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An analysis of the personality characteristics of undergraduate criminal justice majors and their field counterparts /Forschner, Brian Eugene January 1981 (has links)
No description available.
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An examination of college students' beliefs and attitudes surrounding the Casey Anthony CaseCatenacci, Lauren 01 January 2010 (has links)
Pretrial publicity is a problem that can affect the fair outcome of a trial, a right that is guaranteed by the U.S. Constitution. Research has indicated that potential jurors who are exposed to negative pretrial publicity are more likely to render 'guilty' verdicts (Ruva and McEvoy, 2008). The current study will entail an analysis of pretrial publicity and a case study of attitudes and beliefs surrounding the Casey Anthony trial. Participants included 309 undergraduates at the University of Central Florida. Results indicated that the majority of participants already hold negative biases and non-deliberate exposure influenced negative attitudes and beliefs.
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The concept of responsibility in the criminal lawJacobs, Francis Geoffrey January 1967 (has links)
No description available.
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Defining the criminal situation: An affect control explanation of construals.Tsoudis, Olga. January 1995 (has links)
The definition of the situation is important to observers in everyday social interaction. From the identity of the social actor, the observer attempts to fill in details about the situation. From this "going beyond the information given", the observer defines the situation. The definition then allows the observer to make predictions about the social actor and the situation. Going beyond the information given is referred to as a situational construal (Dunning 1989). The individual forms a concrete image of the situation, resolving ambiguities through construals. However, a still unanswered question has remained: What determines the construals? In this study, affect and construals are linked together. Through the identity of the actor, affect can be linked to expectations, which are used to fill in information. Affect control theory is one theory linking affect to other elements of the situation, such as the relationships between identity, behavior and emotion. The observer has stored knowledge linking identities with affective meanings that generate role behaviors in specific situations, associating identity with specific behavioral expectations. Emotion displays assist the observer in inferring the identities of social actors. One specific situation in which affect and construals are evident is the criminal situation. The criminal situation has ambiguities for which decisions must be made by various observers throughout the criminal justice process. In this study, affect control theory's application to the criminal justice system focuses on inferences made during a probation officer's presentence report, specifically the recommended sentence. Probation officers and undergraduate students respond to vignettes of a criminal situation. In Study 1, undergraduates, after reading a presentence report with criminal and victim statements, assign punishment and answer questions regarding the criminal case. Study 2 replicates Study 1 with probation officers. Study 3 further tests the influence of knowledge structures on construals. Results demonstrate a link between identity and construals. Results answer questions about how the probation officer resolves ambiguities in reaching a recommended sentence. The influence of various knowledge structures is also demonstrated. The cognitive process model applied to the probation officers and the students can be generalized to observers of other situations. One explanation of situational construal is demonstrated.
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The repression of violence in the Roman principateKelly, Benjamin January 2003 (has links)
No description available.
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A PROPOSED FRAMEWORK FOR THE LEGAL PROTECTION OF PREMATURE AND CRITICALLY-ILL NEONATES IN THE CONTEXT OF SOUTH AFRICAN CHILD LAWvan der Westhuizen, Catharina Susanna 14 June 2013 (has links)
Until relatively recently extremely premature babies and critically-ill
neonates would not have survived because medical science was
insufficiently advanced to save them. Infanticide was a common practice
among the Greeks and Romans as a form of birth control and a means
of disposing of malformed offspring. Certain indigenous South African
tribes also committed infanticide to rid society of deformed infants.
Gradually the law came to take a stricter view of infanticide, and with the
rise of Christianity it was regarded as murder.
The advancement in medical technology, skills and expertise increased
the need to take account of biomedical ethics, since this is the
framework within which critical care decisions should be made. The
principal ethical theories, namely deontology, utilitarianism and virtue
ethics, are discussed, as well as the principles of biomedical ethics,
namely beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy and justice. Since
actions for wrongful life and wrongful birth also touch on the sanctity of
life and quality of life principle, these aspects are briefly discussed. Various international human rights instruments not only guarantee the
right to life, but also prescribe a high standard of health care to member
states.
The right of access to health care, the right to emergency medical
treatment and the best interests of the child are entrenched in the
Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996. The best interests of
the child are of paramount importance in all matters concerning the child
and this concept runs like a golden thread through all cases in which
childrenâs rights are considered. In terms of the National Health Act 61 of
2003, free health services are offered to children below the age of six
years. Section 129 of the Childrenâs Act 38 of 2005 specifically deals
with medical treatment of children, while section 11 deals with children
with disabilities and chronic illnesses.
