Orientador: Alexandre Gori Maia / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T11:00:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Favalli_RicardoTerranova_M.pdf: 1430436 bytes, checksum: 01ba28bd6c369722cc98587168e7c4e4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: A avaliação dos níveis de governança em cooperativas de crédito vem sendo objeto de análise mais criteriosa da regulação de instituições financeiras desde a constituição do "Projeto Governança Cooperativa", projeto estratégico do Banco Central do Brasil - BCB1 - que teve suas atividades iniciadas no ano de 2006. Diversas análises foram conduzidas no âmbito do referido projeto, com o propósito inicial de construir um referencial teórico, que atrelasse os preceitos consagrados de governança corporativa à realidade mais específica do cooperativismo de crédito nacional. A partir da construção de tal referencial teórico, iniciou-se uma segunda fase - de diagnóstico do sistema cooperativista de crédito - quando dentre as atividades realizadas esteve o envio de questionário às cooperativas, demanda que atingiu parcela significativa das instituições, aproximadamente 90% do universo de cooperativas de crédito singulares em atividade no país. A última fase do projeto consistiu na consolidação das "Diretrizes e mecanismos para fortalecimento da governança em cooperativas de crédito" e divulgação aos interessados, o que culminou com a edição do livro "Governança Cooperativa", entre outras ações relacionadas ao objetivo de evolução da governança no cooperativismo de crédito nacional. Apresentada a visão perspectiva do projeto anterior do BCB, o objetivo do presente trabalho é avançar nos estudos do tema. Primeiramente, contextualiza a realidade cooperativista de crédito local, justapondo-a aos estudos teóricos em governança corporativa, para, em seguida, demonstrar e discutir a referência teórica existente sobre governança em cooperativas de crédito. Finalmente, a conclusão é construída no sentido de analisar, estatisticamente, a influência dos níveis de governança detectados em ambientes internos de alta gestão sobre a performance econômica de cooperativas de crédito singulares,. A hipótese subjacente a esta pesquisa é a de que adequadas estruturas de governança ou, em outras palavras, o funcionamento eficaz dos órgãos de alta administração e de controle das instituições, somadas à existência de um ambiente econômico e legal propício ao desenvolvimento destas instituições, devem resultar, ao longo do tempo, em boa performance econômica de tais entidades. Um interesse mais abrangente desta pesquisa é estimular o entendimento da necessidade de evolução do cooperativismo de crédito brasileiro; tal desenvolvimento esperado deve resultar em excelentes frutos para a economia e a sociedade brasileira / Abstract: The evaluation of levels of governance in credit unions has been the subject of more detailed analysis of financial institutions regulation since the establishment of the "Cooperative Governance Project", a strategic project of the Central Bank of Brazil - BCB - which started its activities in 2006. Several tests were conducted under the abovementioned project, with the initial purpose of building a theoretical framework that linked the accepted precepts of corporate governance to the more specific reality of financial cooperatives nationwide. From the construction of such a theoretical framework, a second phase began - the credit union system diagnosis - where among the performed activities one was to send a questionnaire to the cooperatives that reached a significant portion of the institutions, about 90% of the sole credit unions universe in the whole country. The last phase of the project involved the consolidation of the "Guidelines and mechanisms for strengthening governance in credit unions" and dissemination to concerned parties, which culminated with the publication of the book "Cooperative Governance", among other actions related to the purpose of developing the governance of the national credit union. Having presented the perspective view of the previous project from the BCB, the objective of this study is to advance the study of the issue. First, it contextualizes the local credit cooperative scenario, juxtaposing it with the theoretical studies in corporate governance, to then demonstrate and discuss the existing theoretical framework on governance in credit unions. Finally, the conclusion is built in order to analyze, statistically, the influence of the governance levels detected in senior management indoor environments on the economic performance of individual credit cooperatives. The assumption behind this research is that appropriate governance structures or, in other words, the effective functioning of the organs of senior management and control of institutions, together with the existence of a legal and economic environment favorable to the development of these institutions should result, over time, in good economic performance of such entities. A broader interest of this research is to encourage awareness of the need for development of financial cooperatives in Brazil; this development should result in excellent results for the Brazilian economy and society / Mestrado / Política Social / Mestre em Ciências Econômicas

