Resumo: O escopo do presente trabalho foi analisar e descrever novos táxons de Grylloidea (Orthoptera, Ensifera) da região de Foz do Iguaçu-PR, mais especificamente do Parque Nacional do Iguaçu e da mata ciliar do Rio Mathias Almada. O material analisado foi obtido a partir de coletas realizadas no âmbito de dois projetos de pesquisa desenvolvidos no referido parque entre 2005 e 2008, além de outras na mata do Rio Mathias Almada entre 2002 e 2005. Para tanto, diversos métodos de coletas, tanto ativas quanto passivas, foram utilizados. Doze espécies novas foram descritas, de doze gêneros, pertencentes às famílias Eneopteridae (Tafaliscinae, Tafaliscini & Tafaliscinae, Neometrypini), Phalangopsidae (Phalangopsinae, Neoaclini & Luzarinae, grupos B e C), Podoscirtidae (Hapithinae Neomorphini) e Trigonidiidae (Nemobiinae Nemobiini & Pteronemobiini). Um novo gênero, Taroba (Podoscirtidae, Hapithinae, Neomorphini) foi descrito. As novas espécies são: 1 - Taroba elephantina; 2 - Neometrypus fuscocephalus; 3 - Tafalisca paranaensis; 4 - Ectecous thelythocous; 5 - Eidmanacris ituporanga; 6 - Endecous zefai; 7 - Laranda cataractarum; 8 - Lerneca campestris; 9 - Vanzoliniella almadensis; 10 - Neomorpha meridionalis; 11 - Amanayara naipi; 12 - Zucchiella iguassuensis. Juntamente com as descrições são apresentadas pranchas com caracteres diagnósticos de todos os novos táxons, assim como figuras comparando os mesmos com táxons proximamente relacionados. O material coletado nas duas localidades compunha-se, quase que inteiramente, de novas espécies. Isto se deve à escassez de estudos faunísticos na região do Parque Nacional do Iguaçu, o que reflete a precariedade do conhecimento de toda a fauna de grilos da região Neotropical / Abstract: The aim of the present work was to analyze and describe new taxa of Grylloidea (Orthoptera, Ensifera) from Foz do Iguaçu area, more specifically, from the Iguaçu National Park and a riparian forest along Mathias Almada River. The material analyzed was obtained from two scientific projects developed at Iguaçu National Park from 2005 to 2008, and collectings along side Mathias Almada River from 2002 to 2005. Several collecting methods, both active and passives, were employed. One new genus, Taroba (Podoscirtidae, Hapithinae, Neomorphini) and twelve new species belonging to the following families were described: Eneopteridae (Tafaliscinae: Tafaliscini & Neometrypini), Phalangopsidae (Phalangopsinae, Neoaclini & Luzarinae, groups B e C), Podoscirtidae (Hapithinae, Neomorphini) and Trigonidiidae (Nemobiinae: Nemobiini & Pteronemobiini). The new species are: 1 - Taroba elephantina; 2 - Neometrypus fuscocephalus; 3 - Tafalisca paranaensis; 4 - Ectecous thelythocous; 5 - Eidmanacris ituporanga; 6 - Endecous zefai; 7 - Laranda cataractarum; 8 - Lerneca campestris; 9 - Vanzoliniella aquita; 10 - Neomorpha meridionalis; 11 - Amanayara naipi; 12 - Zucchiella iguassuensis. Plates with diagnostic characters of all new taxa as well as illustrations comparing them to closely related ones were provided. The great majority of the material obtained from both localities belongs to new species, which points to the scarcity of faunistic studies in the area, which reflects the precarious state of knowledge of the cricket fauna from the neotropics as a whole / Orientador: Ricardo Cardoso Benine / Coorientador: Francisco de Assis / Banca: Edison Zefa / Banca: Carmen Silvia Fontanelli Cristofoletti / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-03-02Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:39:55Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 dias_pgb_me_botib.pdf: 14287971 bytes, checksum: 033f577c35715b075ecb5ff761584299 (MD5) / O escopo do presente trabalho foi analisar e descrever novos táxons de Grylloidea (Orthoptera, Ensifera) da região de Foz do Iguaçu-PR, mais especificamente do Parque Nacional do Iguaçu e da mata ciliar do Rio Mathias Almada. O material analisado foi obtido a partir de coletas realizadas no âmbito de dois projetos de pesquisa desenvolvidos no referido parque entre 2005 e 2008, além de outras na mata do Rio Mathias Almada entre 2002 e 2005. Para tanto, diversos métodos de coletas, tanto ativas quanto passivas, foram utilizados. Doze espécies novas foram descritas, de doze gêneros, pertencentes às famílias Eneopteridae (Tafaliscinae, Tafaliscini & Tafaliscinae, Neometrypini), Phalangopsidae (Phalangopsinae, Neoaclini & Luzarinae, grupos B e C), Podoscirtidae (Hapithinae Neomorphini) e Trigonidiidae (Nemobiinae Nemobiini & Pteronemobiini). Um novo gênero, Taroba (Podoscirtidae, Hapithinae, Neomorphini) foi descrito. As novas espécies são: 1 – Taroba elephantina; 2 – Neometrypus fuscocephalus; 3 – Tafalisca paranaensis; 4 – Ectecous thelythocous; 5 – Eidmanacris ituporanga; 6 – Endecous zefai; 7 – Laranda cataractarum; 8 – Lerneca campestris; 9 – Vanzoliniella almadensis; 10 – Neomorpha meridionalis; 11 – Amanayara naipi; 12 – Zucchiella iguassuensis. Juntamente com as descrições são apresentadas pranchas com caracteres