In these three essays, I examine the relationship between housing prices and civil disturbances. In the first essay, I examine the Ferguson Unrest in 2014 following the killing of Michael Brown. Using a hedonic model and a repeat sales model using data from ZTRAX, I find a highly significant negative affect around the events temporally and spatially. In the second essay I examine house price indices across the US during the onset of COVID and during the protests following the killing of George Floyd. I use the Zillow Home Value Index and I find cities which experienced protests experienced less growth than those which did not, and COVID requirements have a heterogeneous effect dependent on enforcement. The severity of the negative effect of the protest depends on protest size and the interaction between the COVID lockdown requirements. In the third and final essay, I continue using the Zillow Home Value Index and find the George Floyd protests had spillover effects into adjacent municipalities within the same metropolitan statistical area. Cities which experienced protests which resulted in a death experienced spillover effects with the adjacent municipalities having a statistically and economically significant reduction in housing price growth, but less severe than the city where the protest took place. Taken together the essays contribute to the literature on civil disturbances and their relationship with housing prices, the literature on crime and its relationship with housing prices, and the literature on COVID-19 restrictions and their relationship with housing

This work tells the history of the current crisis facing the community of Lwandle, "the hostel by the sea" near Strand and Somerset West in the Western Cape. Despite all the media propaganda about consultation with "recognised and moderate leaders", despite government promises that legislation curtailing the free movement of blacks would be abolished, despite the State President's undertaking that apartheid would go, yet the people who live in this settlement have little hope of being able to remain there with their families for much longer. I will attempt to illustrate the socio-economic conditions which prevail in their community, to detail the background to the current stage in their struggle to promote family life at Lwandle and to place this in a broader perspective to state policy and apartheid reform in late 198 7. Accordingly, Chapter 1 will look at the history of Lwandle hostel, the geographic environment, the demographic composition of the community and the social composition and community organisation that pertains there at present. Much of the information in this section was gleaned from my involvement with the community of Lwandle as the chairwoman of the local branch of the Black Sash and from my recurring meetings with sections of the community in order to try and resolve the question of their impending removal to another area (or, more recently, the removal of part of the community). Some information, too, emanates from an investigation by the Urban Foundation, conducted in 198 7, into the feasibility of providing suitable family housing at Lwandle. During the preparation of this report, I did, however, liase a great deal with the 'research team who compiled it, and (hopefully) succeeded in imparting some of the information now embodied in the report. In Chapter 2 a summary of legal developments relating to the abolition of influx control will be provided, and other enactments controlling the movement of peoples throughout South Africa examined. In this regard current government policy and stated objectives pertaining to both influx control and housing (with particular attention to single sex hostel accommodation) must be included in order to provide a basis for analysis in the final Chapter, Chapter 4. Chapter 3 will focus on the arrest in May 1986 of 1.58 women at Lwandle hostel on charges amounting to trespass. The involvement of the local branch of the Black Sash in the future of the Lwandle community was a reaction to the immediate need of those women who were arrested. Some specific case studies were completed, and these will be discussed in this Chapter. Further police action in Lwandle after May 1986 will, insofar as such details are known to me, also be mentioned. Finally, in Chapter 4 the problematic position in which the residents of Lwandle now find themselves will be outlined, and certain conclusions about the general political scenario that obtains at present in South Africa (with reference to criminological issues) will be drawn.

The aim of this study was to investigate cyber-crime victimization among Internet users in the United States by: 1) assessing the factors that impact computer virus victimization; 2) assessing the factors that impact cyber-crime victimization; and 3) predicting fear of cyber-crime. Two domains in criminology were applied to the study of cyber-crime phenomenon: routine activity theory, and the fear of crime literature. Three independent models were developed to predict computer virus victimization, cyber-crime victimization, and fear of cyber-crime. Measures of routine activity theory applied to cyber-crime victimization include risk exposure, and suitable targets were created. A more reliable measure of fear of cyber-crime was created, and a measure of perceived seriousness of cyber-crime was created. The 2004 National Cyber Crime Victimization Survey dataset was used in this project. Logistic Regression and OLS Regression were utilized to predict computer virus victimization, cyber-crime victimization, and fear of cyber-crime.The findings of this study indicate that routine activity theory was a powerful predictor of computer virus victimization and cyber-crime victimization. That is, risk exposure and suitable targets helped determine the victimization. The study also found that cyber-crime victimization, gender, and perceived seriousness were predictive of fear of cyber-crime. Discussion of the findings and theoretical and policy implications were offered.

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