A legal comparative study was undertaken in which the legal position in
England and Wales, as well as that of the Netherlands, was considered
in order to formulate a framework of legislation for the protection of
premature babies and critically-ill neonates. The position in England and
Wales can best be determined by studying the judgments delivered in
court cases. A comprehensive report, âCritical care decisions in fetal and neonatal
medicine: ethical issuesâ, was compiled by the Nuffield Council on
Bioethics. This report was drafted by a multi-disciplinary working party
and provides guidelines regarding the medical treatment of neonates.
In the Netherlands euthanasia is legal, but then the person requesting it
must be above the age of sixteen years. Since neonates cannot request
euthanasia, the preferred term is âend-of-life decisionsâ. The Groningen
Protocol was drafted by paediatricians assisted by the public prosecutor
coroner to prevent a physician from being criminally prosecuted if the
guidelines in the Protocol are adhered to in the case of end-of-life
decisions.
In the thesis three recommendations are made:
Guidelines that would be suitable for South African conditions
should be drafted by a multidisciplinary team along the lines of the
Nuffield Council on Bioethics.
When cases concerning whether treatment should be withheld or
withdrawn reach a South African court, it is recommended that the
cases adjudicated in England and Wales be used as a precedent. It is recommended that mediation be considered as an option when
there is disagreement regarding the treatment of critically-ill
neonates between health care professionals and parents, or
between parents. Since the High Court is the upper guardian of all
minors, the outcome of the mediation should be made an order of
court.
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FIRST GENERATION FORENSIC EVIDENCE AND ITS INFLUENCE ON LEGAL DECISION-MAKING â A SOUTH AFRICAN PERSPECTIVEVisser, Jo-Mari 17 July 2013 (has links)
Interactions between science and law can be dated back as far as 9000
B.C. to 3000 B.C., to a time known as the Neolithic age. By the
seventeenth century, great scientific contributions by, amongst others,
Copernicus, Galileo, Newton, and Boyle affected the way the world was
viewed and what methods were most appropriate for finding the truth
and, specifically, altered the thought processes of the entire literate
English society, including English jurists.
During the seventeenth century in England, the fields of law and
science enjoyed increased awareness of the probability of truth, not the
certainty of it. The search for absolute truth was thus replaced by
probabilistic hypotheses and assessment of evidence to achieve truth
beyond a reasonable doubt.
The interconnectedness of science and law has diminished over time as
contemporary thinking demanded not only greater specialisation in the
profession and its subdivisions, but also a greater autonomy of legal
thought and reasoning. Practitioners, scholars and authors held the
view that legal reasoning is, and should remain, separate from scientific
reasoning.
Modes of reasoning employed in criminal investigation and judicial
decision-making are communal in both science and law. Additionally,
investigating officers frequently employ forensic science and scientific
evidence to assist and direct them in criminal investigations. In the
same manner, prosecutors apply forensic evidence in order to assist the court in finding the truth, and to ultimately prove its version of
criminal events.
In South Africa, police investigators and state prosecutors typically rely
on eyewitness testimony in both the detection of crime and to achieve
successful conviction of guilty offenders. In addition, DNA evidence has
emerged as the golden standard of forensic evidence and much
reliance is placed on the results of DNA profiling.
However, eyewitness testimony is notoriously unreliable and DNA
evidence is not the infallible assurance of certainty it was once thought
to be.
It is trite that presiding officers must be provided with all relevant and
admissible evidence in criminal trials. This includes traditional forensic
sciences like bloodstain pattern analysis, trace evidence, fingerprint
evidence and many more.
Recent research has revealed the questionable scientific foundations of
these traditional forensic sciences. While the scientific community is
working towards stabilising these knowledge bases, provisions of the
law of evidence must provide adequate instruments to prevent the
admission of âjunkâ science into evidence. Yet an examination of a
variety of rules of admissibility reveals a deficiency in the law to
competently exclude fallible and unreliable forensic evidence.
In the South African criminal justice system presiding officers invest
great reliance on the opinion and explanation of expert witnesses without critically assessing the scientific validity of the testimony. This
has resulted in the admission of faulty evidence.
To mend this problem presiding officers, as well as investigating police
and legal practitioners must obtain a solid scientific knowledge base to
enable these role-players to accurately assess forensic evidence.
