo, o novo algoritmo hibrido autoconfigurado PSOS (Particle Swarm Optimization - Simplex) para avaliação da integridade estrutural a partir de respostas dinâmicas é apresentado. A formulação da função objetivo para o problema de minimização definido emprega funções de resposta em freqüência e/ou dados modais do sistema. Uma nova estratégia para o controle dos parâmetros do algoritmo Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), baseada no uso do método de Nelder - Mead é desenvolvida; conseqüentemente, a convergência do PSO fica independente dos parâmetros heurísticos e sua estabilidade e precisão são melhoradas. O método híbrido proposto teve melhor desempenho, nas diversas funções teste analisadas, quando comparado com os algoritmos simulated annealing, algoritmos genéticos e o PSO. São apresentados diversos problemas de detecção de dano, levando em conta os efeitos do ruído e da falta de dados experimentais. Em todos os casos, a posição e extensão do dano foram determinadas com sucesso. Finalmente, usando o PSOS, os parâmetros de um oscilador não linear (oscilador de Duffing) foram identificados. / In this study, a new auto configured Particle Swarm Optimization - Simplex algorithm for damage detection has been proposed. The formulation of the objective function for the minimization problem is based on the frequency response functions (FRFs) and the modal parameters of the system. A novel strategy for the control of the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) parameters based on the Nelder-Mead algorithm (Simplex method) is presented; consequently, the convergence of the PSOS becomes independent of the heuristic constants and its stability and accuracy are enhanced. The formulated hybrid method performs better in different benchmark functions than the Simulated Annealing (SA), the Genetic Algorithm (GA) and the basic PSO. Several damage identification problems, taking into consideration the effects of noisy and incomplete data, were studied. In these cases, the damage location and extent were determined successfully. Finally, using the PSOS, a non-linear oscillator (Duffing oscillator) was identified with good results.

The dynamic behavior of a cracked shaft was studied both in run-up and run-down transient motion. A mathematical model of the shaft was developed , and experimental tests were performed in order to validate the model. A experimental testing rig was conducted, containing an horizontal flexible rotor with a rigid disc in the mid point between the bearings. Experimental and theo retical responses were compared for both cracked and uncracked shafts. All tests were done for several acceleration rates and unbalance conditions. For the theoretical study of dynamic response of the cracked shaft, the stiffness matrix for a cracked element was deduced, using the modified crack Model of Mayes. The rotor model was obtained by using the finite elements method. The equations of motion were integrated in the time domain by using Newmark method to obtain the transient response. Comparing theoretical and experimental results validated the model. For this purpose, the modified Mayes model was used to represent the dynamic response of the crached shaft. Further simulations were conducted to study the influence of acceleration rates, unbalance amplitude /orientation and crack severity on the response of a cracked shaft, running on transient mo tion. / Neste trabalho apresenta -se um estudo do comportamento dinâmico de um rotor com trinca no regime transiente, tanto na parada como na partida. Foi desenvolvido um modelo matemático -computacional de um rotor com trinca e foram também realizados testes experimentais com vistas à validação do modelo. Para o estudo experimental, foi construida uma bancada constituida por um rotor flexível horizontal com um disco rígido montado na posição média do comprimento. A resposta experimental do rotor foi comparada para os casos com e sem trinca. Para tanto, foram usados dois eixos, um com trinca e, o outro, sem trinca. Os testes experimentais foram feitos para diferentes taxas de aceleração e condições de desbalanceamento. Para o estudo teórico da resposta dinâmica do rotor com trinca, foi determinada a matriz de flexibilidade para um elemento com falha, uma vez aplicado o modelo de trinca de Mayes modificado. O modelo do rotor foi obtido através do método dos elementos finitos, e para o cálculo da resposta dinâmica no regime transiente foi utilizado o método de integração numérica de Newmark. O modelo foi validado mediante a comparação dos resultados teóricos com os experimentais, tendo sido mostrado que o Modelo de Mayes modificado representa adequadamente o comportamento dinâmico de um rotor com trinca. Foram feitas simulações para estudar a influência das taxas de aceleração, da intensidade do desbalanceamento presente no sistema e da severidade da trinca sobre o comportamento do rotor com trinca no regime transiente. / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Orientadores: Paulo Sollero, Eder Lima de Albuquerque / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T04:07:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 