In this essay, the aim has been to investigate how the possibilities of leaving gang criminality are portrayed in the news media. It is of criminological interest to examine the extent to which news articles address the limitations and opportunities for individuals involved in gang criminality, as this could have long-term implications for criminal policy and crime prevention efforts. Currently, there is no previous research specifically focusing on the news media's portrayal of the possibilities of leavinggang criminality, hence this essay contributes additional insights. The theories utilized in the essay include labeling theory and social bond theory. A qualitative content analysis method was employed to study 103 Swedish news articles published between October 2022 and November 2023. The material was processed using a coding scheme with themes and categories. The analysis revealed that defection programs are the primary means for gang criminals to exit criminal networks. It highlighted the challenges faced by defectors with high threat levels and emphasized the significance of community and social relationships in successfully completing the defection process. The analysis identified significant shortcomings within authorities and defection programs responsible for the process. Overall, the results depict defection programs as deficient, and the process is portrayed as uncertain, all while lethal violence continues to rise. This may contribute to the public's perception that the preventive efforts of defection programs are not effective enough to handle the situation, potentially leading to a tougher political stance on combating gang criminality. It may also signal to gang members that their chances of leaving gang criminality are slim and that authorities are not reliable

What explains the variance in crime rates among Florida counties? Bivariate regression found that clearance rate had a statistically significant negative relationship with crime rate, and that the following variables had a statistically significant positive association with crime rate: law enforcement funding, population density, Hispanic population percent, the percent of males in the 18-39 range, and the percent of immigrants. It seems probable that law enforcement funding is actually dependent on crime rate rather than causing increases in crime rate: counties with higher crime rates likely spend more money on law enforcement to combat crime. To deal with significant multicollinearity, stepwise regression was used to determine which variables to include in the multivariate analysis. In this model, clearance rate had a statistically significant negative association with crime rate and the percent of males 18-39 and population density both had statistically significant positive relationships with crime rate.

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For the past several decades, the neoliberal school of economics has dominated public policy, encouraging American politicians to reduce the size of the government. Despite this trend, the power of the state to surveille, criminalize, and detain has become more extensive, even as the state appears to be growing less powerful. By allowing information technology corporations such as Google to collect location data from users with or without their knowledge, the state can tap into a vast surveillance network at any time, retroactively surveilling and criminalizing at its discretion. Furthermore, neoliberal political theory has eroded the classical liberal conception of freedom so that these surveillance tactics to not appear to restrict individuals' freedom or privacy so long as they give their consent to be surveilled by a private corporation. Neoliberalism also encourages the proliferation of information technologies by making individuals responsible for their economic success and wellbeing in an increasingly competitive world, thus pushing more individuals to use information technologies to enter into the gig economy. The individuating logic of neoliberalism, combined with the rapid economic potentialities of information technology, turn individuals into mere sources of human capital. Even though the American state's commitment to neoliberalism precludes it from covertly managing the labor economy, it can still manage a population through criminalization and incarceration. Access to users' data by way of information technology makes the process of criminalization more manageable and allows the state to more easily incarcerate indiscriminately. / Master of Arts / Since the era of President Reagan, the American economic and political tradition has been committed to opening trade, limiting government regulation, and reducing public benefits in the interest of expending freedom from the government. Despite this commitment to shrinking the size of the government, the government still considers it responsible for public security, including both national security and criminalization. At the same time as this wave of deregulation, information technology companies such as Google have expanded their ability to collect and store data of individual users—data which the government has access to when it deems such access necessary. The deregulation of private markets has ushered in an era of extreme labor competition, which pushes many people to use information technology such as computers and cell phones, to market their labor and make extra money. However, whenever a person is connected to GPS, Wi-Fi, or uses data on their phone, their location information is being stored and the government has access to this information. Neoliberalism therefore encourages people to use technology that allows them to be watched by the government. Location information is one of the main factors of criminalization; historically, a persons’ location informs the police’s decision to arrest them or not. Enforcing laws against vagrancy, homelessness, prostitution, etc. require law enforcement agencies to know where someone is, which becomes much easier when everyone is connected to their location data by their cell phone. This gives the state a huge amount of power to find and criminalize whoever it wants.