Improving access and building inclusive financial systems is not just a goal but also a necessity for economies at every level of development. Unsecured lending was first introduced with the intention of addressing society's ills yet recent violence experienced at the Marikana mines in Rustenburg aroused the attention of both the general public and government. The impact of unsecured lending on the financial wellbeing of consumers has subsequently been brought under the spotlight. Unsecured lending has taken and will continue to take an increasingly central role in our social, political and economic landscape. This study intended to determine the impact of unsecured lending on the financial wellbeing of consumers and made use of three research hypotheses towards this aim. A survey was used to gather data which was statistically analysed by means of a quantitative research strategy. The findings of the research indicated that those who make use of unsecured lending as a means of accessing finance have a better subjective view of their financial well being than those who do not make use of unsecured lending, further, consumers who make use of multiple unsecured loans have an improved outlook with regard to their financial position than those who do not make use of multiple unsecured loans. / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / pagibs2014 / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / MBA / Unrestricted

Strategic functional management is the approach a functional area takes to achieve corporate- and business unit objectives and strategies by maximizing resource productivity. It is concerned with developing and nurturing a distinctive competence to provide a company or business unit with a competitive advantage (Wheelen, 2002:160). The credit function, with debtors as the largest current asset on the balance sheet, is such a functional area that should be concerned with providing the organisation with a competitive advantage. Although many generic organisational strategic models are available, there is a lack of guidelines on how to mange the credit function strategically. The objective of this research was to develop a framework, which could be used by credit managers as a management tool, to select those aspects of the credit function, which are relevant for an organisational strategic role. In order to achieve this goal, the following sub objectives have been identified in which the framework should enable credit managers to: scan the credit function's external and internal environments to keep in touch with opportunities and threats and to determine strengths and weaknesses, and to formulate, implement and evaluate credit and collection strategies that could contribute to organisational strategic goals. A literature study method was used to collect data to be incorporated in the development of this framework that will serve as basis for the alignment of strategic credit management principles with strategic organisational principles. The focus of the proposed framework was to use and adapt the four basic elements of Wheelen's organisational model (Wheelen, 2002:2) into a more specific model applicable for credit functions. It was concluded that a competitive advantage could be obtained by the use of this proposed strategic credit management framework. Credit managers should be trained on how to use this framework effectively and then ensure that it is implemented, evaluated, monitored and controlled on an ongoing basis. However, the applicability thereof in practice is reserved for future studies. / Prof. A. Boesenkool

The credit grantor needs to make credit appraisals in deciding whether or not to extend credit to a corporation enterprise. The accounting statements (cash flow statement, funds flow statement, income statement and balance sheet) are the usual sources of such information. However, these statements contain different types of information and are capable of various interpretations. This study seeks to establish what types of information are or ought to be contained in these statements which would be of use to credit grantors, to evaluate the relevance and usefulness of such information for making credit decisions, and to suggest such modifications of present statements as appear desirable. The short-term creditor is primarily concerned with short-term solvency. The cash flow statement and the funds flow statement are two sources of information which are relevant. The long-term creditor's principal concern is long-term solvency. Future income flow is particularly indicative of long-term solvency. Present income is an index of the probable future income. The balance sheet is a statement listing the resources available which give rise to future income. Thus, the long-term creditor's primary interest is in the income statement and the balance sheet. His interest in short-term solvency and in the income statement is secondary and only to the extent that long-term solvency becomes irrelevant if an enterprise becomes insolvent in the interim period before payment, of his debt. Each of the terms "cash flow", "funds flow", "income" and "balance sheet" have several interpretations. The relevant accounting statements can each be prepared in various ways according to the interpretation of the respective terms. The information in the statement will vary accordingly. A proposal is made in this study to adopt "cash flow as historical changes in the cash account", "funds flow as the inflow and outflow of total resources or purchasing power", "income as measured according to the current operating concept of income", and "balance sheet as a listing of total resources available". An attempt is made to introduce into the respective statements such modifications as appear particularly relevant to the creditor for decision making. A model for each type of statement, based on the proposed interpretation and incorporating the suggested modifications, is illustrated in the study. / Business, Sauder School of / Graduate