UsecheVivero_JairoFrancisco_D.pdf: 4442457 bytes, checksum: 707a93966692d7daf8a71f104b9a1bb5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: O objetivo deste projeto é o desenvolvimento de uma ferramenta computacional para 'a an'alise e projeto de estruturas aeronáuticas trincadas e reparadas por placas de materiais compósitos laminadas coladas. As placas metálicas isotrópicas da estrutura aeronáutica serão modeladas pelo método dos elementos de contorno considerando a presença de tensões de cisalhamento nos planos normais á superfície das placas (formulação de Reissner-Mindlin). No modelamento do reparo será usada uma formula¸c¿ao por elementos de contorno para placas anisotrópicas sem considerar a presençaa de tensões de cisalhamento nos planos normais à superfície da placa (formulação do Kirchhoff-Love). A análise será validada com resultados analíticos, numéricos e experimentais disponíveis na literatura e com modelos desenvolvidos pelo método dos elementos finitos / Abstract: The objective of this project is the development of a computational tool for the analysis and design of cracked aeronautical structures repaired by adhesively bonded laminated composites. The isotropic metallic plates of the aeronautical structure will be modeled by the boundary element method considering the presence of shear stresses in planes that are normal to the surface of the plates (formulation of Reisner-Mindlin). In order to model the repair, a boundary element formulation for anisotropic plates will be used neglecting the presence of shear stresses in planes that are normal to the surface of the plate (formulation of Kirchhoff-Love). The analysis will be validated with analytical, numerical and experimental results avalilable in the literature and with finite element models / Doutorado / Mecanica dos Sólidos e Projeto Mecanico / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

No description available.

The thesis presents a novel computational method for analysing the static and dynamic behaviour of a multi-damaged beam using local and non-local elasticity theories. Most of the lumped damage beam models proposed to date are based on slender beam theory in classical (local) elasticity and are limited by inaccuracies caused by the implicit assumption of the Euler-Bernoulli beam model and by the spring model itself, which simplifies the real beam behaviour around the crack. In addition, size effects and material heterogeneity cannot be taken into account using the classical elasticity theory due to the absence of any microstructural parameter. The proposed work is based on the inhomogeneous Euler-Bernoulli beam theory in which a Dirac's delta function is added to the bending flexibility at the position of each crack: that is, the severer the damage, the larger is the resulting impulsive term. The crack is assumed to be always open, resulting in a linear system (i.e. nonlinear phenomena associated with breathing cracks are not considered). In order to provide an accurate representation of the structure's behaviour, a new multi-cracked beam element including shear effects and rotatory inertia is developed using the flexibility approach for the concentrated damage. The resulting stiffness matrix and load vector terms are evaluated by the unit-displacement method, employing the closed-form solutions for the multi-cracked beam problem. The same deformed shapes are used to derive the consistent mass matrix, also including the rotatory inertia terms. The two-node multi-damaged beam model has been validated through comparison of the results of static and dynamic analyses for two numerical examples against those provided by a commercial finite element code. The proposed model is shown to improve the computational efficiency as well as the accuracy, thanks to the inclusion of both shear deformations and rotatory inertia. The inaccuracy of the spring model, where for example for a rotational spring a finite jump appears on the rotations' profile, has been tackled by the enrichment of the elastic constitutive law with higher order stress and strain gradients. In particular, a new phenomenological approach based upon a convenient form of non-local elasticity beam theory has been presented. This hybrid non-local beam model is able to take into account the distortion on the stress/strain field around the crack as well as to include the microstructure of the material, without introducing any additional crack related parameters. The Laplace's transform method applied to the differential equation of the problem allowed deriving the static closed-form solution for the multi-cracked Euler-Bernoulli beams with hybrid non-local elasticity. The dynamic analysis has been performed using a new computational meshless method, where the equation of motions are discretised by a Galerkin-type approximation, with convenient shape functions able to ensure the same grade of approximation as the beam element for the classical elasticity. The importance of the inclusion of microstructural parameters is addressed and their effects are quantified also in comparison with those obtained using the classical elasticity theory.

