This thesis examines the legislative modernisation of Scots criminal law and justice through a feminist lens. The primary research question that it sets out to answer is whether the legislative modernisation of Scots criminal law and justice – understood as a process that involves increased reliance on legislation and a movement away from the Scottish common law tradition – can meet feminist aims. This thesis approaches this question from a theoretical and practical standpoint, and considers both whether individual, specific areas of Scots criminal law and justice (most notably the corroboration requirement and the partial defence of provocation) can be modernised in a way that is agreeable from a feminist perspective, and whether overall legislative modernisation is likely to be met with feminist approval. Particular attention is paid to feminist ideas about legislative reform, and to the work of feminist legal theorists who have challenged the 'traditional' presentation of law as neutral, autonomous, determinate and self-contained. The relationship between feminism, legal positivism and legal formalism is explored in detail. The central argument of this thesis is that feminist voices should be heard, accurately represented and responded to as the nature, content and form of Scots criminal law and justice continues to evolve and change. This thesis therefore also addresses how the Scottish Government has engaged with feminist ideas to date, and considers what formal policies or procedures are currently in place in Scotland that would facilitate, or hamper, the inclusion of feminist ideas as legislative modernisation continues to occur. In this regard, current 'mainstreaming' practices in Scotland are analysed in some depth. Ultimately, this thesis reaches conclusions that challenge assumptions about the progressiveness of legislative reform and the consequences of the Scottish Government introducing legislation in areas of paradigmatic feminist concern, and the extent to which across-the-board legislative modernisation will have a positive impact on the status of women.

LL.M. / Please refer to full text to view abstract

No autorizada por el autor para ser publicada a texto completo / Memoria (licenciado en ciencias jurídicas y sociales) / El presente trabajo aborda la figura del agente encubierto, desde una perspectiva crítica del mismo, en base a un análisis dogmático, legal y jurisprudencial, tanto nacional como comparado. El agente encubierto, tal como el agente revelador, son figuras cuya aplicación es polémica dentro del ámbito del proceso penal, ya que manifiestan dramáticamente la tensión permanente que existe entre el deber del Estado de resguardar los derechos fundamentales, y la necesidad político criminal de contar con herramientas útiles en la persecución penal. Nuestro legislador ha contemplado la figura del agente encubierto en cuatro leyes penales especiales: Ley 19.927 respecto delitos de pornografía infantil; la Ley 19.974 Sobre el Sistema de Inteligencia del Estado y que crea la Agencia Nacional de Inteligencia, la Ley 20.000, que sanciona el Tráfico Ilícito de Estupefacientes y Sustancias Psicotrópicas y la Ley 19.913 en materia de Lavado y Blanqueo de activos. Así también, se encuentran actualmente en tramitación tres proyectos de ley, que incorporan el agente encubierto a nuevos ilícitos, a saber, el delito de abigeato y terrorismo; y también perfeccionan su actual regulación, incorporando la autorización judicial previa como requisitos de validez de su actuación. Se analizará el derecho comparado, en atención a que esta técnica de investigación fue recogida de las legislaciones foráneas, para este objetivo se analizarán las legislaciones de Alemania, España, Argentina y Perú. Esta selección responde a la lógica utilizada por el propio legislador, ya que de la historia de la ley 4 20.000 se desprende que fueron Alemania y España los modelos a seguir por el legislador chileno. Argentina, por su parte, es uno de los primeros países en el contexto latinoamericano en que se implementó la figura del agente encubierto, a través de la llamada Ley de Drogas (Ley 23.737), y Perú, por su parte, contempla una de las regulación más comprensivas en el tema, fijando directrices y estándares, que a nuestro juicio, debieran ser considerados por el legislador chileno, para perfeccionar la política criminal existente. La jurisprudencia en esta materia, es escasa ya que por la propia labor que desempeña el agente encubierto, la mayor parte de sus actuaciones se realizarán en la etapa de investigación del proceso, y como en ciertos ilícitos no es necesaria la autorización judicial previa, el juez en ningún momento conocerá y juzgara esta acción. Sin embargo, el análisis jurisprudencial es esencial, ya que la legislación actual permite un ámbito de discrecionalidad considerable al ente persecutor, y es la jurisprudencia quien debe fijar los límites en las actuaciones, y llenar aquellos vacíos que no contempla la ley. Del análisis realizado se extraerán estándares básicos en la aplicación del agente encubierto, que permitirán examinar los proyectos de ley, con el fin de verificar la legitimidad y legalidad de los mismos