La dette souveraine est un instrument puissant de la politique publique. Avec sa croissance rapide dans les pays développés, d'une part, et le changement fondamental de sa structure dans les pays en développement d'autre part, comprendre les déterminants du risque souverain est devenu un sujet de préoccupation majeur pour les chercheurs et les investisseurs. Cette thèse étudie les aspects du risque de défaut dans les économies avancées et émergentes. La partie théorique présente le risque de défaut souverain. Les principaux résultats montrent que le choix de la devise d'émission représente un aspect important du profil de risque de défaut d'un Etat.Dans la première, une analyse détaillée des défauts souverains en utilisant une nouvelle base de données qui inclut 100 pays observés sur la période 1996-2012 a été conduite. Les résultats montrent que la décision d'un gouvernement de faire défait diffère sensiblement selon la dénomination de la monnaie et du type des détenteurs de la dette publique. La seconde étude a permis d'apporter un nouvel éclairage sur le rating souverain. Elle démontre que les pays dont la dette est en grande partie - ou entièrement - libellée dans leur propre monnaie bénéficient d'un avantage considérable sur les pays qui émettent en devise étrangère. Dans la dernière section empirique, le prix de marché du risque souverain a été exploré. L'étude montre que les facteurs globaux influent sur la rémunération des investisseurs pour la tenue du risque souverain, mais pas le risque lui-même.Les principaux résultats impliquent que toute modélisation du risque de défaut souverain appelle à une distinction entre devise locale et devise étrangère. / Sovereign debt is a powerful instrument of the public policy. With its dramatic increase in the western economies, on the one hand, and the fundamental change of its structure in the emerging markets, on the other, understanding the determinants of the sovereign default risk has became a subject of major concern for both researchers and investors. This dissertation investigates aspects of sovereign default risk in advanced and emerging economies.The theoretical section explores the sovereign default risk. The main results show that the choice of the currency of issue represents an important aspect of the sovereign's risk profile.Three empirical studies have been conducted. In the first, a detailed analysis of the sovereign defaults using a new database which includes 100 countries observed over the period 1966-2012 has been conducted. The results show that sovereigns typically default under different economic and financial conditions depending on the bond's currency denomination and the investor's base.The key contribution of the second research is to assess the importance of the currency of issuance in the rating of sovereign debt. The study demonstrates that countries whose debt is largely - or entirely - denominated in their own currency enjoy a substantial advantage over government issuing debt in foreign currency.The last empirical section explores the market price ofs overeign risk. It arugues that the default probability on sovereign bonds is unrelated to global factors.The main results imply that any sovereign default risk modeling requires a distinction between local currency and foreign currency.

This thesis consists of two essays. Each essay addresses a research problem involving some aspects of uncertainty and financial economics. Essay 1 deals with the general question of whether classical results in risk aversion and portfolio choice based on expected utility hypothesis are robust with respect to recent works in nonlinear utility theories generalizing expected utility. We investigate the implications of an axiomatic generalization called weighted utility theory along with the weaker, but unaxiomatized linear Gateaux utility. We establish the equivalence among three definitions of individual global risk aversion, i.e., in terms of conditional certainty equivalent, mean preserving spread, and conditional risky-asset demand, without any differentiability assumptions about the preference functional. The only requirement is that the preference ordering be complete, transitive, consistent with first-degree stochastic dominance, and continuous in distribution. The equivalence between the first two definitions is also extended to a comparative context. We also identify the necessary and sufficient condition for the single risky asset to be a normal good to a weighted utility maximizer with concave lottery-specific utility functions. Unlike its expected utility counterpart, which depends only on the agent's initial wealth and preferences, this condition also depends on the characteristics of the risky asset. The second essay examines the role of a sequential competitive bidding process in the endogenous determination of interest rates and the corresponding allocation of loans and savings in a widely observed class of informal financial markets called the 'rotating credit association'. Optimal bidding strategies are obtained for individual agents with concave and time-additive utility functions. After deriving some comparative statics and efficiency implications of the individual optimal bidding strategy, we impose further restrictions, including risk neutrality, to obtain a tractable form of a Nash equilibrium bidding strategy. This yields, for each agent, an ex post borrowing, as well as lending, interest rate depending on the history of the realized winning bids, including the one for the period in which he won the auction. Weighted by the Nash equilibrium-induced probability of winning in each period, ex ante borrowing and lending interest rates result. / Business, Sauder School of / Graduate