This work focuses in two main directions of rotor dynamics field, the simulation of rotor bearing systems and the fault diagnosis. From the serious multiple faults that can appear in a rotor bearing system two of them are the target of current research: the transverse fatigue crack of a rotor and the radial extended wear in a bearing. The transverse crack is a defect able to bring a catastrophic failure of the system when the growth (depth) takes high percentage values relatively to radius of the shaft (i.e. >60%) and the symptoms of crack presence have been widely investigated during last four decades yielding efficient methods for the early crack detection. On the other hand the defect of bearing wear is much less investigated without results connected with wear diagnosis methods. Concerning previous works in those two defects the current dissertation’s persuasion is firstly to make a proposal in bearing wear detection, secondly to achieve a method definition able to detect a breathing transverse crack in a different way from those referred to literature. For the subject of crack detection, a different crack breathing model is proposed with emphasis in coupled local compliances definition and their variation during rotation while for the subject of bearing wear detection, a wear model from the literature is used with emphasis in rotor bearing system construction in a different way in relation to what up to now is available in literature. The rotor bearing system construction (simulation) is a matter widely investigated since early 60’s and some points of the current work try to differ in the way that the rotor and the fluid film bearings interact in discrete time. The concept of nonlinear fluid film forces is confronted in this work leaving out the nonlinear stiffness and damping bearing fluid film coefficients and assuming that during the journal whirling no equilibrium point must be defined in order to evaluate the future progress of vibration. Towards generality the fluid film bearings are not defined geometrically as short or long. These two specific geometric assumptions of short/long bearing appear widely in real machines and yield analytical expressions of fluid film forces but in current work the finite fluid film bearing is used demanding the well known finite difference method in order to evaluate the impedance forces, as many researches have propose. Both defects are met in a rotor bearing system parted from a continuous rotor and finite fluid film bearings. An entire chapter is dedicated in the way that Rayleigh equation of rotor motion incorporates internal damping using exclusively Real number confrontment, and in the way that fluid film forces react in rotor motion by defining boundary conditions in every discrete time moment. The definition of boundary conditions in discrete time makes them functions of the entire system response yielding a nonlinear dynamic system with the resulting time xx histories to be characterized from periodicity or quasi-periodicity sometimes depending in the defects presence. An extended analysis of time histories of the intact and the defected system is made in order to invest the symptoms of each defect in magnitudes of time and frequency domain. Timefrequency analysis is performed using continuous wavelet transform in virtually or really (the former from simulation, the latter from experiment) acquired time histories in order to extract the variable coupling phenomenon exclusively due to the breathing crack from the other two main reasons of coupling, the bearings and the shaft. Vertical response due to crack coupling is amplified when the crack coupled compliances become larger under an electromagnetic horizontal excitation in the rotor. This rapid in time variable coupling due to crack is used at last in order to detect the crack presence. The external excitation is used also in the case