The study of Russo-Turkish relations has enough historic interest because it covers many aspects of the Eastern Question. The Russo-Turkish war of 1768-1774 was the point where the course of the Russo-Turkish relations changed. During the previous decades, Russia tried to establish its position in the south and it was quite successful after capturing Azov in 1696. However, the Turks managed to gain Azov back from the Russians (1711) and maintained their supremacy in the Black Sea. By the end of the war (1774) the Turks lost Crimea which became an independent state. On the other hand, the Russians gained considerable territorial, religious and commercial advantages over the Turks. From the diplomatic point of view, the triangle between Russia, Turkey and major European states (Britain/France) functioned in the most disharmonious way. Having similar interests, Russia and the states of Western Europe struggled for which country would gain more out of Turkey. Turkish diplomacy had no alternatives other than offering more and more financial and territorial interests to France or Britain every time Turkey was threatened by Russia. In exchange Turkey managed to get protection, mainly from France. That becomes quite obvious in the writings of Lord Cathcart (the British ambassador in St. Petersburg during the period 1768-1773) where the issue for French diplomacy was the preservation of the Ottoman Empire. The Russian triumph over the Turks in 1774 was in a large degree caused by the efficiency of its armed forces which were ready to face the consequences of a long war on three fronts: Moldavia, Crimea and Greece (Peloponnese and the Aegean islands). In the meantime, the Russian diplomacy under the guidance of Panin gained every advantage it could get out of this war without making any serious compromises with either the Turks or with France or Britain.

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The study of ethical practice in tourism among scholars and decision makers alike has blossomed over the pastten years. Urged on by the emergence of niche tourism marketing campaigns in sustainable tourism and by a widerglobal trend toward increased corporate transparency, the questions of motivating and maintaining ethical practicein one of the world’s most influential industries has received evermore attention in academia and the policydevelopment environment. This paper contributes to an understanding of ethical practice within the tourismindustry by analysing the potential barriers which exist to the implementation of an industry wide Code of Ethicsin a multi-cultural and multi-ethnic environment. Utilising the symbolic interactionism approach an analyticalmodel was constructed to investigate the institutional context of a proposed code of ethics for the tourism industryof Crimea. Focusing on cultural values, socio-economic status and institutional capacity it was found thatsignificant cultural distance and an underdeveloped tourism infrastructure posed the greatest potential disruptionto the implementation of an industry wide code.

Abstract This thesis is a case study aiming to give explanations to Russia’s annexation of Crimea in March 2014. By using three different theoretical perspectives, realism, regional hegemony and constructivism, the aim is to find different but also complementing explanations to the case. The theories realism and regional hegemony are related and also similar to each other, but still contributes with some different focuses on the case. Both realism and regional hegemony has their main focus on the sovereign state’s security and their power militarily, politically and economically. Constructivism on the other hand is a bit different from the other two, and has its main focus on identity, ideas and worldviews. Thanks to the differences between the three perspectives the analysis gives a broader and deeper explanation to Russia’s invasion and annexation of Crimea.

This thesis is a qualitative comparative case study aimed at exploring the viewpoints of two opposing international relations perspectives, realism and liberalism. The aim is to pursue an interpretation of the study through the use of theories. Realism focuses on state security, military power and the survival of the state. Liberalism reflects on the worldviews, identity and ideas. The theories present four main principles in each theory of the conflict and the contradictions between the theory’s point of view give the study a deeper interpretation of Russia’s and EU’s position in the Ukraine conflict.   The study has shown that both Russia and the EU have potential explanations in terms of IR-theories. Realism and liberalism complement each other, showing that the positions of Russia and the EU are equal and different, which shows similarities and differences in theory. These two perspectives provide explanations for the Ukrainian crisis from two different levels. Realism provides the main explanation at the individual level and the individual actors and liberalism provides the main explanation at the general level and on the international arena.

This diploma thesis analyses Vladimir Putin's justification of the annexation of Crimea based on an interpretation of the discourse used in his Crimean Speech. The research uses the "Discourse- Historical Approach," inspired by Critical Discourse Analysis, as the methodological and conceptual foundation of the analysis. In addition, it incorporates other linguistic and social representation theories. The historical background of Crimea and Ukraine is used as a basis for assessing Russia's claim on Crimea. The analysis is categorized into four appeals: 1) the appeal to common history and culture; 2) the appeal to historical military involvement; 3) the appeal to justice; and 4) the appeal to international law. The appeals are contextualized using broader historical themes associated with the discourses used by Putin to justify the annexation. The interpretation is informed by historical context within each category. In the conclusion, the research presents the finalized interpretation, in which Putin's justification for the annexation of Crimea is shown to be constructed using the manipulation and selective recounting of historical facts. This diploma thesis uses a close textual reading and analysis of Vladimir Putin's Crimean Speech to expose the myths and manipulations he uses as a justification...

The Russian annexation of Crimea in 2014 was the start of the increasing tensions inthe Baltic sea. According to the Swedish government, the threats against the Nordic-Baltic countries have increased and this study will examine the Swedishgovernment’s security measures during the period of 2014 - 2020. Our methodselection is based on a qualitative text analysis. To review Sweden’s arrangements,we will analyse one proposition from a theoretical framework that is constituted ofthe Constructivism theory and the Securitization theory. The conclusion of the studyis that the Swedish government looks at the situation in the Baltic sea as amultidimensional security process. In order to protect the Swedish territory, thecountry must expand and strengthen both its national and international militarypower.

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In this thesis we examine if sanctions had a causal effect on total trade on Russia after its annexation of Crimea 2014. To answer this a synthetic control method (SCM) and a difference in difference (DiD) method was implemented. The results show that a causal effect of sanctions was not found by neither method. However, the year 2016 and 2017 result gave a statistically significant causal effect with the SCM where the synthetic unit is 1.23 times greater than Russia. A general practical or statistically significant causal effect was not found.