During the last ten years, there has been a remarkable increase in the number of cases involving incidents of fraud in standby letters of credit. The purpose of this thesis is to examine the effect of fraud on standby letters of credit transactions. This study principally deals with standby letters of credit issued under the 1983 Revision of the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits, drafted by the International Chamber of Commerce, which is a set of internationally recognized rules for documentary credit operations. Due to the international character of letters of credit law, I have adopted a comparative approach that deals with materials from the U.S., Canada, U.K., Germany and Switzerland. This thesis will first show that there are two types of standby letters of credit, which have to be distinguished because they involve different obligations and risks for the parties. A device payable against the beneficiary's simple statement will be described as a "simple statement" standby credit, whereas a device payable against a set of documents will be called a "documentary" standby credit. The thesis will then demonstrate why the treatment of fraud should not be the same for "simple statement" standby credits and "documentary" standby credits. / Law, Peter A. Allard School of / Graduate

Est-il envisageable de reconnaître l’existence d’un droit au crédit ? Dans la première partie de la thèse, il est montré que ce droit est effectivement admissible, parce que la décision du banquier d’octroyer ou non un crédit n’est pas discrétionnaire. Elle fait d’ailleurs d’ores et déjà l’objet d’un contrôle en droit positif, lequel pourrait fort bien être étendu, sans pour autant que la notion de contrat ne soit dénaturée. La seconde partie envisage l’admission du droit du crédit. Sa reconnaissance pourrait s’effectuer indirectement, par l’application des règles de la responsabilité civile. Mais il pourrait aussi bien s’agir d’une reconnaissance directe, sous la forme d’un droit subjectif ou fondamental. La réalisation du droit au crédit pourrait alors être assurée par un service public ou par le canal éventuel d’une obligation de contracter mise à la charge du banquier. En toute hypothèse, le droit au crédit serait limité aux entreprises, sans pouvoir bénéficier aux particuliers. / Is a rigth to credit possible? In the first part of the thesis, we demonstrate that this right is effectively admissible, because the banker’s décision to credit or not is not discretionary. Its decision is already susceptible of control according to our laws and jurisprudence. This control might be extended without any denaturation of the concept of contract. The second part envisages the admission of the right to credit. This admission could be indirectly implemented by our laws of torts. But the right to credit could also be directly recognized as a fundamental right. Its fulfillment might be put into effect by a public service or by an obligation to contract. In any case, the right to credit would be reserved to enterprises. The consummers would be excluded.

Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies (SACCOs) are voluntary associations of people with the common goal of encouraging savings and granting credit to members as a means to their economic improvement. For a long period of time, SACCOs have been seen as a way of ensuring savings and investments, especially by the middle and lower economic classes. In Kenya, these institutions have managed to accumulate funds running into billions of shillings, and many members have benefited from them. However, in the last few years, many of these institutions have experienced serious financial challenges that have led to some of them winding up or becoming dormant, resulting in a loss of funds for members. The primary objective of this study was to determine the factors that influence the financial sustainability of SACCOs in Kenya. The study explored the influence of financial outreach, financial regulation, corporate governance, size and age on financial sustainability. A sample of 166 SACCOs was drawn for the study, and generalised least square technique was used to analyse the data. Empirical findings of the study reveal that financial outreach, as measured by the number of members, exerts a significant influence on financial sustainability. Similarly, financial regulation, SACCOs' governance, SACCOs' size and SACCOs' age were found to exert a significant influence on the financial sustainability of SACCOs. The study has contributed to theory by applying both monetary and non-monetary measures to profitability theory of financial sustainability. While contributing to empirics, the study has delineated the relationship between the study factors and their financial sustainability status (FSS), as well as documenting the FSS of SACCOs in Kenya. In terms of methodology, the study applied the GLS analysis technique. Finally, the study provides useful information to SACCO policy makers and opens avenues for future research, thus contributing to practice. The recommendations of the study provide insights into how to rescue ailing SACCOs in Kenya and ameliorate the existing situation.

No description available.