This diploma thesis in the first part discusses the importance of export, and especially its support from the goverment. There is characterized credit risk and the possibility of insurance. The theoretical part introduce an international agreement concluded OECD Consensus, which sets the rules for export credit insurance with the support. The practical part is devoted to an analysis of the insurance company EGAP in the years 2007 - 2009. Insurance contracts are analyzed according to the insurance product and territories. In conclusion there is a recommended procedure for the exporter in arranging insurance.

In China Steel Corporation(CSC) of Taiwan, cash and local L/C were the only two methods for shipping payment for the past 30 years. This didn¡¦t change until year 2001 when a financial crisis in Taiwan resulted in inadquatecy of credit line within Taiwanese domestic steel companies. Many companies were faced with the credit problems for procuring materials. Thus, CSC decided to develop an e-factoring system with the state-of-art e-commerce technologies to help its customers overcoming the problems. In this research, a study was conducted to investiage this e-factoring system. The results indicated that CSC¡¦s e-factoring system not only created a new operating model but also became a successful strategic information system. IT was an innovation that was fully integrated with CSC¡¦s ERP system and work flows. It provided an convenient payment method to secure customers transaction in the business activity growing period and played the role of IT as to provide a secure and convenient trading platform. Finally, the e-factoring system was expanding under the protection of government laws. Thus, we conclude that CSC¡¦s e-factoring system was a success because its development began with a specific focus of resolving specific customers¡¦ problem but later transits into a successful strategic information system through its convenience and effeciency in supporting and retaining target customers.

Thesis (MDF)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / Small and medium enterprises are recognised around the world as very important to a country’s economic wellbeing. In developing countries, small and medium-sized businesses are seen as effective vehicles that can quickly deliver much needed economic development, increased employment, wealth creation and, ultimately, reduction in the poverty levels. However, these businesses fail to deliver the much-touted economic and social-welfare benefits. This failure is attributed to the many challenges that small and medium enterprises face, among which is a critical lack of access to bank financing. Credit-guarantee schemes in sub-Saharan Africa have over the past decades become a preferred intervention to try and get more bank financing flowing to small and medium enterprises. In 2009, the Government of Zambia implemented the National Credit Guarantee Fund as its intervention measure to unlock constrained bank credit to the country’s small and medium enterprises. Experience with credit-guarantee schemes in sub-Saharan Africa, including Zambia, has been rather disappointing. This study therefore aimed to review the Zambia National Credit Guarantee Fund with respect to its operational design, implementation and usage, evaluating the extent to which the design and implementation met international best practice. The study also sought to find out whether the design of the scheme sufficiently considered the local context of small- and medium-enterprise financing and whether it was attractive enough for the local commercial banks in Zambia. Using an extensive literature review, survey questionnaires sent to all commercial banks registered in Zambia as well as structured interviews of senior banking and government officials, the study found that, despite the Zambian credit-guarantee scheme having proper and adequate design that conformed to international best practice, it was unable to attract the needed participation of the local commercial banks. We conclude that, while proper and adequate designs of credit-guarantee schemes are important in the success of the schemes, this by itself will not attract the participation of commercial banks in an economy like Zambia’s. We infer from the results of the study that certain other interventions, such as the improvement of the financial- and business-management capabilities of small- and medium-enterprise management, must be put in place before mechanisms such as welldesigned credit-guarantee schemes can be expected to achieve their intended aim.

The main goal of thesis is to give explanation of credit insurance process. Theoretical unit describes potential risks in the international and domestic trade and instruments by which these risks can be eliminated or reduced. The practical part is focus on the service of credit insurance as an effective tool to ensure against the risk. On the case study is calculated by using Net Present Value dependence on the size of discount rate, size of insured loss and date of insurance claim. In the final part of the thesis author take a think of what extent are credit insurance companies responsible for the deepening of economic recession.

"Incorporates a part of my doctoral dissertation submitted to and approved by the University of London."--Pref. / Bibliography: p. 347-352.

The diploma thesis deals with the export credit insurance as one of the possible instruments for covering business risks in international trade. Furthermore, it indicates its basic forms and also focuses on the international rules, which regulate the providing of export credit insurance. The main stress is laid on the development of export credit insurance with state support in a time of global financial and economic crisis. The thesis offers a view of the specific anti-crisis measures of some selected export credit agencies and their impact on the international trade development.

