by Luk Hing Tak. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1994. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 117-121). / ABSTRACT / acknowledgment / CONTENTS / LIST OF CHARTS / LIST OF TABLES / CHAPTERS / Chapter 1. --- introduction / Chapter 2. --- litterature revtew on money. credit and informal finance / Chapter 2.1 --- The Great Depression / Chapter 2.2 --- Money-credit relationship / Chapter 2 3 --- Models in credit-output analysis / Chapter 2.4 --- """Money view"" versus “Credit view´ح to monetary transmission mechanism" / Chapter 2.5 --- informal finance in the developing countries / Chapter 2.6 --- Summary / Chapter 3. --- ftnanciai. DEVELOPMENT in taiwan / Chapter 3.1 --- Current economic profile / Chapter 3.2 --- Monetary reform and other measures / Chapter 3.3 --- Taiwan's dual financial system / Chapter 3.4 --- Money supply and banking system / Chapter 3.5 --- Other financial institutions / Chapter 3.6 --- Summary / Chapter 4. --- "emptrtcal analysis of ""money-output´ح link and ""CREDIT-output"" link" / Chapter 4.1 --- Methodology / Chapter 4.2 --- Transformation and filtering data / Chapter 4.3 --- Causality test procedure / Chapter 4.4 --- Empirical results / Chapter 4.5 --- Summary / Chapter 5. --- SIGNIFICANCE OF UNORGANIZED MONEY MARKET / Chapter 5.1 --- The unorganized money market in Taiwan / Chapter 5.2 --- Empirical results with the inclusion of unorganized money market / Chapter 5.3 --- Financial instruments in the unorganized money market / Chapter 5.4 --- significance of the unorganized financial market / Chapter 5.5 --- Summary / Chapter 6. --- CONCLUSION / Chapter 7. --- BIBLIOGRAPHY

by Hau Ka-hau, Wu Wei-chi. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1994. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 84-[85]). / ABSTRACT --- p.iii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.vii / LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS --- p.ix / LIST OF TABLES --- p.xi / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.xii / Chapter / Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Background Information --- p.1 / Purpose of.the Study --- p.5 / Chapter II. --- METHODOLOGY --- p.6 / General Description of the Experimental Technique --- p.6 / Subjects Used --- p.8 / Simulation Game --- p.8 / Company Interview --- p.9 / Details of the Experiment --- p.9 / Chapter III. --- DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION --- p.13 / Chapter IV. --- COMPANY INTERVIEWS --- p.22 / Interview with Citibank --- p.22 / Interview with American Express --- p.28 / Chapter V. --- IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS --- p.33 / Factors Affecting the Selection of a Credit Card --- p.33 / Benefits of the Bonus Points Programs --- p.35 / Lucky Draw --- p.37 / Discounted Merchandise --- p.39 / Target Marketing --- p.41 / Chapter VI. --- LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY --- p.44 / Chapter VII. --- CONCLUSION --- p.46 / APPENDICES --- p.48 / TABLE --- p.82 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.84

by Choi Ying-Fai. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1987. / Bibliography: leaves 123-124.

by Ho Yiu Hung, Ronald. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1989. / Bibliography: leaf 77.

by Chan Bo Ching. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 65). / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iii / LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS --- p.v / LIST OF TABLES --- p.vi / Chapter / Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1. --- Basic Functions of credit card --- p.1 / Chapter 2. --- Significance and objectives of the study --- p.1 / Chapter 3. --- History of credit card --- p.3 / Chapter 4. --- Operations of credit card --- p.6 / Chapter II. --- METHODOLOGY AND LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.10 / Chapter III. --- THE DEVELOPMENT OF CREDIT CARD MARKET IN HONG KONG --- p.13 / Chapter IV. --- ANALYSIS OF STRATEGIES OF CREDIT CARD BUSINESS --- p.21 / Chapter 1. --- Macroenvironmental Analysis --- p.21 / Chapter 2. --- SWOT Analysis for Hong Kong Credit Card Market --- p.24 / Chapter 3. --- Analysis of Competitive Strategy by Michael Porter's Model --- p.27 / Chapter 4. --- Overall Strategies of Hong Kong Credit Card Operations --- p.36 / Chapter V. --- EMPIRICAL STUDY --- p.44 / Chapter 1. --- Market Leader --- p.44 / Chapter 2. --- Market Challengers --- p.46 / Chapter 3. --- Market Followers --- p.48 / Chapter 4. --- Market New Comers --- p.49 / Chapter 5. --- Withdrawer from International Card Market --- p.49 / Chapter VI. --- CONCLUSION --- p.51 / APPENDIX --- p.55 / Chapter 1. --- International Card Issuing Organizations in Hong Kong --- p.55 / Chapter 2. --- Hong Kong Market Share Analysis --- p.56 / Chapter 3. --- Development of Card Business (Credit and Charge Card) In Hong Kong (Major Milestones) --- p.58 / Chapter 4. --- Table of Dates of Establishing Credit Card Services --- p.62 / Chapter 5. --- Demographic Characteristics of Hong Kong --- p.63 / Chapter 6. --- Competitive Analysis - Hong Kong Market --- p.64 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.65

