(english) This thesis deals with cybercriminality in area of cryptocurrencies. The thesis first of all describes basic terms, sources of law and issues of jurisdictions in area. Furthermore it deals with delineation of selected crimes commited in connection with cryptocurrencies. Part of the thesis focuses on issues with anonymity and proving. Key words Cybercriminality, Cryptocurrencies, Computer Criminality

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / A presente dissertação busca, através da análise das teorias sobre o crime e o desvio disponíveis, encontrar um caminho de pesquisa que responda a seguinte pergunta: Por que alguns jovens e não outros se envolvem em atividades ligadas ao tráfico de drogas nas favelas do Rio de Janeiro? Este é, portanto, essencialmente um trabalho de revisão bibliográfica, tanto da literatura brasileira quanto da literatura norte-americana sobre o tema. O objetivo principal é levantar questões para uma pesquisa futura que incorpore tanto os pontos fortes da produção acadêmica nacional quanto da produção estrangeira, incorporando metodologias essencialmente quantitativas e qualitativas. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho defende o desenvolvimento de análises que enfatizem a capacidade de agência dos indivíduos, através da observação dos efeitos de suas aspirações e expectativas de futuro sobre suas trajetórias de vida; sem, contudo, perder de vista que a conformação de tais expectativas depende da estrutura e das interações sociais que os circundam / Through the analysis of available theories of crime and deviance, this paper searches to find a path of research that accounts for the following question: Why some young people engage in illegal activities related to drug dealing in the Rio de Janeiros slums while others do not? This is, therefore, essentially a revision of the concerning theories in Brazil and in the United States. The main purpose is to raise questions for future research that bring together the cardinal points of both academic productions, incorporating both quantitative and qualitative methodologies. In this context, the present paper stands for the development of an analysis that emphasizes the agency of individuals through the observation of their aspirations and expectations effects on their life trajectories. Nevertheless, such a perspective should not ignore the role played by the social structure and the social interactions in the constitution of the same aspirations and expectations

v anglickém jazyce The subject of my master's degree thesis is "The Issue of an Offender's Personality in Criminology". The aim of my thesis is disclosing reasons of delinquency from the view of the offender. In the first chapter I focused on basic terms such as what is criminology, criminality, and what defines an offender. In the second chapter I summarized the relevant criminological theories. The next chapter is about typologies of offenders. The fourth chapter, I pay attention to the term "personality", it's structure, term BASIC ID and the motivation of delinquency. The last chapter deals with juvenile criminality, which increased exponentially after the Velvet Revolution in 1989.

Criminological aspects of drug criminality Drug criminality is a big problem of current time and it concerns all of us regardless of sex, age or social status. The topic of drug criminality is very wide though. This diploma thesis focuses in more detail on the current and very dangerous phenomenon of drugs in transport. The main target of the thesis is to provide a comprehensive summary about the psychoactive drugs which are used by the drivers most frequently, to analyse in detail their properties and effects and to describe, which influence the particular types of psychoactive drugs have on the physical and mental state of driver and which changes in his behaviour these drugs cause. The thesis is divided into introduction, four main chapters and conclusion. The first chapter is focused on the explanation of some basic terms which are used in the thesis. The second chapter summarizes the historical development in using of psychoactive drugs in the world and in the area of our country. The Czech state experienced in the past a few fundamental turns, after that the situation in the society changed. With regard to these periods the passage about the history of using of psychoactive drugs in the area of our country is divided into three parts. In the third chapter are analysed in detail the particular...

The project is a transnational study of how filmic representations of urban criminals and marginal figures transformed as Brazil, France, and the Maghreb shifted from military governments to liberal democracies. Beyond ideological productions that simply produce positive or negative portrayals, I examine how films made under military regimes invite audiences to identify with anti-heroes while films made under liberal democracies invite admiration of institutional figures, turning standards of good and evil on their head. The anti-authoritarian potential of violence in earlier periods is construed as a failed redemption in later ones. The theoretical background of the project rests on the oppositional and constitutive relationship between the outlaw and the state, the relationship between urban space and criminal personification, and the historical specificity of the transgressive figure's embodiment of socially un/desirable traits. I establish a geographic and conceptual continuity through a comparative postulation of urban citizenship--who belongs to the city and who does not, who is marked in their transgression and who is not, who is laudable bandit and who is condemned. In delving into a face-to-face relationship between the outlaw and the state following an aesthetic and historical tracing of a highly iconic figure at the margins of the law, the project brings statecraft into focus through the use of visual and representational forms.