Thesis (MDF (Development Finance))--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are regarded as core drivers of private sector development in many countries. By their nature, SMEs encounter enormous problems, ranging from usage of appropriate technology, access to raw materials, lack of skills, etc. However, access to finance is frequently cited as the most prominent problem facing the SMEs. Access to finance is defined as the easiness to access credit from financial institutions and the costs associated with accessing credit from such institutions. This study focuses on credit guarantee schemes as one of financial instruments commonly used to encourage banks to provide credit to small businesses and first time borrowers. Specifically, we review the performance of the two schemes initiated by the Government of Lesotho through assistance of the donor community. The first scheme (Comprehensive Export Finance Scheme) was administered by the Central Bank of Lesotho through Lesotho National Development Cooperation between 1988 and 1996. The second scheme (Facility for small-scale financing scheme) was funded by United Nation Capital Development Fund, United Nations Development Programme and Lesotho Government. The latter was operated by Basotho Enterprise Development Corporation (BEDCO), Women in Business and Lesotho Council of Non Governmental Organisations (NGOs) between 1992 and 1997. We analyse the performance of these schemes in relation to their diversification and outreach objectives. We also compare these schemes in terms of the design features and operational issues as per global best practices. Further, some of the factors that affected effectiveness of the two schemes under consideration and the overall financial intermediation process in Lesotho are outlined. One of the findings of this study is that generally the two schemes failed to achieve the intended objectives as a result of a number of problems. Apart from the deficiencies of the scheme itself, problems in the business and financial sector affected the performance of these schemes. A striking common feature of these schemes is that they concentrated in few sectors. We also observed a general negligence by the banks in relation to screening and monitoring as a result of low risk exposure. In retaliation of poor due diligence by the banks, and a resultant high default rate by borrowers, guarantors repudiated claims and this led to the eventual erosion of the credibility of the schemes, and ultimate deterioration of guarantor lender relationships. From the findings, we have concluded that the schemes should be designed and be operated according to global best practices. For example, risk exposure should be shared in such a way that all the three parties, that is guarantor, lenders and borrowers, are exposed to some degree of risk. At the same time, where defaults occur, we recommend a speedy processing of claims by the guarantor, and that loan loss recovery activities are continued even when claims have been paid. We also make some recommendation in respect of the financial sector and business sector respectively. For the financial sector the recommendations include the establishment of credit bureaus and a National Identification System so that financial institutions can isolate good clients and price products accordingly. In respect of the business sector, key recommendations include the improvement of basic infrastructure, decentralisation of key support services to the districts, linking smaller entrepreneurs with large foreign firms, and increasing vocational and technical training in Lesotho. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Kleinsake word in baie lande as die vernaamste dryfkrag van groei in die privaatsektor beskou. Vanwee hulle aard ondervind kleinsake egter 'n wye reeks probleme, wat strek van die benutting van gepaste tegnologiee en die toegang tot natuurlike hulpbronne tot die beskikbaarheid van die regte vaardighede. Toegang tot finansiering word dikwels as die mees belangrike probleem van klein sake beskou. Dit word gesien as die toeganklikheid van finansiele instellings vir krediet aan kleinsake en die koste van sodanige finansiering. Hierdie studie plaas die klem op kredietwaarborgskemas as een van die finansiele instsrumente om banke aan te moedig om krediet aan kleinsake en sakebeginners toe te staan. Binne die konteks van Lesotho kyk ons na twee sodanige skemas, geinisieer deur die regering van Lesotho, in samewerking met buitelandse donateurs. Die eerste skema (die "Comprehensive Export Finance Scheme") is gedurende die jare 1988 en 1996 deur die Central Bank of Lesotho geadministreer, in samewerking met die Lesotho National Development Corporation. Die tweede skema (die "Faculty for Small-Scale financing") is geborg deur die UN Capital Development Fund, die UNDP en die regering van Lesotho. Dit is geadministreer deur die Basotho Enterprise Development Corporation (BEDCO), "Women in Business" en die Lesotho Council of NGOs en was aktief gedurende die jare 1992 en 1997. Die studie ontleed die werking van kredietwetskemas met die oog veral op hul dekkingswydte en trefkrag. Daar word ook gekyk na die aard en operasionele besonderhede van die skemas, teen die agtergrond van wereldwye praktyke. Ten derde word gekyk hoe die skemas ingepas het by die breer finansiele proses van Lesotho. Die studie toon dat albei skemas, vanwee 'n hele reeks faktore, in hul oogmerke gefaal het. Afgesien van 'n reeks tekortkominge van die twee skemas self het probleme in die sakemilieu en die finansiele sektor hul werking nadelig beinvloed. Een van die tekortkominge van die skemas was 'n te eng fokus op slegs enkele sektore. Daar was ook 'n gebrek aan deeglike voorondersoeke en monitereing, o.a. as gevolg van 'n lae risikoblootstelling aan die kant van die banke. Een van die gevolge van die beperkte aandag van banke en die hoe mislukkingskoers van kleinsake was 'n toenemende onbereidwilligheid van die skemas om eise te erken. Dit weer het die geloofwaardigheid van die skemas in gevaar gestel en verhoudings tussen die uitleners (banke) en waarborgvoorsieners vertroebel. Die ondersoeke kom tot die slotsom dat die skemas volgens die beginsels van internasionale skemas van die soort hersien behoort te word. Dit sluit in die behoorlike deling van risikos (tussen lener, uitlener en waarborgverskaffer). Dit behoort ook 'n spoediger afhandeling van eise in te sluit. Die studie maak ook enkele voorstelle gerig op die wyer finansiele en sakesektor van Lesotho, soos bv. die noodsaaklikheid van "kredietburo's" en 'n nasionale identifikasiestelsel. Op 'n nog wyer vlak word verwys na die belangrikheid van 'n beter kommunikasie-infrastsruktuur, die desentralisasie van ondersteuningsdienste, nouer skakeling tussen klein sake en groter ondernemings asook beter tegniese- en sakeopleiding.

