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In almost all nations, credit guarantee is an important system that the government relies on to help small and medium enterprises (SMEs) obtain finance and provide guidance to them. In Taiwan, Small and Medium Enterprise Credit Guarantee Fund (SMEG) is an institution mandated by the government to assist SMEs to obtain necessary funds from financial institutions. Although SMEG is a non-profit organization, its financial status still affects its sustainability. Therefore, this paper modifies the model presented by Merrick (2001) and uses data of loans submitted by a domestic bank to SMEG for credit guarantee to estimate probability of default and recovery rate of credit guaranteed loans. As this model quantifies risk of credit guarantee, it can help SMEG calculate the necessary reserve for prepayment in subrogation. In this increasingly complicated financial environment, quality of risk control determines the prosperity or survival of an organization. The proposed model is a feasible risk evaluation model that credit guarantee institutions can utilize to effectively improve their quality of risk control.

This dissertation studies the effects of credit availability on firm-level outcomes using a new matched employer-employee panel of Chilean firms that also includes firm-bank lending and tax data. In Chapter I, using a natural experiment and a differences in differences approach, I show that firms that experienced a positive credit supply shock during the 2008-09 recession in Chile, exhibit higher labor productivity four years after the shock, even after aggregate demand and credit supply have fully recovered. Chapter II presents evidence consistent with the hypothesis that at least part of the productivity improvement is due to an increased ability of firms with access to credit to adjust labor during the recession. In particular, I find that these firms exhibit larger worker flows and use credit to adjust employment by churning more workers. Chapter III studies a government partial credit guarantee scheme for bank loans to small and medium sized enterprises using a regression discontinuity design around the threshold for eligibility. I show that the program has a large positive causal effect on firms' total borrowing, and the effect is persistent. Moreover, firms that obtain bank loans through this scheme can borrow more from loans not insured by the guarantee, which means that the program has a positive effect on the firms's total borrowing capacity. Finally, the program also helps in the formation of new bank-firm lending relationships.

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Small and Medium Business Credit Guarantee Fund (SMEG) is the sole non-profit credit guarantee providing organization in Taiwan. The mission of the fund is to help small and medium enterprises in need of capital obtain bank loans, and, hopefully, to promote the domestic economy as well as create the empolyment opportunities. In essence the fund facilitates the implementation of public policy. As the business environment is completely changed, the goals of handling fund were shifted from a financial perspective to a business perspective. The demand for the credit guarantee of the bank loan has substantially increased. In order to meet the growing demand, the effective risk management becomes an important issue. This study examines the overdue ratio and the effect of the risk management from the perspectives of enterprises, banks and the macroeconomics. Findings include the following:(a)some certain affiliated trades and some scales of loans are associated with high overdue ratio; (b) lowering the rate of guarantee can reduce the overdue ratio; (c) there is a significant difference between the characters of the bank and the overdue ratio of SMEG; (d) in macroeconomics, the overdue rate of the SMEG are highly related to the economic indicators such as economic growth rate, money supply, heavy discount rate and unemployment rate. The previous indicators can be the reference indicator of the risk management of SMEG.

One of the most important government policies to support and satisfy financing needs for marginal enterprises or special sectors in economic system is to provide credit guarantee. In Taiwan, while Small and Medium Enterprise Credit Guarantee Fund of Taiwan (SMEG) had been established to help small and medium enterprises (SMEs) acquiring bank loans successfully by providing credit guarantee, there is still a need to set up an appropriate credit rating systems for SMEs. This research proposes three kinds of assessment models to the credit risks of SMEG. While Model one employs a firm¡¦s financial performance, substituting debt level and estimated asset value and volatility into the model to derive probability of default (PD). Model two and three utilize a firm¡¦s risk premium observed from the loan rate to estimate credit level. The former belongs to the application of structure-form approach in the credit risk management model, on the other hand, the latter is the reduced-form approach. On the structure-form approach, due to the difficulties in accessing SMEs¡¦ public trade information in Taiwan, we adopt the Private Firm Model developed by Moody's KMV Company. We had also improved this PD evaluation model by taking some peculiar operating characteristics of Taiwan¡¦s SMEs into consideration. On the reduced-form approach, we apply risk-neutral model to estimate a firm¡¦s PD, which then been utilizing to evaluate the expected value of subrogation payment in the case of default. This can further go deeper to calculate the guarantee fee of a loan. The processes used in this model is same as that of actuarial methodology being used to determine the premium of a term insurance. The three credit risk management models proposed in this research are designed to reflect the market information of a SME, and to the applicability of operating in real world case. The empirical results indicate they could adequately reflect the risk levels of the SMEs to a certain extent. We hope to provide the SMEG with a method of evaluating credit risk of SMEs to establish a fairer and more reasonable guarantee fee, and contribute in enhancing and managing credit guarantee mechanism in Taiwan.