有實證研究表明，傳統的信貸風險結構模型顯著低估了違約概率以及信貸收益率差。傳統的結構模型有三個可能的問題：1. 因為正態假設，布朗模型在模擬公司資產價值的過程中未能捕捉到極端事件2. 市場微觀結構噪聲扭曲了股票價格所包含信息3. 在到期日前任何時間，標準BS 期權理論方法不足以描述任何破產的可能性。這些問題在過去的文獻中曾分別提及。而在本文中，在不同的信用風險結構模型的基礎上，我們提出了貝葉斯方法去估算公司價值的跳躍擴散過程和微觀結構噪聲。因為企業的資產淨值不能在市場上觀察，本文建議的貝葉斯方法可對隱藏變量和泊松衝擊作出一定的估算，並就後驗分佈進行財務分析。我們應用馬爾可夫鏈蒙特卡羅方法（MCMC）和吉布斯採樣計算每個參數的後驗分佈。以上的做法，允許我們檢查結構性信用風險模型的偏差主要是來自公司價值的分佈、期權理論方法或市場微觀結構噪聲。我們進行模擬研究以確定模型的表現。最後，我們以新興市場的數據實踐我們的模型。 / There is empirical evidence that structural models of credit risk significantly underestimate both the probability of default and credit yield spreads. There are three potential sources of the problems in traditional structural models. First, the Brownian model driving the firm asset value process may fail to capture extreme events because of the normality assumption. Second, the market micro-structure noise in trading may distort the information contained in equity prices within the estimation process. Third, the standard Black and Scholes option-theoretic approach may be inadequate to describe the consequences of bankruptcy at any time before maturity. These potential problems have been handled separately in the literature. In this paper, we propose a Bayesian approach to simultaneously estimate the jump-diffusion firm value process and micro-structure noise from equity prices based on different structural credit risk models. As the firm asset value is not observable but the equity price is, the proposed Bayesian approach is useful in the estimation with hidden variable and Poisson shocks, and produces posterior distributions for financial analysis. We demonstrate the application using the Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method to obtain the posterior distributions of parameters and latent variable. The proposed approach enables us to check whether the bias of the structural credit risk model is mainly caused by the firm value distribution, the option-theoretic method or the micro-structure noise of the market. A simulation study is conducted to ascertain the performance of our model. We also apply our model to the emerging market data. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Chan, Sau Lung. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 62-65). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts also in Chinese. / List of Tables --- p.vii / List of Figures --- p.viii / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 2 --- Background and Intuition --- p.5 / Chapter 2.1 --- Merton Model with Trading Noise --- p.7 / Chapter 2.2 --- Black-Cox Model with Default Barrier --- p.10 / Chapter 2.3 --- Double Exponential Jump Diffusion Model (KJD Model) --- p.11 / Chapter 2.4 --- Equity Value via Laplace Transforms --- p.13 / Chapter 2.5 --- KJD Model with Trading Noises --- p.15 / Chapter 3 --- Bayesian Analysis --- p.17 / Chapter 3.1 --- Gibbs Sampling and Metropolis-Hastings Method --- p.17 / Chapter 3.2 --- Merton Model with Trading Noises (M1) --- p.19 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Prior Distribution for M1 --- p.19 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Posterior Distribution for M1 --- p.20 / Chapter 3.3 --- Merton Model with Default Barrier (M2) --- p.22 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Prior Distribution for M2 --- p.23 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Posterior Distribution for M2 --- p.23 / Chapter 3.4 --- KJD Model with Trading Noises (M3) --- p.25 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Prior Distribution for M3 --- p.26 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Posterior Distribution for M3 --- p.27 / Chapter 3.5 --- KJD Model with Default Barrier (M4) --- p.33 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Prior Distribution for M4 --- p.34 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Posterior Distribution for M4 --- p.35 / Chapter 4 --- Numerical Examples --- p.42 / Chapter 4.1 --- Simulation Analysis --- p.42 / Chapter 4.2 --- Empirical Study --- p.46 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- BEA and DBS, 2003-2004 --- p.46 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- HSBC, 2008-2009 --- p.49 / Chapter 5 --- Conclusion --- p.60 / Bibliography --- p.62