Les révolutions industrielles ont été caractérisées par un rôle des banques joué en premier via le capital circulant, plus que via le financement du capital fixe. Le poids du commerce extérieur dans l’économie Britannique du dix-neuvième siècle pose la question de l’importance d’une catégorie de crédits, les crédits à l’exportation. Le dix-neuvième a vu la croissance des financements des exportations par prêts, ces prêts rencontrant l’engouement aussi bien des banques que des entreprises. A partir de la mi-dix-neuvième siècle, le role historiquement joué par l’escompte connait un déclin relatif, concrétisé par un financement des exportations par prêts devenant dominant dans l’actif des banques. La prolifération des banques, malgré les crises récurrentes, et la concurrence interbancaire qui en a découlé, ont joué dans le sens d’une réduction du rationnement au niveau du financement des exportations. La pression sur le rationnement est d’autant plus notable que les structures de l’assurance-crédit à l’exportation n’ont commencé à s’affirmer qu’en fin de dix-neuvième siècle, et n’ont commencé à bénéficier du soutien de l’Etat qu’après la première guerre mondiale. Malgré cela, les marchés proches des pays d’Europe continentale ont été dépassés en direction des marchés géographiquement éloignés, en principe caractérisés par un niveau de risque plus élevé. L’interaction entre l’élargissement des débouchés à l’exportation et la croissance de la production a bénéficié de l’appui d’une offre de crédits à l’exportation relativement peu sensible au risque. D’où la possibilité de parler de révolutions industrielle, financière, et commerciale. Du point de vue institutionnel, si l’Etat a essentiellement agi dans le sens de l’élargissement de l’accès aux marchés pour les exportations Britanniques, la banque d’Angleterre a, pour sa part, rempli le rôle vital de préteur ultime, permettant de maintenir le flux de financement en direction des entreprises, via le refinancement des banques. / The industrial revolutions were characterized by a role of banks played mainly via the circulating capital, rather than via the financing of fixed capital. The weight of the foreign trade in the nineteenth century British economy raises the question of the importance of a category of credits, the export credits. The nineteenth century saw the growth of loan-financed exports, these loans meeting the craze of banks as well as that of companies. From the mid-nineteenth century, the role historically played by the discount witnessed a relative decline, concretized by a financing of the exports by loans which became dominant among bank activities. The proliferation of banks, in spite of the recurring crises and the interbank competition which ensued from it, resulted in a reduction of the rationing at the level of exports financing. The pressure on the rationing is more considerable than the structures of export credit-insurance began to assert themselves only at the end of nineteenth century, and began to benefit from state support only after World War I. Nevertheless, markets close to countries of continental Europe were exceeded in the direction of geographically remote markets, usually characterized by a level of higher risk. The interaction between export outlets extension and production growth benefited from the support of an export credits offer relatively less risk sensitive. Hence the possibility to speak about industrial, financial and commercial revolutions. From an institutional point of view, if the state has essentially acted in favor of the extension of access to markets for the British exports, the Bank Of England has played, for its part, the vital role of ultimate lender, allowing to maintain the flow of financing in the direction of companies, via the refinancing of banks.

Legal Regulation of Activities of the Export Guarantee and Insurance Corporation The subject of this thesis is an analysis of regulatory instruments which affect the working of the Export Guarantee and Insurance Corporation (abbreviated as EGAP in Czech). While the main point of focus are the legal instruments, non-legal tools needed to be considered as well for a full understanding of the topic. The first chapter covers the historical development of the corporation and its importance for the economy of the Czech Republic. Other institutions supporting export are also mentioned in short - the Czech Export Bank and the CzechTrade agency. In the second chapter I analyse relevant legislation of the Czech Republic and the European Union and international agreements as well. The next chapter consists of a description of insurance products in EGAP portfolio and their comparison. In the fourth chapter, I first outline the export policy of the Czech government and I follow to explain the means of financing the corporation and the capital requirements that are put on it. The topic of insurance operated on a commercial basis is covered, albeit briefly. This is handled by a subsidiary company of EGAP. The process of providing insurance with state support has been changed recently, with measures aiming to...

The first chapter summarises basic characteristics of the export credit insurance, particularly focusing on the export credit insurance with state support. The second chapter summarises the issue of export credit insurance as a tool of export-oriented politics. The third one describes international organisations and international regulations affecting export credit insurance with state support. Tha last chapter summarises developement of export credit insurance from the beginning to the present time including contemporary economic crisis.