of wear detection since results of time-frequency analysis yield unexpected amplification of specific harmonics when the wear defect is present. Both considerations about the corresponding fault detection are tried in a real experimental system after the observation that response of the current rotor bearing simulation converges with the response of the physical system in characteristics that are judged important for the method robustness. The general speculation is that both defects have to be detected without the need of operation interruption since this cannot be feasible (high cost) in real turbo machinery plants and in an early growth that coincides with safe machine operation. The defect growths have to be at least 10% (of radius) for the crack and 20% (of radial clearance) for bearing wear so as the methods to be efficient. / Η συγκεκριμένη διατριβή επικεντρώνεται κυρίως σε δύο κατευθύνσεις του αντικειμένου της δυναμικής των περιστρεφόμενων αξόνων: την προσομοίωση συστημάτων αξόνων και εδράνων και την ανίχνευση βλαβών σ΄αυτά τόσο σε αναλυτικό όσο και σε πειραματικό επίπεδο. Από τις συνήθως απαντώμενες βλάβες σε τέτοια συστήματα δύο από αυτές αποτελούν στόχους για τη συγκεκριμένη εργασία: η εγκάρσια ρωγμή λόγω κόπωσης του άξονα και η ακτινική φθορά των εδράνων ολίσθησης. Η εγκάρσια ρωγμή είναι μία βλάβη ικανή να επιφέρει ολοκληρωτική καταστροφή της μηχανής στην οποία παρουσιάζεται, όταν η έκτασή της υπερβαίνει το 60% περίπου της διαμέτρου και τα συμπτώματα της ρωγμής στην ταλαντωτική συμπεριφορά του συστήματος έχουν εκτενώς διερευνηθεί τις τελευταίες δεκαετίες, με αποτέλεσμα την ανάπτυξη ποικίλων μεθόδων για την έγκαιρη ανίχνευση της βλάβης. Αντιθέτως, η φθορά των εδράνων αποτελεί μία βλάβη πολύ λιγότερο διερευνημένη συγκριτικά με τη ρωγμή, χωρίς αποτελέσματα για την διάγνωσή της κατά τη λειτουργία της μηχανής. Έχοντας υπ’ όψη τις εργασίες των προηγουμένων ετών στο αντικείμενο της ανίχνευσης αυτών των δύο βλαβών, η παρούσα διατριβή έχει ως στόχο πρωτίστως να προτείνει μεθόδους για την ανίχνευση της φθοράς του εδράνου και δευτερευόντως να επιτύχει την ανίχνευση της ρωγμής με ένα διαφορετικό ως προς τη φιλοσοφία, και απλό ως προς την εφαρμογή τρόπο, αναφορικά με τις μέχρι σήμερα μεθόδους. Για το αντικείμενο της ανίχνευσης της ρωγμής, προτείνεται αρχικά μία διαφορετική προσομοίωση της συμπεριφοράς της κατά την περιστροφή με έμφαση στον υπολογισμό των τοπικών ενδοτικοτήτων σύζευξης κατά την διάρκεια της λειτουργίας του συστήματος, ενώ για το αντικείμενο της ανίχνευσης της φθοράς χρησιμοποιείται ένα ήδη υπάρχον μοντέλο από τη βιβλιογραφία. Και οι δύο βλάβες ενσωματώνονται σε μία νέα ως προς τη βιβλιογραφία προσομοίωση συστήματος αξόνων και εδράνων η οποία αντιμετωπίζει τον άξονα και τα έδρανα ως ένα ενιαίο σύστημα χρησιμοποιώντας τις πιο ακριβείς έως τώρα προσεγγίσεις ταλάντωσης συνεχούς μέσου και της υδροδυναμικής θεωρίας των εδράνων. Η προσομοίωση συστημάτων αξόνων και εδράνων είναι ένα ζήτημα ευρέως διερευνημένο από τις αρχές της δεκαετίας του ΄60 και ορισμένα στοιχεία της παρούσας διατριβής, πάνω στην αντιμετώπιση του θέματος αυτού, έχουν ως στόχο τη βελτίωση με την παρούσα ανάλυση της υπάρχουσας γνώσης, για τον τρόπο που έδρανο και άξονας αλληλεπιδρούν σε διακριτό χρόνο. xxii Το θέμα των μη γραμμικών δυνάμεων του φιλμ λιπαντικού των εδράνων αντιμετωπίζεται σε αυτή τη διατριβή υπολογίζοντας κατευθείαν τις μη γραμμικες δυνάμεις που ασκούνται από το φιλμ στον άξονα. Η παραδοχή αυτή βοηθάει την προσομοίωση ιδιαίτερα σε περιπτώσεις που δεν υπάρχει σημείο ισσοροπίας λόγω περιδήνησης μεγάλου εύρους ή λειτουργείας σε κρίσιμη ταχύτητα. Επίσης, για λόγους γενικότητας και πληρότητας της προσομοίωσης, δεν γίνεται η κατά κόρον κατά τη βιβλιογραφία παραδοχή του εδράνου απείρου μήκους (infinitely long bearing) ή του εδράνου αμελητέου μήκους (infinitely short bearing). Αυτές οι δύο ακραίες υποθέσεις για το έδρανο επιτρέπουν αναλυτικές εκφράσεις