Considerado pela literatura moderna como um dos principais problemas da atualidade e que tende a se agravar no futuro caso não sejam revistas políticas e ações governamentais e da sociedade civil, a escassez alimentar vem ganhando espaço nas discussões da sociedade como um todo. De acordo com as projeções da ONU, para alimentar a população estimada para 2050 (algo em torno de 9,6 bilhões de pessoas) será necessário um crescimento da produção alimentar em 60%. Entretanto, para atingir tal meta há de se avaliar as restrições, como expansão de áreas destinadas à produção de alimentos, falta de espaço físico, solo com baixa fertilidade e fontes escassas de água, investimentos e qualidade dos produtos. Outrossim, é muito importante ter uma visão abrangente do sistema alimentar, levando em consideração todos os agentes que podem contribuir para a solução do problema. Nesse cenário, avalia-se a contribuição de organizações como as cooperativas de crédito, que com seu forte cunho social, tem como objetivo organizar a sociedade para fortalecer-se e assim superar, juntos, os desafios apresentados pelo processo de globalização em que estamos inseridos. Nos últimos anos, pesquisadores e estudiosos têm retratado a evolução e importância do cooperativismo de crédito enquanto impulsionado do desenvolvimento local, embasado pelo princípio do “interesse pela comunidade”, que visa promover avanços sociais e econômicos significativos para seus beneficiários e, por conseguinte, atingir a sustentabilidade das organizações e dos próprios indivíduos. Neste contexto, o crédito rural cooperativo é considerado um dos grandes impulsionadores na produção de alimentos sustentáveis e energia limpa. Para as pequenas comunidades essa modalidade de crédito é uma importante ferramenta para fomento da atividade produtiva e, também, na permanência das famílias no campo. Dessa forma, as cooperativas de crédito, através da contribuição mencionada, desempenham um importante papel na melhoria da qualidade de vida das comunidades onde as mesmas estão inseridas. / Considered by modern literature as one of the major problems today and that tends to worsen in the future if political, governmental and civil society actions are not reviewed, the food shortage has been gaining space in discussions of society as a whole. According to the projections, to feed the estimated population of 2050 (around 9.6 billion people) it will be necessary a 60% increase in food production. However, to achieve this goal there is a need to assess the constraints, such as expansion of food producing areas, lack of physical space, low soil fertility and scarce water sources, investments and quality of products. Furthermore, it is very important to have a comprehensive view of the food system, taking into account all actors that can contribute to the solution of the problem. In this scenario, to evaluate the contribution of organizations such as credit unions, that with your strong social nature, aims to organize the society to strengthen themselves and overcome together the challenges presented by the process of globalization we are in. In recent years, researchers and scholars have portrayed the evolution and importance of the credit cooperatives while local development booster, based on the principle of "community interest", which aims to promote social and economic significant advances for their beneficiaries and, consequently, achieve the sustainability of organizations and individuals themselves. In this context, rural credit cooperative is considered one of the great boosters in sustainable food production and clean energy. For small communities this credit mode is an important tool for promoting productive activity and also the permanence of families in the country side. In this way, credit unions, through the mentioned contribution, play an important role in improving the quality of life of the communities where they are inserted.

