Thesis (D. Phil (Psychology))--University of Pretoria, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M. Soc. Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Title proper from title frame. Also available in printed format.

No description available.

No description available.

The current research focuses on parents' level of understanding of Miranda rights and parents' likelihood of encouraging their teenagers to waive their Miranda rights. The previous research suggests that parents alone may not adequately protect juveniles' rights during interrogation and waiver. Prior research also suggests that parents' and juveniles' past experience with the justice system may not help them during their current interrogation and waiver. A 17-item questionnaire was used to assess the two dependent variables and the two independent variables. The two dependent variables were parents' understanding of Miranda rights and parents' likelihood of encouraging arrested teens to waive their rights. The two independent variables were whether or not a parent has been arrested and whether or not the teenager has been arrested. There were four conditions: parents who had been arrested with teenagers who had been arrested, parents who had been arrested with teenagers who had not been arrested, parents who had not been arrested with teenagers who had been arrested, and parents who had not been arrested with teenagers who had not been arrested. Several ANOVAs (Analyses of Variance) and one ANCOVA (Analysis of Covariance) revealed patterns in the data supporting the hypothesis that parents may not provide adequate support for teenagers during the waiver process. Overall, past experience was shown not to have an effect on the likelihood for parents to encourage waiver or on their score on the Comprehension o/Miranda Rights - Recognition (CMRR) (used to measure level of understanding of the Miranda warnings) (Grisso, 1998). Furthermore, the implications for this study supported the notion that having legal counsel present during the waiver process is beneficial to the arrested teenager.

The study was conducted in order to determine the effects of the Citizen Police Academy (CPA) program on community and officer attitudes. The two main goals of this program are to increase officer awareness of community concerns and to raise community awareness about the police department. Surveys were distributed to three groups: employees of the Bowling Green Police Department, all alumni of the CPA, and a random sample of the local community. Participants were asked their attitudes regarding crime prevention, awareness of police officers' activities, and the effectiveness of the CPA program. T-tests and ANOVAs determined that police officers who had participated with the CPA did not express significantly more support for the CPA program than did those who had not participated with the program. Community members rated officer awareness of community concerns lower than did the officers themselves. Finally, alumni were able to identify obscure programs discussed by the CPA significantly more often than were community members. Results of this assessment seem to indicate that the CPA is successfully meeting its goal of increasing community awareness about the police department. Use of these results for improving the program are discussed.

Individuals resorting to violent aggression in the form of criminal homicide have often been the object of great public concern. Of the many actions punishable by criminal law, the taking of a human life by another human being most often entails a severe sanction, especially when it has been done deliberately and with a degree of premeditation. Public fear and concern dictate forceful sanctioning toward the homicide offender or offenders; no other criminal offense is so likely to result in the death penalty or life imprisonment.

<p>By any standard, victim participation is a relatively new phenomenon in international criminal law proceedings. Incredible advances have been made in the effort to end impunity for crimes against&nbsp / umanity, war crimes, genocide and, more recently, aggression. As a result, great strides have been made in ensuring the direct participation of victims of grave violations of human rights&nbsp / in court proceedings against their perpetrators. Prior to this, grave violations of human rights committed during conflicts or periods of mass violence were either largely ignored or even if action&nbsp / was taken, victims of the crimes hardly had a &lsquo / say&rsquo / in the proceedings. With the advent of the International Criminal Court (ICC) and the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC)&nbsp / &nbsp / new dawn in the proceedings of international criminal law has emerged. The statutes that govern the ICC and ECCC have given a voice to victims in court proceeding buy ensuring&nbsp / victims participation.Despite these advances, scholars have criticized victim participation for being inconsistent in its application at the International Criminal Court.1 The criticism has come from&nbsp / scholars who have highlighted the unintended consequences of victim participation in court proceedings, arguing that their participation has resulted in the under- or misrepresentation of the&nbsp / actual experience of survivors of war, mass violence, or repression. These problems have arisen largely because the need to establish the guilt or innocence of the accused and to protect their&nbsp / due process rights, to abide by the rules of evidence and procedure, and to conserve judicial resources all cut against victim-witnesses'ability to tell their stories at these tribunals thereby&nbsp / resulting in a limited, and sometimes inaccurate, record of victims' experience.</p>