diagnósticos de todos os novos táxons, assim como figuras comparando os mesmos com táxons proximamente relacionados. O material coletado nas duas localidades compunha-se, quase que inteiramente, de novas espécies. Isto se deve à escassez de estudos faunísticos na região do Parque Nacional do Iguaçu, o que reflete a precariedade do conhecimento de toda a fauna de grilos da região Neotropical / The aim of the present work was to analyze and describe new taxa of Grylloidea (Orthoptera, Ensifera) from Foz do Iguaçu area, more specifically, from the Iguaçu National Park and a riparian forest along Mathias Almada River. The material analyzed was obtained from two scientific projects developed at Iguaçu National Park from 2005 to 2008, and collectings along side Mathias Almada River from 2002 to 2005. Several collecting methods, both active and passives, were employed. One new genus, Taroba (Podoscirtidae, Hapithinae, Neomorphini) and twelve new species belonging to the following families were described: Eneopteridae (Tafaliscinae: Tafaliscini & Neometrypini), Phalangopsidae (Phalangopsinae, Neoaclini & Luzarinae, groups B e C), Podoscirtidae (Hapithinae, Neomorphini) and Trigonidiidae (Nemobiinae: Nemobiini & Pteronemobiini). The new species are: 1 – Taroba elephantina; 2 – Neometrypus fuscocephalus; 3 – Tafalisca paranaensis; 4 – Ectecous thelythocous; 5 – Eidmanacris ituporanga; 6 – Endecous zefai; 7 – Laranda cataractarum; 8 – Lerneca campestris; 9 – Vanzoliniella aquita; 10 – Neomorpha meridionalis; 11 – Amanayara naipi; 12 – Zucchiella iguassuensis. Plates with diagnostic characters of all new taxa as well as illustrations comparing them to closely related ones were provided. The great majority of the material obtained from both localities belongs to new species, which points to the scarcity of faunistic studies in the area, which reflects the precarious state of knowledge of the cricket fauna from the neotropics as a whole

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Please read the abstract in the section 00front of this document / Dissertation (MSc (Entomology))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Zoology and Entomology / unrestricted

Among the different sensory modalities that play a role in sexual selection, acoustic communication plays an important one. Acoustic communication has been known to be used for male-male competition (territory maintenance, male aggression during mating),for advertisement to the opposite sex (mating status, body condition, genetic quality, nutritional status) and used by females to sample and choose conspecific preferred males. The use of acoustic communication for sexual display and information exchange has been extensively studied in multiple taxa, including insects, anurans, birds and mammals. Among insects, crickets have proven to be good model systems to study sexual selection based on acoustic communication as most species have an elaborate acoustic communication system, male advertisements, diverse types of mating incentives for females (such as glandular feeding) and a female dominated mating system. Generally, in crickets males produce species-specific calls which are used by females to localize conspecific males. Besides, calls show high levels of intraspecific variation and are energetically costly to produce. Moreover, as in crickets predominantly the females show phonotaxis towards male calls, calls also can play a role in mate sampling and choice by acting as indicators of preferred male quality. Despite being studied for many decades there are certain gaps in the studies examining mate choice in crickets. Some of them are, lack of understanding of the variation of male calling traits in nature and its role in signal evolution, lack of understanding regarding the ecological context of mate sampling and the evolution of alternative mating strategies. Hence, the tree cricket Oecanthus henryi was chosen as a study system to address these gaps in the understanding of female choice based on acoustic signals. In the tree cricket Oecanthus henryi, males call and females use calls to localize conspecific males and hence potentially females can choose males based on acoustic cues. To understand the evolution of female preference for male acoustic cues it is important to understand the variation in the calling songs in the field and identify repeatable call features that are reliable indicators of preferred male traits (morphological, developmental or genetic). I measured repeatability of male call traits in the field to understand their variation, reliability and consistency. Carrier frequency was the only call trait that was highly repeatable and hence was reliable and consistent. Following this I examined whether any of these call traits were indicators of male morphological traits (such as male size and fluctuating asymmetry) which are known to be preferred by females. It was found that carrier frequency was negatively correlated with body size; hence carrier frequency was both reliable