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STRAF- EN GENEESKUNDIGREGTELIKE ONDERSOEK NA DIE STATUTÃRE OORTREDINGS VERBANDHOUDEND MET SEKERE REPRODUKTIEWE MEDIESE PROSEDURESDaffue, Belinda A 17 July 2013 (has links)
The different statutory offences applicable to surrogacy and the termination of pregnancies are identified in order to contribute to the efficient lecturing of medical law as independant field of study to law and medical students.
In the light of the challenges facing the criminal justice system and the health care system in South Africa, inter alia due to a lack of means, the question is posed whether the criminilization of acts applicable to reproductive medical procedures should or could be meaningfully dealt with within the present criminal justice system.
The composition of the health care system in South Africa and the medical ethical obligations as contained in the National Health Act 61 of 2003 are explained with the Constitution of South Africa in mind. Together herewith the role of the Health Professions Council of South Africa in its dealing of contraventions by its members is enunciated.
The medical ethical principles are discussed with reference to the well-known four pillars of medical ethics in order to ascertain their applicability in evaluating the lawfulness of the conduct of the health care worker. The practical application of the ethical rules in the execution of surrogate agreements and termination of pregnancies are discussed with reference to the legal position in countries inter alia such as the United States of America and England.
The applicable legislation is evaluated against the backdrop of the principle of legality. In view of the failure of the legislature to apply the principle of legality in several sections of the Childrenâs Act 38 of 2005, the National Health Act 61 of 2003 and the Choice of Termination of Pregnancy Act 92 of 1996, the purpose of the legislature is discussed and recommendations are made for the amendment thereof.
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Optimal pathways for low-level public order law : cross-jurisdictional perspectives and comparative standardizationsNewman, Christopher J. January 2011 (has links)
This thesis explores the boundaries of low-level public order law, drawing on optimal pathways and standardizations across the four legal systems of England and Wales, Australia, The United States of America and Germany. The aim is to identify the origins of the public order frameworks, explore limits of proscribed behaviour and to determine whether low-level public order laws satisfy the requirement of certainty within the respective jurisdictions. The requisite mental elements are investigated alongside the range of defences available to those accused of such an offence. In order to fully investigate the unique synergies between protest and low-level public order, the study uses a comparative approach to examine the interaction between the low level provisions and constitutionally guaranteed rights to free expression; including an examination of the conceptual analysis of the wider frameworks within which protest and low-level public order operate. As the source of much contemporary protest, the impact of the War on Terror upon the nexus between public order and protest will also be examined in respect all of the jurisdictions. It is argued that the law relating to low-level public order in all jurisdictions is, to some extent, based around “catch all” provisions that criminalize a broad range of behaviour and also allow the police and the courts a wide range of discretion when dealing with such offences. The various solutions in respect of structure, operation and judicial interpretation of the offences will be examined. This will highlight standardizations and also fundamental disparities between the four jurisdictions. Such a comparative investigation is unique. The study draws upon multiple standardizations to model the lower end of criminality across the four diverse legal systems, providing dynamic areas of contrast through an examination of both civil law and common law solutions to the treatment of low-level disorder. The efficacy of both codified and ad hoc arrangements to regulate disorder while guaranteeing the right to protest are also assessed. The thesis contributes to the understanding of the scope and contours of low-level public order law as well as extrapolating optimal solutions from the findings of this study.
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Investigating investigators : how witness identifications and other evidence influence investigatorsDahl, Leora Catherine. 10 April 2008 (has links)
This research examined the influence of eyewitness identification decisions on participants in the role of police investigators. Undergraduate "investigators" interviewed confederate "witnesses" and then searched a computer database of potential suspects. The database included information on each suspect's physical description, prior criminal record, alibi, and fingerprints. Participants selected a suspect and estimated the probability that the suspect was guilty. Investigators subsequently administered a photo lineup to the witness and re-estimated the suspect's guilt. Investigators were greatly swayed by eyewitness decisions. If the witness identified the suspect probability estimates increased dramatically. If the witness identified an innocent lineup member or rejected the lineup,+ investigators' probability estimates dropped significantly, even when pre-lineup objective evidence (e.g., fingerprints) was strong. Eyewitness decisions similarly influenced investigators' confidence in the witness and willingness to arrest the suspect. Participant-investigators greatly overestimated the amount of information gain provided by eyewitness identifications.
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