Since the International Military Tribunal (IMT) at Nuremberg, the first international tribunal to try individuals for international crimes, the role of victims of international crimes in international criminal proceedings has been limited to that of witnesses. The ad hoc international tribunals – the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) and the Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL) did not change this position. As such, the International Criminal Court (ICC) is the first international criminal tribunal to provide for the rights of victims to participate in their own right in criminal proceedings. Similarly, it is the first such tribunal to provide for the right to reparations. This thesis focuses on the right of victims to participation and to reparations under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. It argues that the ICC offers an opportunity for the entrenchment of the concerns of victims in the international criminal process. However, it suggests that this depends on what framework of justice the Court adopts. The thesis further argues that previous international criminal tribunals – the IMT at Nuremberg and the ad hoc International Criminal Tribunals (ICTY, ICTR and SCSL) – operated on retributive and utilitarian theories of criminal justice that are exclusionary of and inimical to specific concerns of victims of international crimes. The largely retributive and utilitarian objects driving these systems limited victims to a peripheral status in the process and failed to address fully the harm occasioned to victims. This thesis suggests that the ICC should adopt a restorative justice paradigm in order to give full effect to the rights of victims while protecting the rights of defendants and meeting the law enforcement functions of the Court. The thesis reviewed the relevant texts – the Rome Statute, its Rules of Evidence and Procedure and other instruments – and demonstrated the fact that the ICC framework provides a basis for such a restorative justice paradigm. In order to suggest a trajectory for the operationalisation of the ICC victims’ rights regime underpinned by principles of restorative justice, the thesis attempts a systematic review of the rights of victims in criminal law processes in select domestic criminal justice systems, international human rights tribunals and other international courts. At the same time, the thesis reviews the implementation of reparations in various contexts and made suggestions as to how the ii ICC and the Victim Trust Fund (VTF) should proceed in this regard within the relevant legal and institutional framework. In relation to the right to participate, the thesis concludes that Article 68(3) of the Rome Statute – the general provision on the subject – strikes the right balance between the right of victims to participate, defence rights to an expeditious trial and the law enforcement function of the Prosecutor. However, the scope of victim participation at various stages of the proceedings will depend on, among others, the paradigm of justice adopted by the Court and, in view of the Prosecutor’s seemingly knee-jerk opposition to victim participation, the attitude adopted by the Court itself to this new right of victims to participate. The thesis reviewed relevant texts and concluded that the Rome Statute’s victims’ rights regime presupposes a restorative model of justice – understood as values and principles rather than ‘practices’ and ‘methods’ as applied in some national criminal justice systems. Restorative justice contemplates a central role for victims of crime in relevant proceedings. Henceforth, the rights of defendants must not only be weighed against the concerns of the Prosecutor but also the right of victims to participate. The thesis concluded further that the tests established for victims’ participation – appropriateness, the requirement for their personal interests to be affected and the rights of defendants – present serious challenges in view of the fact that ICC crimes for the most part will involve mass atrocity. The number of victims who may eventually participate in particular proceedings is thus very small. The thesis notes that while the provision for legal representation of victims alleviates some of the difficulties associated with participation by a varied mix of victims in complex proceedings, it may be considered as diminishing the impact of direct participation. While the scope and modes of victim participation will vary at various phases of proceedings, current jurisprudence at the ICC shows that the Court seems to favour a broad presumption of victim participation. Since full realisation by victims of the right to participate will depend on the role that the Court will play, it is crucial that the right paradigm of justice is adopted. With respect to the right to reparations, the thesis notes that this is perhaps the greatest innovation in the Rome Statute. The study found that the Rome Statute establishes two ‘focal points’ for purposes of reparations – the Court and the Victim Trust Fund (VTF) – in close relationship with each other. Drawing from the iii experience of national criminal justice systems, the thesis acknowledged the practical difficulties involved in vesting a criminal court with a reparation function will pose particular challenges for the Court. These include the need to protect the right of a defendant to a speedy trial, the presumption of innocence and to conduct efficient proceedings. Having reviewed the texts and relevant jurisprudence, the study concluded that various mechanisms, including various permissive rules and the creation of the VTF make it possible to address some of the difficulties associated with the right to reparations in the ICC. The thesis further noted that while a reading of the relevant provisions establishes the possibility of the Court and VTF instituting independent reparations schemes, it is imperative that the two collaborate in order to give full effect to that function. In any case, while Regulation 56 of the Court’s Regulations provides for the possibility of considering reparations issues during the main trial, the fact that a reparation order against an accused is dependent on finding of guilt of the accused, it necessarily means that a definitive finding on reparation has to come after that. Further, the thesis concluded that in context of mass atrocities and the possibility that numerous victims may prove the requisite links to a case to obtain reparations, holding joint proceedings would complicate and burden the trial. However, the thesis endorsed the initial view of the Court that evidence concerning reparations could, at least in part – where appropriate, and in the interest of efficiency and victims – be considered during the trial. The thesis further concluded that the VTF, which presents greater flexibility than the Court in terms of standards of proof, the requirement for criminal liability and various other mechanisms should be allowed a more prominent role in the processing of reparations. A survey of various mass reparation schemes – Holocaust reparations, South African TRC, the Rwandan Gacaca model and the United Nations Compensation Commission (UNCC), as well as the Alien Tort Claims Act (ATCA), a particular mass tort litigation mechanism – offer some useful lessons on a range of challenging reparation related questions. The study concluded that while the Rome Statute offers an important opportunity for victims in terms of reparations, various challenges including shortage of funds and the large number of victims requires that situation countries – those states under investigation by the ICC and from which victims are drawn – cannot abandon iv their primary responsibility of providing appropriate remedies for victims. The ICC is not, and cannot be a panacea for the concerns of victims of international crimes.