and indicated male size. I also found that females preferred larger males during mating, as revealed by the longer mating durations and longer spermatophore retention time. Interestingly, though this study indicated that females could in principle use lower call carrier frequency to localize preferred larger males, simultaneous choice experiments done in the laboratory revealed that the females do not use this cue. These contrasting results may be because females are incapable of discriminating small differences in frequency or because they use non-acoustic cues for mate choice. However, whichever cues the females use to discriminate between males in the laboratory conditions, often these preferences are not realized in the field. The main reason behind this is that searching for preferred mates in the field can be costly and this might force females to choose sub-optimal males. Theoretical models predict that male movement and spacing in the field should influence female sampling tactics and in turn, females should drive the evolution of male movement and spacing to sample them optimally. Moreover, simultaneous sampling of males using the best-of-n or comparative Bayes strategy should yield maximum mating benefits to females. Many of the theoretical mate sampling strategies involves recall of the quality and location of individual males, which in turn requires male positions to be stable within a night. Calling males of O. henryi showed high site fidelity within a night, potentially enabling female sampling strategies that require recall. To examine the possibility of simultaneous acoustic sampling of males, I estimated male acoustic active spaces using information on male spacing, call transmission and female phonotactic threshold. Males were found to be spaced far apart and active space overlap was rare. I then examined female sampling scenarios by studying female spacing relative to male acoustic active spaces. Only 15% of sampled females could hear multiple males, suggesting that simultaneous mate sampling is rare in the field. Moreover, the relatively large distances between calling males suggest high search costs, which may favor threshold strategies that do not require memory. Using the insights gathered from these two studies I examined a unique calling behaviour from leaf holes, baffling, observed in this species. Baffling behaviour has been found in multiple species of the genus Oecanthus where the males call from selfmade holes in leaves rather than calling from leaf edges (their natural calling surface) thus increasing their loudness many fold. I started by examining the natural history of baffling and found that baffling is an extremely rare behaviour in the field. However field observations and laboratory experiments revealed that many males can baffle and hence it is not an obligatory behaviour shown only by a few males. It was hypothesized that one reason for the rarity of baffling could be resource limitation. It was found that baffling males prefer larger leaves possibly due to higher SPL gains achieved by baffling on the larger leaves, which is a limited resource in the field. However this alone was insufficient to explain extreme rarity of bafflers in the field. Hence I examined which males were using this behaviour in the field. Using field observations and laboratory experiments it was found that less preferred males (smaller and quieter) baffled more which provided them with higher calling SPL and greater sound-field volume and thus a higher number of potential mates. Moreover, baffling also increased the mating duration for the less preferred males thus providing more time to these males for sperm transfer. The females could not differentiate between an inherently loud caller and a caller whose SPL was increased artificially (as if it was baffling). Hence I concluded that baffling is probably a cheater strategy used by the less preferred males to fool the females into approaching them and mating for longer durations. To my knowledge, this is the first study that has estimated male call variation in the field to understand its role in female choice in tree crickets. Moreover this is also the first study to examine the ecological context of mate choice in tree crickets. This is also the first study to examine the advantages of baffling behaviour and its potential evolutionary implications. the different sensory modalities that play a role in sexual selection, acoustic communication plays an important one. Acoustic communication has been known to be used for male-male competition (territory maintenance, male aggression during mating),for advertisement to the opposite sex (mating status, body condition, genetic quality, nutritional status) and used by females to sample and choose conspecific preferred males. The use of acoustic communication for sexual display and information exchange has been extensively studied in multiple taxa, including insects, anurans, birds and mammals. Among insects, crickets have proven to be good model systems