Genom kriminalisering fastslår staten att ett visst beteende är önskvärt eller icke önskvärt.Syftet med detta är repressivt, att förhindra oönskat beteende; att försöka styra medborgarna till att undvika de kriminaliserade, oönskade, handlingarna. Vilket beteende somkriminaliseras är ett kriminalpolitiskt övervägande. Arbetet handlar om det subjektiva inslaget i straffrätten. Utvecklingen av personligt ansvar inom straffrätten har pågått under en längre tid, under inflytande av bland annat etiska diskussioner och den kristna kyrkans läror om skuld. Ett antal större straffrättsliga utredningar tillsattes för att modernisera först straffrätten i 1734 års lag och senare också 1864 års Strafflag. Någon definition av uppsåt (dolus) och oaktsamhet (culpa) infördes dock inte i lagtext, inte heller i Brottsbalken. Definitionerna har i stället utarbetats i doktrin och praxis. Uppsåt är kan sägas vara när gärningsmannen begår en handling som han är medveten om och som han inser konsekvenser, följder och betydelser av. För att uttrycka det på ett mycket vardagligt sätt kan sägas att gärningsmannen gör något med flit, med vilje. Oaktsamhet, å andra sidan, kan förstås som att gärningsmannen inte förstår sin handlings betydelse, men att han borde förstått den. Det relevanta för detta arbete är främst uppsåtet. I modern svensk straffrätt har begreppen direkt, indirekt och eventuellt uppsåt (med hypotetiskt prov) traditionellt använts. Det eventuella uppsåtet, och därmed sättet på vilket man bestämmer uppsåtets nedre gräns gentemot oaktsamheten, har utsatts för skarp kritik i doktrinen. Kritiken har främst riktat sig mot att begreppet är svåranvänt och riskerar att fokusera på gärningsmannen snarare än på gärningen. År 2002 kom ett avgörande från HD (NJA 2002 s. 449) som skulle bli startskottet på en förändring av den svenska straffrättsliga uppsåtsläran. Domstolen slog, i ett splittrat avgörande, fast att gärningsmannens inställning nu skall bedömas på ett mer individuellt sätt än tidigare och att det bör vara gärningsmannens inställning vid gärningen som avgör. Bland forskare var mottagandet blandat och de flesta menade att rättsläget förblev oklart. År 2004 kom den dom som i efterhand anses vara den viktigaste, nämligen NJA 2004 s. 176. Denna dom var mycket utförligt skriven och rätten var enig i sitt beslut. Dessa två faktorer bidrog tillatt klarlägga vissa av de frågor som rests efter NJA 2002 s. 449. Utifrån HD:s resonemang iNJA 2004 s. 176 är det begreppen insikts-, avsikts- och likgiltighetsuppsåt som skall användas. Det som främst återstår att arbeta med är bevisfrågor; främst vad som kan tillåtas ha betydelse när gärningsmannens inställning skall klarläggas. Slutligen kan konstateras att det är olyckligt att det som kan sägas vara halva straffrätten, den subjektiva delen, inte är lagfäst. En definition i lagtext skulle på intet sätt lösa alla demateriella definitions- och gränsdragningsproblem som idag uppstår men skulle förhoppningsvis lösa en del av dem. Det skulle också vara ett steg mot att bättre uppfylla legalitetsprincipen, i vart fall i formell bemärkelse. / By using criminalization the society establishes what is acceptable and non-acceptable behaviour for its citizens. This is done with a repressive cause; to make the citizens avoid the criminalized, unwanted, actions. What specific actions that should be criminalized is a matter of politics. This thesis deals with the subjective part of criminal law. The development of personal responsibility within criminal law has been in progress for a long time, influenced by discussions of moral ethics and religious, Christian views on human fault. A number of committees were appointed to modernise the criminal law in the Code of 1734 and the Penal Code of 1864. However, clear definitions of dolus and culpa were not introduced into either of them, and neither into the Criminal Code of 1964. The definitions have instead been worked out by the doctrine and the case law. Dolus is when the perpetrator commits an action that is deliberate and which he or she realises will have certain consequences and meanings. In other words, the action is done wilfully, on purpose. Culpa, on the other hand, is when the perpetrator does not understand the consequences and meanings of his or her actions, but should have done it (if he or she hadacted properly). The main focus for this thesis is dolus. The terms direct and indirect dolus and dolus eventualis have been used in modern Swedish criminal law. Dolus eventualis and the way that the borderline between dolus and culpa is drawn in Swedish criminal law has been subject to harsh criticism in the doctrine. The crucial point is that the dolus evetualis tends to focus more on the perpetrator as a person then on the actual criminal act. In 2002 the Supreme Court of Sweden passed a judgement (NJA 2002 s. 449) that would be the starting point for a change in the Swedish theory on dolus. The court stated that the attitude of the perpetrator instead of being evaluated in general now should be evaluated in relation to the actual (criminal) action. The opinion among legal scientists was diversified and the issue of law remained unsolved. In 2004 then, the Supreme Court passed a new judgement regarding the question of dolus (NJA 2004 s. 176). This judgement was unanimously and in great detail and these factors contributed to make the judgement as important as it became. With reference to this judgement, a new terminology was established and dolus based on intention, understanding or indifference are now in force. Dolus based on indifference is hereby the new way to draw the borderline between dolus and culpa. The most important that remained to be done after NJA 2004 s. 176 was to sort out some things about what can be used as means of proof concerning dolus based on indifference. Finally something can be said about the fact that half of the criminal law, the subjective part, is not regulated by law. A legal definition of the meaning of dolus and culpa would not solve all problems associated with the borderline, but probably some of them. A regulation would also be a step towards a better fulfilment of the important principle of legality.