Syftet med studien som presenteras i denna uppsats var att undersöka vad som anses viktigt i SiS-institutioners behandlingsarbete med personer mellan 13-20 år, som har ett kriminellt förflutet, och som skall socialiseras in i samhället. Vi som skrivit den har genomfört en kvalitativ studie som bygger på intervjuer med fem yrkesverksamma behandlingsassistenter på två SiS-institutioner. Av dessa fem intervjuer var två stycken direktintervjuer som genomfördes i en lokal på institutionen, och tre av intervjuerna genomfördes via telefon. Det som har varit genomgående för studien har varit att vi har haft ett hermeneutiskt synsätt där tolkningar av behandlingspersonalens åsikter har varit centrala. För att bearbeta vårt empiriska material har vi använt oss av innehållsanalys vilket gav oss möjlighet att utläsa de likheter och skillnader som fanns i personalens utsagor. Resultatet av vår studie är att relation, utbildning och förbättrad psykosocial funktionsförmåga anses vara de viktigaste faktorerna i deras behandlingsarbete. / The aim of this study was to investigate what is regarded important in SiS institutions treatment work, with persons between 13-20 years which has a criminal past and is going to be socialized in the community. We who have written this essay have conducted a qualitative study which builds on interviews with five attendants employed at two SiS- institutions. Two interviews where performed in person and three on telephone. The study has been based on a hermeneutic approach in the interpretation of our transcribed interviews. To process our empirical material we have applied content analysis, which gave us opportunity to search for and find similarities and differences that were in the informants statements. The result that emerged from our study was relation, education and psychosocial functioning, this was regarded as the most important factors in their treatment work.

The objective of this thesis was to research and gain knowledge about people involved in organized crime in Sweden. By conducting interviews we were able to analyze what factors played a role in an individual's choice to become a member of a criminal gang, as well as to gain an overall picture of these people. The qualitative research was carried out in three different cities in Sweden. Three people, aged between 30 and 60, who are currently members of a gang, were interviewed. In these interviews they shared their life stories in terms of childhood, youth, gang involvement as well as their hopes for the future. The results were then further analyzed to explore any similarities and differences among the participating individuals. Furthermore, these results were then compared with previous research on the topic, as well as different theories. We were  able to conclude several common trends in the experiences of the interviewed people despite all of them being unique. Among other findings, we could see that theories regarding risk factors for criminal development were mostly coherent with that of the interviewees. Risk factors can be segregated into the individual level, family level, peer level, school level and community level. Research on risk factors were shown to match the interviewees' life stories quite well. Some of the common factors were that two of the people who were interviewed came from broken family relationships, all three described themselves as drawn to peer groups seeking excitement, and all three said that their time at school was characterized by violence. All the people interviewed are active members of a gang because it "suited their needs. They all noted, however, that a disadvantage of this lifestyle is that it comes with a lot of stress, especially the fight against the judiciary. It was clear to all three people that they find it difficult to obey the law and that it would be difficult to leave the criminal underworld completely. This means that chronic criminality, as well as other behavior, is the result of habits that are fundamentally difficult to break.