to study sexual selection based on acoustic communication as most species have an elaborate acoustic communication system, male advertisements, diverse types of mating incentives for females (such as glandular feeding) and a female dominated mating system. Generally, in crickets males produce species-specific calls which are used by females to localize conspecific males. Besides, calls show high levels of intraspecific variation and are energetically costly to produce. Moreover, as in crickets predominantly the females show phonotaxis towards male calls, calls also can play a role in mate sampling and choice by acting as indicators of preferred male quality. Despite being studied for many decades there are certain gaps in the studies examining mate choice in crickets. Some of them are, lack of understanding of the variation of male calling traits in nature and its role in signal evolution, lack of understanding regarding the ecological context of mate sampling and the evolution of alternative mating strategies. Hence, the tree cricket Oecanthus henryi was chosen as a study system to address these gaps in the understanding of female choice based on acoustic signals. In the tree cricket Oecanthus henryi, males call and females use calls to localize conspecific males and hence potentially females can choose males based on acoustic cues. To understand the evolution of female preference for male acoustic cues it is important to understand the variation in the calling songs in the field and identify repeatable call features that are reliable indicators of preferred male traits (morphological, developmental or genetic). I measured repeatability of male call traits in the field to understand their variation, reliability and consistency. Carrier frequency was the only call trait that was highly repeatable and hence was reliable and consistent. Following this I examined whether any of these call traits were indicators of male morphological traits (such as male size and fluctuating asymmetry) which are known to be preferred by females. It was found that carrier frequency was negatively correlated with body size; hence carrier frequency was both reliable and indicated male size. I also found that females preferred larger males during mating, as revealed by the longer mating durations and longer spermatophore retention time. Interestingly, though this study indicated that females could in principle use lower call carrier frequency to localize preferred larger males, simultaneous choice experiments done in the laboratory revealed that the females do not use this cue. These contrasting results may be because females are incapable of discriminating small differences in frequency or because they use non-acoustic cues for mate choice. However, whichever cues the females use to discriminate between males in the laboratory conditions, often these preferences are not realized in the field. The main reason behind this is that searching for preferred mates in the field can be costly and this might force females to choose sub-optimal males. Theoretical models predict that male movement and spacing in the field should influence female sampling tactics and in turn, females should drive the evolution of male movement and spacing to sample them optimally. Moreover, simultaneous sampling of males using the best-of-n or comparative Bayes strategy should yield maximum mating benefits to females. Many of the theoretical mate sampling strategies involves recall of the quality and location of individual males, which in turn requires male positions to be stable within a night. Calling males of O. henryi showed high site fidelity within a night, potentially enabling female sampling strategies that require recall. To examine the possibility of simultaneous acoustic sampling of males, I estimated male acoustic active spaces using information on male spacing, call transmission and female phonotactic threshold. Males were found to be spaced far apart and active space overlap was rare. I then examined female sampling scenarios by studying female spacing relative to male acoustic active spaces. Only 15% of sampled females could hear multiple males, suggesting that simultaneous mate sampling is rare in the field. Moreover, the relatively large distances between calling males suggest high search costs, which may favor threshold strategies that do not require memory. Using the insights gathered from these two studies I examined a unique calling behaviour from leaf holes, baffling, observed in this species. Baffling behaviour has been found in multiple species of the genus Oecanthus where the males call from self- made holes in leaves rather than calling from leaf edges (their natural calling surface) thus increasing their loudness many fold. I started by examining the natural history of baffling and found that baffling is an extremely rare behaviour in the field. However field observations and laboratory experiments revealed that many males can baffle and hence it is not an obligatory behaviour shown