From the Viewpoint of V.C.S. on How to Promote the Function of Criminal Investigation of Police Abstract This research expresses the viewpoint of V.C.S. Strategy Management in Creating Public Value written by Moor, a public affairs manager and The Integration Frame of Public Affairs Manager written by Dr. Wang Ming Shan and discusses how the procedure of police investigating crime becomes public values. The new revision of the Criminal Procedural Act was promulgated February 6, 1993, totally revised 132 articles which was the biggest change that ever happened. It changed from the traditional ex officio principal to a litigant statement model which produced huge impacts on all judicial systems, especially on police authority. As a result, in this amendment, it makes sure that some principals such as in judicial decisions, the police should cross-examine before the Judge, and the evidence the police collect should be examined by the judge, the prosecutor who represents the plaintiff should declare the evidence, during the investigation, the police should obey the prosecutor and not only arrest convicts but also judge cases, the procedure of the investigation should be further limited, smaller cases should be simply dealt with on handled by the prosecutor directly. In this amendment it makes all criminal justice systems responsible to the demands of society. Within each system it doesn¡¦t move toward a parallel and mutual criminal justice system but with more emphasis on a bureaucratic class criminal justice system than before. According to the regulation Police Act and Criminal Procedural Act the police authorities take responsibility for safeguarding human rights and maintain social order. However, besides criminal investigation the police authorities also take charge of traffic order, eliminate citizens danger, serve the people as well as associate with other administration authorities. Would police authorities achieve the expected goal of the amendment of the Criminal Procedural Act and match citizens expectations based on their equipment, training, education and organization? This research analyzed, compared and probed the transition of criminal policies in accordance with V.C.S. Strategy Management of Creating Public Values written by Moor, a public affairs manager. Furthermore, with V.C.S. frame as a reference it provides a theoretical counter step for the impacts and obstacles of the new revision of the Criminal Procedural Act on the police authorities and looks forward to promoting the level of evidence ability and judicious evidence during the investigation and construct of public values. Finally, conclude this search and provide some comments as follows: 1. It should make relevant measures for the judiciary to follow. 2. Construct prosecutor and police investigation together. 3. Promote the rank of the authorities which are in charge of criminal prevention.