Syftet med uppsatsen är att studera den subjektiva upplevelsen av upphörandeprocessen från kriminalitet hos unga vuxna som vid upprepade tillfällen begått brott under sin barndom och ungdomstid. Frågeställningarna berör både yttre och inre faktorer som påverkat upphörandet samt faktorer som upprätthåller en ickekriminell livsstil. I studien ingick åtta personer, sex män och två kvinnor, som upphört med kriminalitet före 25 års ålder. Hur länge sedan det var personerna slutade begå brott varierade mellan några veckor och åtta år. Studiens genomförande var kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer varav fem utfördes vid personliga möten och tre över telefon. I analysen tillämpades teorin om sociala band, vändpunkter och ett perspektiv på upphörandet som en process. I det empiriska materialet framkommer att upphörandet inledningsvis påverkades av ett samspel mellan specifika händelser som fungerade som vändpunkter, hjälp från andra personer samt egen motivation och mognad. Informanterna betonar egen motivation mest, vilket överensstämmer med tidigare studier av ungdomar i synnerhet. Därutöver identifierades en andra fas av upprätthållande där informanterna aktivt arbetade för att avhålla sig från brott. I denna fas började de omförhandla sin identitet från kriminell mot ickekriminell. Många hade dock kvar tankar på att begå brott och upplevde sig vara ”laglydiga kriminella” snarare än ickekriminella. Detta fenomen har vi inte hittat i tidigare forskning på området. Nedanstående faktorer i ett samspel identifierades av informanterna som nödvändiga för att kunna sluta begå brott, vilket bortsett från den sista punkten överensstämmer väl med tidigare forskning på området. Yttre faktorer: Upphöra med missbruk. Bryta kontakten med andra personer i aktivt missbruk och kriminalitet. Stöd från andra personer eller professionella. Gemenskap och anknytning till andra. Sysselsättning. Inre faktorer: Motivation och egen vilja. Mognad och ökad ålder. Förmåga att hantera tankar på brott. Sökord: upphöra, kriminalitet, brott, ungdom, återfall / The purpose of this paper is to study the subjective experiences of the desistance process from crime in young adults who repeatedly committed crimes during childhood and adolescence. The questions address both external and internal factors that influenced desistance from crime and factors that maintain a non-criminal lifestyle. The study included eight people, six men and two women who desisted from crime before the age of 25. The time since they desisted ranged from a few weeks up to eight years. The study was performed using qualitative semi-structured interviews, five by personal meetings and three by telephone. In the analysis the theories of social bonds, turning points and a perspective on desistance as a process was applied. The findings of this study were that desistance initially was influenced by a combination of specific events that served as turning points, support from other people as well as motivation and maturity. The informants emphasized their own motivation the most, which is consistent with previous studies of adolescents and young adults in particular. In addition, a second phase of maintenance were identified where the informants had to make efforts to refrain from crime. In this phase they started to renegotiate their identity from criminal towards non-criminal. However, many still had thoughts of committing crime and perceived themselves to be "law-abiding criminals" rather than non-criminals. This is something we have not found in previous research. These factors were identified by the informants as necessary to desist from crime, which apart from the last point is consistent with previous research in this area. External factors: • Desistance from substance abuse. • Breaking contact with people with active addiction and criminal behavior. • Support from other people or professionals. • Sense of community and attachment to others. • Occupation. Internal factors: • Motivation and determination. • Maturity and increasing age. • Ability to deal with thoughts of crime. Keywords: desistance, crime, criminality, youth, relapse

Vissa ungdomar utmärks av att de utsätter andra för hostilitet i en viss vardagsmiljö. Andra ungdomar utmärks av att de utsätts för hostilitet av andra i samma miljö. En tredje grupp av ungdomar utmärks av att de både utsätter andra för hostilitet och utsätts för andras hostilitet i den miljön. Det förklarar ”ömsesidig hostilitet” för de ungdomarna. Syftet med studien var att se om ungdomar som själv rapporterade hög kriminalitet utmärktes av att de levde med ”ömsesidig hostilitet” i olika vardagsmiljöer – hemma, i skolan och på fritiden. Urvalet bestod av 2009 ungdomar i ålder 13-15 år från en mellanstor stad i Sverige. Data användes ifrån redan befintlig forskning utifrån olika skolor. Enkäter var utformade med frågor om hostilitet och kriminalitet. Resultaten visade att de ungdomar som upplevde ömsesidig hostilitet i olika vardagsmiljöer var kriminaliteten specifik högre. Ju fler olika miljöer ungdomen upplevde ömsesidig hostilitet i desto högre var den självskattade kriminaliteten. / Some youths are characterized by exposing others to hostility in a particular environment. Other young people are characterized by being exposed to hostility from others in the same environment. A third group of youngsters are characterized by both exposing others to hostility, and exposed to other people's hostility in the environment, explained "mutual hostility" for these young people. In this study the aim was to examine whether the young people who were high-criminal distinguished that they lived with "mutual hostility" in everyday environments - at home, at school and at spare time. The sample consisted of 2009 adolescents aged 13-15 years from a medium-sized city in Sweden who participated in a research project. The data from two questionnaires hostility and criminality were analyzed. The results showed that the young people who were experiencing mutual hostility in everyday environments engaged more in criminal activities. The study showed that youths who experienced mutual hostility in many different environments, were significant higher in self-reported crime.

The goal of this Thesis was finding out the views of social workers on the situation of youth crime on Třebíč area and also focused on the development of social services in Třebíč area, especially social-activation services for families with children. Another issue are the most frequent crimes done by juveniles.