The purpose of this mixed methods longitudinal study was to explore the connection between the quality of alternative education and juvenile delinquency. The study examined two alternative education disciplinary schools in the state of Florida over six academic years. The study's goals were twofold. The first goal was to determine the impact of the implementation of quality assurance (QA) in alternative education disciplinary schools. Specifically, the study focused on determining if the QA program increased the schools' use of best practices and, as a result, positively affected the likelihood that exiting students would return to mainstream public education after exiting an alternative education school. Study findings suggest that full implementation of the QA program increased students' likelihood of returning to their home schools after being released from the alternative education disciplinary school. Furthermore, the quantitative results indicate that the implementation of QA at an alternative education school does not increase students' attendance in their home schools after their return. The second goal of this study was to determine if a high quality alternative education school would improve students' positive school experiences, thus increasing their social capital and resulting in a reduction of crime as measured by a decrease in the possibility that a student would be arrested within 12 months after being released from the alternative education school. The quantitative results indicate that partial QA implementation decreased the likelihood that students would be arrested within twelve months after exiting an alternative education disciplinary school, but full and post QA implementation did not. Overall, the findings suggest that QA does not significantly impact the likelihood of an arrest within twelve months after a student exits from an alternative education school. The study concludes with discussion of the problem of youth returning to but not remaining in their regular school because of poor regular school experiences versus positive alternative education school experiences. The policy recommendations based on the results of this study are that students at alternative education schools be allowed to remain in these schools until their graduation from high school. / A Dissertation submitted to the College of Criminology and Criminal Justice in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. / Degree Awarded: Summer Semester, 2010. / Date of Defense: March 5, 2010. / Alternative Education, Delinquency / Includes bibliographical references. / Thomas G. Blomberg, Professor Directing Dissertation; Stacey Rutledge, University Representative; William Bales, Committee Member.