για τη υδροδυναμική λίπανση αλλά δεν απαντώνται απαραίτητα στην πραγματικότητα. Στην παρούσα διατριβή χρησιμοποιούνται πεπερασμένα έδρανα τα οποία επιλύονται με ήδη γνωστό και αξιόπιστο τρόπο, όπως πολλοί ερευνητές έχουν προτείνει, χρησιμοποιώντας τη μέθοδο των πεπερασμένων διαφορών. Η ανάγκη για την παρουσία εσωτερικής (υστερητικής) απόσβεσης στην προσομοίωση του συνεχούς άξονα είναι αναπόφευκτη, από τη στιγμή που απαιτούνται λύσεις πάνω στο συντονισμό, ούτως ώστε να αναδειχθούν οι επιδράσεις των βλαβών, που στη περιοχή του συντονισμού γίνονται εντονώτερες. Ο απειρισμός της απόκρισης, απουσία εσωτερικής απόσβεσης, δεν αφήνει περιθώρια για διερεύνηση των επιπτώσεων των βλαβών πάνω στην κατάσταση συντονισμού και για το λόγο αυτό η εσωτερική υστερητική απόσβεση ενσωματώνεται προκειμένου να επιτρέψει υπολογισμό της απόκρισης. Ο τρόπος με τον οποίο εισάγεται η υστερητική απόσβεση δεν διαφοροποιείται από τη βιβλιογραφία καθώς η απόσβεση εισάγεται με τη χρήση του μιγαδικού μέτρου ελαστικότητας και διάτμησης αλλά η επίλυση του προβλήματος αντιμετωπίζεται με τη χρήση μόνο πραγματικών αριθμών προκειμένου να είναι εφικτή η εισαγωγή των εδράνων στο σύστημα. Διεξάγεται μια εκτεταμένη ανάλυση των χρονοσειρών του συστήματος με και χωρίς βλάβη, προκειμένου να διερευνηθούν τα συμπτώματα κάθε βλάβης στα πεδία χρόνου και συχνότητας. Η ανάλυση χρόνου-συχνότητας εκτελείται χρησιμοποιώντας το Συνεχή Μετασχηματισμό Wavelets (CWT) στις πειραματικές και αναλυτικές χρονοσειρές προκειμένου να εξαχθεί το μεταβλητό φαινόμενο συζεύξεων που οφείλεται αποκλειστικά στην ανοιγοκλείνουσα ρωγμή, από τους άλλους δύο κύριους λόγους της σύζευξης, δηλ. αυτούς των ανισότροπων εδράνων και των συζευγμένων εξισώσεων του περιστρεφόμενου άξονα. Εδώ χρησιμοποιήθηκε η ιδέα της χρήσης εξωτερικού ηλεκτρομαγνητικού διεγέρτη οριζόντιας διεύθυνσης, κατάλληλης συχνότητας και εύρους, ώστε να αναδειχθούν χαρακτηριστικά των βλαβών κατά τη λειτουργία. Η κατακόρυφη απόκριση, εξ αιτίας της σύζευξης ταλαντώσεων λόγω της ρωγμής, ενισχύεται όταν η ρωγμή βρίσκεται σε θέση όπου οι ενδοτικότητες σύζευξης γίνονται μεγαλύτερες, σε σχέση με την οριζόντια διεύθυνση xxiii εφαρμογής της ηλεκτρομαγνητικής διέγερσης στον άξονα. Αυτή η μεταβλητή σύζευξη παρουσιάζεται μόνο λόγω της ρωγμής και χρησιμοποιείται τελικά για την ανίχνευσή της. Η εξωτερική διέγερση χρησιμοποιείται επίσης και στην περίπτωση της ανίχνευσης φθοράς, δεδομένου ότι η ανάλυση των ταλαντώσεων στο πεδίο του χρόνου ή της συχνότητας, δείχνει ότι ενισχύονται συγκεκριμένες αρμονικές όταν η φθορά υπεισέρχεται στο σύστημα. Και οι δύο μέθοδοι για την αντίστοιχη ανίχνευση των βλαβών δοκιμάζονται σε ένα πραγματικό πειραματικό σύστημα. Η φιλοσοφία της μεθόδου ανίχνευσης των βλαβών βασίζεται στο ότι και οι δύο βλάβες πρέπει να ανιχνευθούν κατά τη λειτουργία του συστήματος. Πράγματι, υπάρχει η ανάγκη για έγκαιρη διάγνωση των βλαβών, σε πρώϊμο στάδιό τους, στο χρονικό διάστημα που μεσολαβεί ανάμεσα σε δύο διαδοχικές συντηρήσεις διασφαλίζοντας την ασφαλή λειτουργία των μηχανών. Η έκταση των προς ανίχνευση βλαβών πρέπει να είναι τουλάχιστον 20% (της ακτίνας) για τη ρωγμή και 20% (της ακτινικής χάρης) για την φθορά έτσι ώστε η μέθοδος ανίχνευσης να χαρακτηρίζεται αποδοτική. Οι κύριοι στόχοι της παρούσας διατριβής είναι: Η προσομοίωση ενός περιστρεφομένου και εσωτερικά αποσβενύμενου συνεχούς άξονα, εδραζομένου σε φθαρμένα ή μη πεπερασμένα έδρανα ολίσθησης. Η προσομοίωση και ο υπολογισμός των τοπικών καμπτικών ενδοτικοτήτων σύζευξης της περιστρεφόμενης ανοιγοκλείνουσας ρωγμής και η προσομοίωση των συζευγμένων ταλαντώσεων του ρηγματωμένου συστήματος άξονα-εδράνων. Η αναλυτική και πειραματική εφαρμογή του ρηγματωμένου και του φθαρμένου συστήματος και η διερεύνηση των επιδράσεων της ρωγμής και της φθοράς στην ταλαντωτική του συμπεριφορά. Η ανάπτυξη μεθόδων έγκαιρης ανίχνευσης της ρωγμής και της φθοράς.

