Motivated by experiments on titanium alloys of Petrinic et al. (2006), which show the formation of cracks through the growth and coalescence of voids in ductile fracture, we consider the problem of formulating a variational model in nonlinear elasticity compatible both with cavitation and the appearance of discontinuities across two-dimensional surfaces. As in the model for cavitation of Müller and Spector (1995) we address this problem, which is connected to the sequential weak continuity of the determinant of the deformation gradient in spaces of functions having low regularity, by means of adding an appropriate surface energy term to the elastic energy. Based upon considerations of invertibility, we derive an expression for the surface energy that admits a physical and a geometrical interpretation, and that allows for the formulation of a model with better analytical properties. We obtain, in particular, important regularity results for the inverses of deformations, as well as the weak continuity of the determinants and the existence of minimizers. We show, further, that the creation of surface can be modeled by carefully analyzing the jump set of the inverses, and we point out some connections between the analysis of cavitation and fracture, the theory of SBV functions, and the theory of Cartesian currents of Giaquinta, Modica, and Soucek. In addition to the above, we extend previous work of Sivaloganathan, Spector and Tilakraj (2006) on the approximation of minimizers for the problem of cavitation with a constraint in the number of flaw points, and present some numerical results for this problem.

Context: There are two ways that digital media may influence alcohol use. The first is commercial alcohol marketing. The second is user-created alcohol promotion, defined as content distributed through new media that promotes consumption, but independent of commercial marketing. This thesis explores how both types of content promote alcohol, what association there is between exposure and alcohol-related attitudes and behaviour, and the differences between marketing and user-created promotion. Method: A mixed method design was employed, divided into two studies. The first was a content analysis of the design features, topical references, and messages suggested about alcohol in digital marketing and user-created promotion on Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube. The second was a cross-sectional survey with young adults (n = 405). This measured awareness of, and participation with, digital marketing and user-created promotion, and the association with consumption, higher-risk drinking, brand recall, expectancies, and drinking motives. Results: The content analysis found that digital marketing had personalised designs which contained subtle and positive messages about consumption, whereas user-created promotion had simpler designs, displayed little ethical practice, and contained overt messages about higher-risk drinking. The cross-sectional survey found that young adults were aware of, and participating with, both digital marketing and user-created promotion, with exposure greater for the latter. Exposure to both types of content was positively associated with alcohol use, higher-risk consumption, and drinking intentions. User-created promotion had a stronger association with all outcomes than marketing. The association between exposure and consumption, for both types of content, was mediated through drinking motives and expectancies. Conclusion: Young adults are aware of, and participating with, a range of digital marketing and user-created promotion. That such exposure is associated with alcohol-related attitudes and behaviour highlights the potential of new media to influence alcohol consumption. Further research is required to better understand young people’s experience with digital media and the challenges of addressing online health risk messages.

Through more than five years of extensive, participatory research the writer became a fully integrated member of the World of Warcraft community he set out to study. By actually living the grounded practices that constitute the everyday life he concludes that the mundane, often repetitive practice has very little to do with the cyber-utopian claim that one can flee the body and become who they want on the Internet. Instead this doctoral thesis argues that the constant transitions of the borders between offline and online, virtual and real, body and avatar, play and work, player and producer are best described with the concept of leakage. Using leakage to describe the perforated borders that surrounds the game not only allows an understanding of World of Warcraft as a powerful site for production of meaning and culture but also places it far from the traditional understandings of separated fun, play and games. Play as an activity has traditionally been described with three intrinsic features: it is separable from everyday life, in particular from work; it is safe, meaning that it isn’t productive nor does it carry consequence and finally that play is pleasurable or fun. World of Warcraft doesn’t easily admit to these features and should not be understood as neither innocent utopia nor as a devoured mimesis, but rather as an expansion of the life space where players repeatedly and deliberately stretch beyond the producer’s intentions and create a world consisting of work, unwritten social norms, creativity and friendship. Players are social laborers that produce the core of what makes World of Warcraft what it is: a serious game.