白智剛. / 手稿本, 複本據手稿本複印 / 論文(歷史學部哲學頭士)--香港中文大學,1988. / 參考文獻:leaves 1-10 (3rd group) / Bai Zhigang. / 〈前言〉 --- p.1 / Chapter 第一章 --- 刑獄制度的建立 --- p.3 / Chapter 一 --- 刑獄制度的轉變 --- p.3 / Chapter 〈一〉 --- 立法概況 --- p.3 / Chapter 〈二〉 --- 司法機構 --- p.8 / Chapter 〈三〉 --- 對司法官員的限制 --- p.16 / Chapter 二 --- 立法精神 --- p.25 / Chapter 〈一〉 --- 體恤人民 --- p.25 / Chapter 〈二〉 --- 留心吏治 --- p.29 / Chapter 〈三〉 --- 因應需要 --- p.32 / 〈注釋〉 --- p.36 / Chapter 第二章 --- 州縣司法的實際情況 --- p.64 / Chapter 一 --- 治獄的程序 --- p.64 / Chapter 〈一〉 --- 投案 --- p.64 / Chapter 〈二〉 --- 驗獄 --- p.73 / Chapter 〈三〉 --- 審問 --- p.81 / Chapter 〈四〉 --- 囚禁 --- p.85 / Chapter 二 --- 冤獄的形成 --- p.91 / Chapter 〈一〉 --- 交差塞責 --- p.91 / Chapter 〈二〉 --- 貪汙舞弊 --- p.94 / Chapter 〈三〉 --- 私仇興訟 --- p.96 / 〈注釋〉 --- p.103 / Chapter 第三章 --- 中央與地方刑獄的關係 --- p.127 / Chapter 一 --- 中央與地方的連繫 --- p.128 / Chapter 〈一〉 --- 宋初政局與強幹弱枝政策 --- p.128 / Chapter 〈二〉 --- 刑法權收歸中央 --- p.133 / Chapter 二 --- 州縣司法的特質 --- p.136 / Chapter 〈一〉 --- 地域上的分別 --- p.136 / Chapter 〈二〉 --- 人事上的差異 --- p.143 / 〈注釋〉 --- p.160 / 〈結語〉 --- p.188 / 〈附錄〉一 --- p.192 / 〈附錄〉二　 --- p.219 / 〈附錄〉三 --- p.224 / 〈徵引書目〉 / 〈撮要〉

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Trata o presente estudo da submissão (adequação) do exame tecnológico em locais de crime de furto de energia elétrica ao ordenamento jurídico penal vigente, de tal forma a atender as necessidades próprias da lei penal e processual penal, específicas ao tema. Aspectos como a classificação entre furto de energia ou estelionato, ou mesmo a de furto de energia mediante fraude, ou ainda, simplesmente, a de ligação abusiva, assim como as comparações do preceito legal com a obtenção clandestina do acesso à TV a cabo e ao uso de impulsos de telefonia, devem ter a análise tecnológica adequada à sua destinação pelo Perito encarregado do exame, haja vista ser seu Laudo não só o documento hábil para tais discernimentos, que darão rumo ao processo penal e, por via de conseqüência, influenciarão em sua conclusão, mas também fonte de processo de conhecimento eventualmente levado a cabo pelo judiciário, este, destinatário final de tal trabalho. / The present study deals with the submission (Adequacy) of the technological examination, in places of electric energy robbery crime, to the effective criminal legal system, such way to take care of the proper necessities of criminal and procedural law, specific to the subject. Aspects as the classification between robbery of energy or fraud, or simply of abusive linking, as the comparisons of the legal rule with the clandestine attainment of the access of cable TV and the use of telephony impulses, must have the technological analysis adjusted its destination for the in charge Connoisseur it examination, it has seen to be its Finding the skillful document for the discernment of important questions, which one will give route to the criminal proceeding and, by the way, they will influence in its conclusion.

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