Credit unions, original pioneer of self-help financing idea, have become one of the functional components of modern financial sector. During their development, they went through many changes due to the political and economical conditions in Czech Republic. Among others, credit unions have also experienced period of bankruptcies and loss of public trust. However they managed to maintain their unique position as well as the features and for that they deserve our interest. The thesis focuses on the circumstances that affected the credit union sector development. The practical part addresses Fio -- the former credit union. Financial analysis and the process of Fio's transformation from the credit union to the bank is described.

Modelos preditivos têm sido cada vez mais utilizados pelo mercado a fim de auxiliarem as empresas na mitigação de riscos, expansão de carteiras, retenção de clientes, prevenção a fraudes, entre outros objetivos. Entretanto, durante o desenvolvimento destes modelos é comum existirem, dentre as variáveis preditivas, algumas que possuem dados não preenchidos (missings), sendo necessário assim adotar algum procedimento para tratamento destas variáveis. Dado este cenário, este estudo tem o objetivo de discutir metodologias de tratamento de dados faltantes em modelos preditivos, incentivando o uso de algumas delas já conhecidas pelo meio acadêmico, só que não utilizadas pelo mercado. Para isso, este trabalho descreve sete metodologias. Todas elas foram submetidas a uma aplicação empírica utilizando uma base de dados referente ao desenvolvimento de um modelo de Credit Score. Sobre esta base foram desenvolvidos sete modelos (um para cada metodologia descrita) e seus resultados foram avaliados e comparados através de índices de desempenho amplamente utilizados pelo mercado (KS, Gini, ROC e Curva de Aprovação). Nesta aplicação, as técnicas que apresentaram melhor desempenho foram a que tratam os dados faltantes como uma categoria à parte (técnica já utilizada pelo mercado) e a metodologia que consiste em agrupar os dados faltantes na categoria conceitualmente mais semelhante. Já a que apresentou o pior desempenho foi a metodologia que simplesmente não utiliza a variável com dados faltantes, outro procedimento comumente visto no mercado. / Predictive models have been increasingly used by the market in order to assist companies in risk mitigation, portfolio growth, customer retention, fraud prevention, among others. During the model development, however, it is usual to have, among the predictive variables, some who have data not filled in (missing values), thus it is necessary to adopt a procedure to treat these variables. Given this scenario, the aim of this study is to discuss frameworks to deal with missing data in predictive models, encouraging the use of some already known by academia that are still not used by the market. This paper describes seven methods, which were submitted to an empirical application using a Credit Score data set. Each framework described resulted in a predictive model developed and the results were evaluated and compared through a series of widely used performance metrics (KS, Gini, ROC curve, Approval curve). In this application, the frameworks that presented better performance were the ones that treated missing data as a separate category (technique already used by the market) and the framework which consists of grouping the missing data in the category most similar conceptually. The worst performance framework otherwise was the one that simply ignored the variable containing missing values, another procedure commonly used by the market.

Os modelos de credit scoring têm sido bastante difundidos nos últimos anos como uma importante ferramenta para agilizar e tornar mais confiável o processo de concessão de crédito por parte das instituições financeiras. Esses modelos são utilizados para classificar os clientes em relação a seus riscos de inadimplência. Neste trabalho, é avaliada a aplicabilidade de uma nova metodologia, baseada em pseudo-valores, como alternativa para a construção de modelos de credit scoring. O objetivo é compará-la com abordagens tradicionais como a regressão logística e o modelo de riscos proporcionais de Cox. A aplicação prática é feita para dados de operações de crédito pessoal sem consignação, coletados do Sistema de Informações de Crédito do Banco Central do Brasil. As performances dos modelos são comparadas utilizando a estatística de Kolmogorov-Smirnov e a área sob a curva ROC. / Credit Scoring models have become popular in recent years as an important tool in the credit granting process, making it more expedite and reliable. The models are mainly considered to classify customers according to their default risk. In this work we evaluate the apllicability of a new methodology, based on pseudo-values, as an alternative to constructing credit scoring models. The objective is to compare this novel methodology with traditional approaches such as logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards model. The models are applied to a dataset on personal credit data, collected from the Credit Information System of Central Bank of Brazil. The performances of the models are compared via Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistic and the area under ROC curve.