La durabilité des structures en béton est désormais intégrée dans la démarche de conception des ouvrages de Génie Civil. En effet, quel que soit le type de sollicitation (mécanique, thermique, hydrique) une fissuration est susceptible de se produire risquant d'impacter la durée de vie de l'ouvrage par la pénétration d'agents agressifs. L'aptitude au service peut elle-même être affectée pour les structures où une étanchéité est requise (enceinte de confinement de centrales nucléaires, réservoirs de gaz naturel liquéfié, barrages, stockages des déchets radioactifs ou de CO2, etc.). Dans ce contexte industriel, la prédiction du débit de fuite traversant des éléments composés de matériaux à base cimentaire est donc un enjeu scientifique et industriel majeur. Pour parvenir à cet objectif de simulation numérique, il est nécessaire de mettre en place un couplage hydro-mécanique. L'anisotropie de la fissuration induite par les sollicitations mécaniques complexes conduit à un tenseur de perméabilité macroscopique anisotrope. La détermination de ce tenseur est un enjeu important dans l'objectif de mener des calculs à l'échelle macroscopique avec des modèles phénoménologiques. De plus, les calculs de perméabilité sont un moyen de comparer les volumes fissurés obtenus par les différents modèles mécaniques. La modélisation de la fissuration pour les matériaux quasi-fragiles hétérogènes à l'échelle mésoscopique tels que le béton est complexe et suivant les approches utilisées, les résultats peuvent fortement varier. C'est pourquoi l'étude numérique proposée dans la thèse comporte une comparaison entre deux approches mécaniques : - une première basée sur une modélisation mécanique de type E-FEM (Embedded Finite Element Method) [Benkemoun et al., 2010] - - une seconde basée sur une modélisation mécanique d'endommagement [Mazars, 1984] régularisée en énergie de fissuration [Hillerborg et al., 1976]. Le travail numérique associé à cette thèse consiste donc à développer un modèle couplant de manière faible un modèle mécanique à un modèle de transfert en 3D à l'échelle mésoscopique. En se basant sur le concept de « double porosité », la perméabilité du milieu fissuré est vue comme la combinaison d'une perméabilité diffuse et isotrope (liée au réseau poreux initial du béton et à son degré de saturation) et d'une perméabilité « discrète » et orientée au sein des fissures (le calcul de cette dernière étant basé sur les ouvertures de fissures données par le modèle mécanique et sur les équations de la mécanique des Navier-Stokes en régime permanent). La comparaison des résultats obtenus sur différents résultats expérimentaux issus de la littérature (un tirant traversé par de l'eau [Desmettre et Charron, 2011] et un élément structurel traversé par de l'air sec [Nahas et al., 2014]) permet de comparer la pertinence des deux modèles mécaniques utilisés ainsi que l'approche utilisée pour estimer le débit traversant des éléments en béton fissurés. / The durability of concrete structures is nowadays fully integrated in the civil engineering constructions design process. Whatever the loading is (mechanical, thermic, hydric), cracks may appear and impact the structure lifespan by the infiltration of aggressive agents. The serviceability can be directly impacted for the structures playing an air/water tightness role (containment building nuclear power plants, liquefied natural gas storage tanks, dams, radioactive waste disposal, etc.). The prediction of the flow going through elements composed of a cementitious material is therefore a major scientific and industrial issue. To achieve this goal, a hydro-mechanical coupling must be implemented. The anisotropic cracking induced by complex mechanical loadings leads to an anisotropic macroscopic permeability tensor. This tensor computation is an important issue dealing with phenomenological models for macroscopic problems. The cracking modelling of quasi-brittle materials, heterogeneous