新創企業在創業之初，往往資源不足、訂單未到、客戶關係未建立好、技術及產品未成熟、管理尚未到位，市場不確定等不利因素。所以不管從台灣或大陸的環境來看新創企業，創業之初的三到五年是新創企業最為艱困且風險最高的時段。 因此本研究主要在探討，材料表面處理技術的創業規劃及經營，新創企業如何在創業醞釀階段，就做好創業活動規劃；在草創存活階段，做好存活策略推動，使企業得以存活；在經營維持階段，如何推進經營利潤，並讓企業持續發展下去。使新創企業處於不同階段下，能有效分析、規劃及做好該階段的行動任務，而讓新創企業渡過各個階段的考驗，為本論文的研究目的。 研究結果顯示，在創業醞釀階段，要有創業活動的形成，需要在創業活動前做好分析及規劃。除要有創業的「環境價值機會」出現外，要有能提供顧客價值之「價格」、「品質」、「速度」、「需求滿足」誘因，及具備「技術、產品或服務」、「人或團隊」、「資金」、「客戶關係」等創業關鍵組成。 在草創存活階段，企業需推動存活策略三構面，使企業能順利存活下來，其中與其構面變項有利的連接方向，證明朝向：產品/服務經營模式「訂定得當」、控制資源/開銷「消耗少」、創造利益體/網絡「連結多」，將最有利於新創企業存活的方向。此外，新創企業在草創階段，如所從事的產品或服務之營銷活動，所在的區域、客戶、及市場，在創業之初有很高的不確定性，選擇性或階段性的「集中」（Focus）策略才是正確的戰略。但如從存活策略三構面上做分析，所得到的結果皆為不利的情況，而資源又已先行投入情況下，如擬存活下來，對該項目最好的經營策略就是採取「退縮」（Withdrawal）策略。 而在新創企業在剛經歷草創存活階段後，為能持續性存活下來，需有「經營利潤推進」產生，才得以能維持經營。本論文從經營利潤推進的角度，提出經營維持的四構面做法，包括在創業經營風險構面及成本構面的降低活動；價值構面及收入構面的提升活動。做為在經營維持階段，主要的經營指標。因此，具體落實經營利潤推進的四構面，企業才得以有「利潤」的產生，也唯有利潤的產生，新創企業才得以有機會永續。 關鍵字：新創企業、創業規劃、存活策略、利潤推進、表面處理 創業管理 / A start-up at the beginning often encounters the following challengers: resources are insufficient; the order has not been big enough; customer's relation has not been set up well; the technology and the product is immature; the management has not been put in place yet; the market is uncertain, and so on. No matter the new company is operating in Taiwan or the mainland china, it will face high risk, particularly in the period of 3rd to 5th year after its establishment. Therefore, this research aims to study the entrepreneurial plans and managements for the material surface treatment technology, including how to make a business activity plan well in the entrepreneurial fermentation stage? how to do a better survival strategy promotion in the starting survival stage? and how to become profitable in the management arrangement stage. The purpose to let the new enterprise pass each stage sufferings by effectively analyzing, planning and completing action tasks under the different periods. The findings showed that the company needs to complete the analysis and the plan prior to the activity of entrepreneurship in the entrepreneurial fermentation stage. Besides providing with the opportunities for value added, the start-up needs to provide with “the customer value”, such as “price”, “quality”, “speed”, and “the satisfied demand” to provide, and to possess “the entrepreneurial key element” including “the technology, the product or the service”, “the human or the team”, “the fund”, and “the customer relations”. In the starting survival stage, the enterprise could implement the three key actions of survival strategy to survive smoothly. It is proven that a better survival orientation for a newly created enterprise is to have an appropriate position in product/service or business model, to utilize fewer resources/expenses, and to link with a wider network. In addition, the right strategy for a newly created enterprise in the starting survival stage is the selective or gradual focus strategy, if the marketing activities of product/service have the very high uncertainty at the beginning of the undertaking in the region or the market. The analysis from three key elements of survival strategy obtains result all for disadvantageous situation, but resources already in advance investment situation. The best management strategy is adapted to the strategy of withdrawal. A newly creation enterprise has gone through the starting survival stage, the advancement of operating profit should be produced to last for long enduring survival. The present paper proposed four key elements of management maintenance as a main management target from the advancement's angle of operating profit, which including to reduces the operational risk and cost elements and to increase the operational value and income elements. Therefore, the new enterprise could carry out the four key elements of operating profit advancement to get “the profit”, which would let enterprise have the opportunity to last forever. Keywords：Newly Created Enterprise, Entrepreneurial Plan, Survival Strategy, Profit Advancement, Surface Treatment, Entrepreneurial Management,

Chronic headache may be the most frequently reported somatic symptom, yet it puzzles health experts and poses a considerable treatment challenge. It was suggested that this is because conventional views of headache, adhering to a Newtonian-Cartesian epistemology, focus almost exclusively on intrapsychic factors ignoring the wider social context in which the problem is embedded. An overview of the existing body of knowledge on the most widely researched headache conditions was presented, and it was argued that a conceptual shift is required to achieve a more comprehensive understanding of the problem. This study was conducted within an holistic, ecosystemic epistemology. A qualitative approach employing a case study method was adopted to provide rich descriptions of the contexts in which two chronic headache sufferers' symptoms were embedded. The case study presentations also illustrated the attempts that were made to intervene into the headache contexts from a second-order cybernetics stance. / Psychology / M.A. (Clinical Psychology)