Submitted by Marcia Silva (marcia@latec.uff.br) on 2016-07-15T21:20:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert Weniston Ricardo de Andrade Abreu.pdf: 2805462 bytes, checksum: eb480d8391e5f919df73acfb2b4b896d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-15T21:20:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert Weniston Ricardo de Andrade Abreu.pdf: 2805462 bytes, checksum: eb480d8391e5f919df73acfb2b4b896d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-17 / As micro e pequenas empresas representam importantes agentes na economia dos países, sejam eles desenvolvidos ou em desenvolvimento. No entanto, historicamente este segmento apresenta dificuldades para financiar suas atividades, em particular nas fases iniciais de seu ciclo de vida. Países da Europa, América do Norte, América Central e, mais recentemente na América do Sul, desenvolveram esquemas de garantia de crédito de caráter público e/ou privado, como política de apoio ao segmento de micro e pequenas empresas e como uma forma de reduzir as barreiras de acesso a financiamento desses empreendimentos. Esta dissertação tem o objetivo de identificar e analisar quais os fatores críticos de sucesso e como eles influenciam o desempenho e a sustentabilidade do modelo mutualista de garantia de crédito para pequenos negócios no Brasil, baseado nas Sociedades de Garantia de Crédito. O estudo dos sistemas de garantia de crédito internacionais, em particular os modelos de Portugal, Espanha e Chile, somados às teorias sobre modelos de gestão, fundamentaram a base teórica da pesquisa. A metodologia utilizou a abordagem de estudo de caso múltiplo, onde quatro Sociedades de Garantia de Crédito em atividade no Brasil foram as unidades de análise. Os resultados apresentam um conjunto de fatores críticos de sucesso, entre eles se destacam: o apoio político institucional, a formação de sólidas alianças comerciais com instituições financeiras, a necessidade de um marco regulatório para as instituições de garantia solidária e o aprimoramento dos modelos e práticas de gestão dessas instituições. Este trabalho contribui do ponto de vista teórico para ampliar a produção científica e o debate acadêmico sobre os mecanismos de facilitação do acesso a crédito e serviços financeiros para micro e pequenas empresas, bem como as estratégias e modelos de gestão utilizados por instituições mutualistas de garantia de crédito. Do ponto de vista prático, oferece subsídios para a melhoria da gestão e implementação de políticas de apoio que elevem o desempenho organizacional das Sociedades Garantidoras de Crédito no Brasil. / Micro and small enterprises are important agents in the economy of the countries, whether developed or developing nations. However, companies in this sector present historical funding difficulties, particularly in the early stages of their life cycle. European, North America, Central America and, more recently, South American designed credit guarantee schemes, whether private or public, both as a policy of support to the segment of micro and small enterprises and as a way to reduce the barriers those companies have to access financing. This paper aims to identify and analyze which are the critical success factors and how they influence the performance and sustainability of the mutual credit guarantee model for small business in Brazil. The study of international credit guarantee systems, particularly those models of Portugal, Spain and Chile, and the management models theories are the theoretical basis of the research. The methodology used was the multiple case study approach, in which four Credit Guarantee Institutions operating in Brazil were analysed. The results present a set of critical success factors: the institutional political support, the formation of strong business alliances with financial institutions, the need for a regulatory framework and the improvement of models and practices of guarantee institutions management. From a theoretical point of view this work contributes to increasing the scientific production and academic debate on the mechanisms for facilitating access to credit and financial services for micro and small businesses as well as the strategies and management models used by mutual credit guarantee institutions. From a practical point of view, it provides grants to management improvements and also to implement policies support that increase organizational performance of brazilian mutual credit guarantee institutions.