at the mesoscopic scale like concrete, is complex and different mechanical approaches can lead to various results. Therefore, permeability calculations are an elegant way to examine cracking patterns obtained with several mechanical models. Consequently, this study compares two mechanical approaches: - the first one is based on an Embedded Finite Element Method (E-FEM) mechanical model [Benkemoun et al., 2010] - - the second one is based on a damage mechanical model [Mazars, 1984] regularised by the fracture energy of the material [Hillerborg et al., 1976]. This thesis presents a hydro-mechanical approach weakly coupling a mechanical model with a permeation model in 3D at the mesoscopic scale. This work is based on the “double porosity” concept splitting the permeability into two parts: the first one is isotropic and corresponds to flows within the porosity of the material- the second one, based upon a set of cracks with different orientations and openings, is anisotropic. For the latter, each crack is a path for mass flow according to the fluid laws considering two infinite planes. In order to check this approach relevance, numerical results are compared to experimental results extracted from the literature (an experiment where water goes through a specimen made of a steel reinforcing bar covered with concrete under load [Desmettre et Charron, 2011] and a device where dry air goes through a structural element made of reinforced concrete [Nahas et al., 2014]). The computation of the flow going to those cracked concrete elements helps to understand the presented approach efficiency and the differences between the two used mechanical models.

The lifetime of plastic pipes for water supply and other applications is demanded to exceed at least 50 years. Such a long lifetime is difficult to prove by standard testing methods like the hydrostatic pres-sure test. However, it is possible to calculate an estimation of the lifetime, as the most frequently oc-curring mechanism of failure of plastic pipes is the creep crack propagation and subsequent failure. The method is based on describing the crack propagation by parameters of the linear-elastic fracture mechanics. An important part of this method is a finite element simulation of crack propagation in a pipe loaded by various types of loads. Residual stress, a side product of solidification after extrusion, is one of these loads. This thesis begins with an introductory part and literature review of the relevant topics – most of all the typical material properties of the pipe materials, mechanisms of failure, methods of residual stress determination suitable for plastic pipes and their results, methods of testing the materials and calculating lifetime. After the introduction, the problems to be solved are defined. The description of the residual stress state in the wall of various plastic pipes is the main topic. Both tangential (hoop) and axial residual stress in pipes of different dimensions and materials are determined using a combination of experiments and numerical simulations. Also, a simplified method of tangential residual stress is designed that can provide a sufficiently precise description of the tangential resid-ual stress state and is not difficult to carry out. A method to include the residual stress in the lifetime calculations and its influence on the lifetime is also dealt with. Apart from residual stress, the influence of soil loads in case of a buried pipe is studied. The residual stress can also influence the experimental determination of crack growth rate. If the CRB (cracked round bar) test is used to measure the crack growth rate, the crack can propagate asymmetrically due to the presence of residual stress in the specimens, which affects the results. Based on a finite element simulation of crack propagation in a CRB specimen, the severity of the influence is assessed.