only by a few males. It was hypothesized that one reason for the rarity of baffling could be resource limitation. It was found that baffling males prefer larger leaves possibly due to higher SPL gains achieved by baffling on the larger leaves, which is a limited resource in the field. However this alone was insufficient to explain extreme rarity of bafflers in the field. Hence I examined which males were using this behaviour in the field. Using field observations and laboratory experiments it was found that less preferred males (smaller and quieter) baffled more which provided them with higher calling SPL and greater sound-field volume and thus a higher number of potential mates. Moreover, baffling also increased the mating duration for the less preferred males thus providing more time to these males for sperm transfer. The females could not differentiate between an inherently loud caller and a caller whose SPL was increased artificially (as if it was baffling). Hence I concluded that baffling is probably a cheater strategy used by the less preferred males to fool the females into approaching them and mating for longer durations. To my knowledge, this is the first study that has estimated male call variation in the field to understand its role in female choice in tree crickets. Moreover this is also the first study to examine the ecological context of mate choice in tree crickets. This is also the first study to examine the advantages of baffling behaviour and its potential evolutionary implications.

This research proposed the integration of wireless sensor networks, a mobile platform and a fixed station for the development of a test bed system to conduct research on localization, tracking, navigation and network mapping. The overall integrated system acts as a basis for future research on localization of wireless nodes in an indoor environment. The system enables the transfer of information from the sensor node on the platform to a distant computer through wireless communication. In addition, a robotic platform is proposed that uses the developed integrated system as well as other potential applications. The user interface to the system was developed using MATLAB and provides for tracking of the mobile platform. The application also possessed an option to simulate the output of Trilateration when using a setup similar to the one implemented for this research.

Thesis (doctoral)--Stockholm University, 1992. / Includes bibliographical references.

Acoustic communication, used by a wide variety of animals, consists of the signaler, the signal and the receiver. A change in the behaviour of the receiver after reception of the signal is a prerequisite for communication. A response to the signal by the receiver depends on signal recognition and localization of the signal source. These two aspects, namely recognition and localization by the receiver, form the main body of my work. In the mating system of crickets, the males produce advertisement calls to attract silent females to mate. Females need to recognize the conspecific call and localize the male. The tree cricket Oecanthus henryi, due to aspects of its physiology and the environment it inhabits, generates interesting problems concerning these seemingly simple tasks of recognition and localization. In crickets, usually a species-specific sender-receiver match for the call features exists, which aids in recognition. A change in the call carrier frequency with temperature, due to poikilothermy, as seen in O. henryi, may pose a problem for this sender-receiver match. To circumvent this, either the response should shift concomitantly with the change in the feature (narrow tuning) or the response should encompass the entire variation of the feature (broad tuning). I explored the response of O. henryi females to the changing nature of call carrier frequency with temperature. The results showed that O. henryi females are broadly tuned to call carrier frequency. Being broadly tuned I next wanted to explore if within the natural variation in carrier frequency, the females were able to discriminate between frequencies. Females were found not to discriminate between frequencies. Cricket ears being pressure difference receivers are inherently directional, however their directionality is dependent on frequency, which may be affected by the change in carrier frequency due to temperature. Thus I also tested the effect of frequency on the azimuthal localization accuracy. The azimuthal accuracy was not affected by call carrier frequency within the natural range of frequency variability of the species. In south India, O. henryi is found in sympatry with Oecanthus indicus. Reproductive isolation between the two is maintained through calls. Since O. henryi is broadly tuned to frequency, call carrier frequency is unlikely to enable differentiation between conspecific and heterospecific calls. I thus tested whether the temporal features can account for the same. I constructed a quantitative multivariate model of response space