According to Scripture God created human beings "in our image, after our likeness". The likeness used to be conceived in terms of the rational nature human beings possess. Modern thought has come to conceive of the likeness rather in terms of being person, who receives her identity in relationships from others and at the same time mediates the others´ identity to them. The author presents the historical development of the concept of person as well as selected contemporary approaches, which she evaluates in light of the personal life of the Triune God as it is witnessed in Scripture and incessantly communicated in the liturgy of the church. She also presents ways of conceiving of created personhood she has attained in this light. Created persons are created in order to receive divine self-communication and to be able to participate in it, which they can in dependence on the one, who is the true revelator of God, as participation in his revelatory activity. By accepting their dependence, they become capable of acting freely through themselves and fulfill the task entrusted to them by creation.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T13:56:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JosyannePG_TESE.pdf: 7779183 bytes, checksum: 77708178602e20b1afe971acf339e448 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-30 / The `Outorga Onerosa do Direito de Construir - OODC` (Public Concession of Building Rights), instrument instituted by The City Statute in 2001, has as main objective the recovery of urban property, seeking for a fair distribution the urbanization benefits. The possibility of usage of the OODC instrument is linked to the maximum utilization coefficient, determined to specific areas in accordance to existing infrastructure conditions, further taking into account the formal real estate market, expansion axis and crowding. Being an instrument which establishes values to be paid for a better use of land, it maintains a narrow relation to the real estate, incentivizing or discouraging the crowding in specific areas. The present study investigates the relationship between the criteria for the making of the Public Concession of Building Rights instrument and the dynamics of the formal real estate market. It takes as empiric universe Parnamirim (RN), part of the Natal Metropolitan Area (RN), focusing on the application of the OODC in the period of 2008-2010. It seeks to better understand the necessary basis for the formulation of the instrument, about how it works and its relation to the formal real estate market. It aims to depict the formal real estate market by presenting the production of urban space in Parnamirim in terms of intensity and nature of the real estate, furthermore identifying the licensed properties through the application of the municipality instrument. For the conclusion, it is discussed the criteria for the formation of OODC, its relationship to the dynamics of the formal real estate market and its influencing possibilities in the processes of usage and occupation of land in the context of urban planning / O instrumento Outorga Onerosa do Direito de Construir (OODC), institu?do pelo Estatuto da Cidade em 2001, tem como objetivo principal a recupera??o das mais-valias urbanas, buscando a justa distribui??o dos benef?cios da urbaniza??o. A possibilidade de utiliza??o do instrumento OODC ? vinculada aos coeficientes de aproveitamento m?ximo (CAM), definidos para determinadas zonas de acordo com as condi??es de infraestrutura existentes, considerando-se ainda a din?mica do mercado imobili?rio formal, eixos de expans?o e adensamento. Sendo um instrumento que estabelece os valores a serem pagos para um maior aproveitamento do solo, ele mant?m uma estrita rela??o com a din?mica do mercado imobili?rio formal, incentivando ou desestimulando o adensamento em ?reas espec?ficas. Este estudo investiga a rela??o entre os crit?rios de formula??o do instrumento Outorga Onerosa do Direito de Construir e a din?mica do mercado imobili?rio formal. Toma como universo emp?rico o munic?pio de Parnamirim (RN) integrante da Regi?o Metropolitana de Natal (RN), focalizando a aplica??o da OODC no per?odo 2008-2010. Busca ampliar o entendimento sobre a base necess?ria para a formula??o do instrumento, sobre seu funcionamento e sua rela??o com a din?mica do mercado imobili?rio formal. Visa caracterizar o mercado imobili?rio formal, apresentando a produ??o do espa?o urbano de Parnamirim, em termos de intensidade e tipologia dos empreendimentos, al?m de identificar os empreendimentos imobili?rios licenciados atrav?s da aplica??o do instrumento no munic?pio. Como conclus?o discute os crit?rios de formula??o da OODC, sua rela??o com a din?mica do mercado imobili?rio formal e suas possibilidades de indu??o dos processos de uso e ocupa??o do solo no contexto do planejamento urbano

The recent breakthroughs in the research of brain trauma as it relates to athletics has revealed never before seen damage linked with football participation. Known as chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), it is caused by activities inherent to the sport of football. School sponsored football has been granted immunity through case law and legislation in Texas. Recent research however indicates a different type of injury than those that school districts have been protected of liability from. This will provide a challenge to the immunity school districts have enjoyed regarding football. One route to abrogation of immunity is the state created danger provision established by the Supreme Court. The Fifth Circuit Court whose jurisdiction includes Texas has yet to officially adopt the state created danger theory. This research examined legal precedent to determine the challenge CTE may present the various layers of immunity surrounding school sponsored football in Texas.

This study explored the effectiveness of a student question creation process engaging students actively in self, peer, and instructor interaction in development of affective, cognitive, and meta-cognitive skills. Employing a mixed-methods sequential explanatory design assigning both treatment and control activities sequentially in an alternating pattern over a six week period, students' performance on exams as well as their perceptions of various aspects of the student question creation process were used to evaluate the effectiveness of student-created questions (SCQs) activities as a cognitive strategy and to identify factors contributing to the effectiveness of question creation activities on students' learning. Subjects of this study were high performing and highly motivated graduate students in an 8-week online biomedical statistics course, part of a specialized master's program designed for medical school preparation. Survey findings and focus groups strongly supported the student question creation process as a facilitator of higher order thinking. However, the relatively short study duration, comparison of student question creation with another competing method for facilitating learning (discussion board) and not a pure control group, and availability of a common study guide course with student-created questions on all course topics may have muted assessment of the full impact of the strategy on learning. Although practically difficult in an education environment, further research to assess fully the impact of the student question creation strategy is desirable especially if these confounding factors can be greatly minimized, if not eliminated.

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