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:33:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Otmar Plec.pdf: 1699195 bytes, checksum: 19cc33a2e51e7d92a59fc89a6c06842a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-08 / Work carried out on a empirical research on the difficulties of Micro and Small Company in obtaining credit from the financial market and the establishment of a Credit Guarantee Organization in the Western Region of Paraná as a tool for facilitating access to credit from bank. The object of study is the Micro, Small and Medium Company- MSME and Financial Institutions of the Western Region of Paraná. Where 1250 questionnaires were analyzed of a total population of 48,350 companies and 23 financial institutions. The dissertation aims to contribute to the advancement of knowledge of the difficulties surrounding the MSMEs from the region and diagnose if the lack of guarantees and the asymmetry of information are inhibiting factors on getting resources from the banks. The conclusion of this study contributes to the academy to examine the feasibility of this new tool in helping the development of the region than in other countries has been highlighted as a facilitator and supporter of the SMEs as a transforming force in society and that has been fostered by SEBRAE together with various entities. / O Trabalho realiza uma investigação empírica sobre as dificuldades da Micro e da Pequena Empresa na obtenção do crédito junto ao mercado financeiro e sobre a implantação de uma Sociedade de Garantia de Crédito na Região Oeste do Paraná como ferramenta facilitadora de acesso ao crédito junto aos bancos. O objeto de estudo será a Micro, a Pequena e a Média Empresa (MPME) e as instituições financeiras da Região Oeste do Paraná. Foram analisados 1250 questionários aplicados a empresas da Região de uma população total de 48.350 empresas e 23 instituições financeiras. A dissertação tem como objetivo contribuir para o avanço do conhecimento das dificuldades que cercam as MPMEs e diagnosticar se a falta de garantias e a assimetria de informação são fatores inibidores na tomada de recursos junto aos bancos na região Oeste do Paraná. A conclusão deste estudo contribui para a academia no sentido de examinar a viabilidade desta nova ferramenta na ajuda do desenvolvimento da região, ferramenta que, em outros países, tem tido destaque como facilitadora e apoiadora das MPMEs como força transformadora da sociedade e que vem sendo fomentada pelo SEBRAE num trabalho conjunto com diversas entidades.

新經濟體系的來臨，以技術為基礎的新創科技公司如雨後春筍般的出現，這些新創科技公司的價值已非過去龐大的有形資產，取而代之的是無形資產，如專利權、商標權、著作權、授權契約或公司的研發團隊等，然而傳統的財務報表係儘反映公司過去的財務狀況和經營成果，對於自行研發而非外購的智慧財產權，卻無法認列在財務報表上，使得公司的價值被嚴重低估，有潛力的公司無法獲得所需資金而功敗垂成，十分可惜。 本研究係以實際經營管理的觀點切入，探討以智慧財產權做為融資擔保標的時所會遭遇到的困難為何？再經由所得知的實際困難找出智慧財產權融資所需營運機制和可行之營運模式。 由於智慧財產權融資大部份的風險都處於資金供給方，因此融資可行與否大致上都決定於資金供給者必須在那些條件具備的情況下才願意接受以智慧財產權做擔保的融資模式，因此本研究主要探討的問題從資金供給者的角度出發，主要研究的資金供給對象為國內銀行和創業投資公司。 透過次級文獻蒐集、集體焦點訪談、個別訪談和郵寄問卷等方法得到主要發現如下： 一、國外智慧財產權融資尚在起步階段，且西方國家與東方國家有關智慧財產權的營運模式皆不盡相同。 二、國內缺乏智慧財產權融資實際個案，雖然有關智慧財產權融資擔保有其基本法源可茲適用，但相關配套法規欠缺。 三、國內創業投資公司多以整體性評估新創科技公司，除少數新創科技公司（如生物科技公司）外，智慧財產並非單一關鍵性考量因素。 四、智慧財產權融資模式對創業投資公司有其間接性影響，其中有關鑑價機制和技術交易市場為創業投資公司所關切重點。 五、國內傳統銀行以利差為主要獲利來源之營運特性使智慧財產權融資高風險之融資形式不易為銀行所接受。 六、銀行本身缺乏智慧財產權鑑價能力和管理能力，此為銀行承做智慧財產權融資首要解決之務。 七、銀行傾向以政府保證的方式來進行智慧財產權融資，以降低本身所承擔風險。 八、以目前整體的環境而言，智慧財產權融資在智慧財產權觀念上、鑑價機制、管理能力、交易市場和法令規範等方面有著許多實行上的困難有待解決。 由以上可知智慧財產權融資以目前各方面的環境而言具有高風險性，其可行性的營運模式建議分為短期和長期來看： 一、初期營運模式： 1、初期政府可用保證基金的形式來分散資金供給者的風險。 2、初期可先透過國外的鑑價機制和交易市場來進行。 二、遠期營運模式： 建立具有國際化的鑑價機構和交易市場，根據「契約自由化」原則，只要交易雙方對於契約內容達成一致性的決議，則交易即可完成，以促進自由市場高流動性的運作。 關鍵字：智慧財產權融資、新創科技公司、創業投資公司、銀行、鑑價機制、技術交易市場、信用保證基金、關鍵要素。 / By the coming of the new economy, high-tech start-ups are mushrooming like bamboo shoots after a spring rain. The value of high-tech start-ups does not base on hard assets, but of their principal assets. The principal assets contain both the intangible assets and intellectual property right (IPR), such as patent, trademark, copyright, license contract as well as R&D team. However, traditional financial statements record only the past financial profile and operating results of companies. They've invested large amount of money on R&D, and therefore, to obtain the IPR. But the right obtained can not be shown on the financial statements. As a result, a large number of high-tech start-ups are underestimated, and unfortunately, most of the potential high-tech start-ups were not able to survive due to the inability to find the fund needed. From the view of the practical operating management, this study discusses problems that should be confronted when operating the financing IPR. Moreover, according to the problems found, the study anticipates by offering the operating mechanism and feasible business models for financing IPR. As we know, the majority of risk lies in the fund suppliers when financing IPR, so mostly the feasibility of financing IPR depends on fund suppliers that will receive IPR as collateral under a certain number requirements possessed. Thus, the study will then offer suggestions mainly in terms of fund suppliers, and the focus will be on domestic banks and venture capitalists. Based on the literature review, group focus interview, individuall interview, posted survey and so on are conducted for the study. Some of insights are derived as bellow: 1. For overseas countries, the financing IPR is just at the beginning period. There are differences in the business models of financing IPR between western countries and eastern countries. 2. There are few real cases about financing IPR in Taiwan although there are some basic laws to apply for financing IPR. Nevertheless, more related regulations are needed. 3. Most of the venture capitalists evaluate high-tech start-ups in an overall way. Hence, excluding a small numbers of high-tech start-ups such as bio-tech companies, IPR is not the only key evaluation factor. 4. The model of financing IPR has an indirect influence to venture capitalists. They emphasize more on the valuation mechanism and the technology marketplace. 5. The profit of traditional banks in Taiwan comes from the interest. From the conservative operating system, these banks are hard to accept the financing IPR that is with high risk. 6. The domestic banks are in short of the IPR valuation and IPR management capabilities. Thus, these problems should first be solved, and then the financing IPR will be able to be taken into action. 7. The domestic banks are in favor of reducing risk by getting guarantee from the government. 8. In terms of the whole financial environment in Taiwan, there are lots of difficulties in the concepts of IPR, valuation mechanism, management capability, technology marketplace, laws and decrees and so forth to be confronted. Above all, financing IPR has high risk in Taiwan at the moment. Therefore, this paper recommends that feasible business models of financing IPR should be divided as follow: 1. Short-run business model: (1) Diversify the risk of the fund suppliers from the guarantee fund offered by the government. (2) Finance IPR by foreign valuation mechanism and technology marketplace. 2. Long-run business model: First, more efforts should be put to set up our own international valuation institutions and technology marketplace. Second, the financing IPR should be taken by contract liberalization principle in compliance with the mechanism of the free market. When both sides agree to the contract, then the deal will be done. By doing so,the IPR financing will be highly promoted at the same time. Key words: Financing IPR, High-tech Start-ups, Venture Capitalists, Domestic Banks, Valuation Mechanism, Technology Marketplace, Credit Guarantee Fund, Key factors.