of O. henryi incorporating results from various playback experiments. The model predicted high responses for conspecific calls and low responses for heterospecific calls, indicating that temporal features could suffice to discriminate between the two species. The quantitative model could also be used more generally to check responses to other heterospecifics and to compare responses between conspecifics from different populations. O. henryi is found on a bush and thus the female has to navigate in a 3D environment to localize the singing male. Very few studies have explored 3D localization in insects and moreover an algorithm explaining the procedure is missing. I attempted to model the 3D localization capability in O. henryi. To understand the rules behind the localization animals were observed in the wild as well as on a 3D grid in the laboratory and simulations were created to capture the nature of the phonotaxis. Neither a random model nor a deterministic model (which estimated the shortest path) could predict the paths observed in the grid. A less complex Bayesian stochastic model performed better than a more complex one. From the assumptions of the model it was inferred that the animal, for 3D localization, basically performs localization in the azimuthal plane and combines certain simple rules to go up or down. This study has examined receiver tuning in response to change in carrier frequency with temperature, which to my knowledge had not been explored before for insects. In this study I also attempted to create a quantitative multivariate receiver response space through statistical modeling, a method that can be applied in similar studies across taxa in various acoustic communication systems. A detailed Bayesian algorithm to explain 3D localization for an insect was attempted which has also not been attempted before.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:30:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 2560927 bytes, checksum: a52de006a16e6d8c2cf91f8717c21f30 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-02-01 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The Phalangopsidae (Orthoptera: Ensifera: Grylloidea) crickets are collected easily, created and manipulated relatively due to the size big of the body and for the abundance in the tropical areas. However, taxonomical, systematic and biological studies they are scarce for most Neotropical groups. Therefore this work sought to organize the taxonomic knowledge of the Phalangopsidae crickets of Viçosa, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, describing new taxa (genus and species) belonging this family. In Viçosa, the family is represented by six genus and nine species. A genus (Mellopsis gen nov.) and five species (Desutterella exiguus sp. nov, Eidmanacris riribi sp. nov., Eidmanacris putuhra sp. nov., Laranda uai sp. nov. and Mellopsis poranga sp. nov.) are new for the science. All the new species are described with base on male holotype, have the male and the female genitalia, which are the most important characters for the diagnosis, schematized, characterized and interpreted following the nomenclature. The diagnosis also presented external morphologic characters common to males and females. Two species have your area of enlarged distribution. E. cavernicolus of the Gruta da Lapinha, Lagoa Santa - MG and D. laureae of Cariacica - ES, it is also registered for Viçosa - MG. E. cavernicolus was redescribed and the phallic complex of the species was characterized and compared with other described species. / Os grilos Phalangopsidae (Orthoptera: Ensifera: Grylloidea) são facilmente coletados, criados e manipulados devido ao tamanho relativamente grande do corpo e pela abundância nas regiões tropicais. Entretanto, estudos taxonômicos, sistemáticos e biológicos são escassos para a maioria dos grupos neotropicais. Por isso este trabalho visou organizar o conhecimento taxonômico dos grilos Phalangopsidae (Orthoptera: Grylloidea) de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brasil, descrevendo novos taxa (gêneros e espécies) pertencentes a esta família. Em Viçosa, a família está representada por seis gêneros e nove espécies. Um gênero (Mellopsis gen nov.) e cinco espécies (Desutterella exiguus sp. nov, Eidmanacris riribi sp. nov., Eidmanacris putuhra sp. nov., Laranda uai sp. nov. e Mellopsis poranga sp. nov.) são novos para a ciência. Todas as espécies novas são descritas com base em um holótipo macho, tendo a genitália masculina e feminina, que são os caracteres mais importantes para a diagnose, esquematizadas, caracterizadas e interpretadas seguindo a nomenclatura. A diagnose apresentou também caracteres morfológicos externos comuns a machos e fêmeas. Duas espécies têm sua área de distribuição ampliada. E. cavernicolus da Gruta da Lapinha, Lagoa Santa - MG e D. laureae de Cariacica - ES, é registrado também para Viçosa MG. E. cavernicolus foi redescrita e o complexo fálico da espécie foi caracterizado e comparado com outras espécies descritas.