The purpose of this thesis was to examine and explore themes within Swedish gangster rap lyrics. The method was content analysis with the purpose of coding content from every new gangster rap song released in Sweden 2019 to 2023 appearing in the top 50 lists each month in the archive “Swedishcharts.com”. The number of new songs released differed in quantity year to year, and the total number of Swedish gangster rap songs in every year combined was243 songs. The main themes appearing in Swedish gangster rap were discovered as: violence, guns, drugs, misogyny, gangs, and environment. There were also themes appearing that didnot appear as commonly such as: political awareness, police harassment, and ethnicity. The extent to which themes referring to criminality and violence resonated with media representations of the genre was not common. More likely, the subgenre could be interpretednarratively and critically to reveal depictions of difficult environments, with several aspects not mentioned in the media that potentially portray real experiences for the gangster rappers. In cases where the themes could resonate with the Swedish media representations, they were often expressed in a braggadocious or exaggerated way, with possible causes like protecting the authenticity of the genre or potentially articulating difficulties within society. A comparison with how violence and criminality refer to relevant themes in the content analysis showed a nuanced pattern as to whether the media representation of gangster rap was equivalent to criminal activity in society.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:27:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Fernanda de Lima Esteves.pdf: 476045 bytes, checksum: 8528067e4fd77373a305d169db516186 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-06-26 / The present work has as objective to analyze the effectiveness of the alternative penalties in the reduction of criminality. The subject justifies because the penalty is the measure of social control used by the State in reaction to the practice of a delict. Ahead of this situation, the penalty must be the most efficient and adjusted as possible, respecting the legal system and the effective principles, which does not happen, in the present time, with the privative of freedom penalty, therefore, in reason of its serious imperfections, it does not obtain to fulfill the correction objective, contributing for the increase of the relapse and criminality. Moreover, measures as penalty increase, privatization of criminal establishments and even the extinguishing of the Criminal Law do not seem viable for the reduction of criminality either. The alternative system of penalty reveals efficient in the reduction of crime, in special in relation to the classic system of penalty, therefore, among other factors, it fits in the principles, the structure of individual guarantees and the purposes of the penalty established in the effective legal system. The application of the alternative penalties neither does bring to the convict the malefic effects resultant of the application of the punishment by confinement, as, for example, the stigma and the rupture of his familiar, social and professional bows. It is certain that there are criticals to the alternative system of penalty, but it cannot be rejected in reason of them. In this way, if the adjustments will be carried through in the system, mainly in which concerns to its structure and fiscalization, it will have conditions of being extended for all the cases where its application is considered positive, even if the delict does not fit in the conditions that make possible the substitution of the punishment by confinement for an alternative penalty. The analysis of statistical data concerning the relapse in delinquents to whom were imposed a privative of freedom penalty and the relapse in delinquents to whom were imposed alternative penalties, as well the analysis of the arguments of authors and the effective legal system currently in the country are the sources of research of the work, and assist its development / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a eficácia das penas alternativas na redução da criminalidade. O tema justifica-se porque a pena é a medida de controle social utilizada pelo Estado em reação à prática de um delito. Diante desta situação, a pena deve ser a mais eficaz e adequada possível, respeitando o ordenamento jurídico e os princípios vigentes, o que não acontece, na atualidade, com a pena privativa de liberdade, pois, em razão das suas graves falhas, ela não consegue cumprir o objetivo ressocializador, contribuindo para o aumento da reincidência e da criminalidade. Além disso, medidas como o aumento de penas, a privatização de estabelecimentos penais e até a extinção do Direito Penal também não parecem viáveis para a redução da criminalidade. O sistema alternativo de pena mostra-se eficaz na redução da criminalidade, em especial em relação ao sistema clássico de pena, pois, dentre outros fatores, enquadra-se nos princípios, na estrutura de garantias individuais e nas finalidades da pena estabelecidos no ordenamento jurídico vigente. A aplicação das penas alternativas também não traz ao condenado os efeitos maléficos oriundos da aplicação da pena de prisão, como, por exemplo, o estigma e a quebra dos laços familiares, sociais e profissionais do condenado. É certo que existem críticas ao sistema alternativo de pena, mas ele não pode ser desprezado em razão delas. Desta maneira, se os ajustes forem realizados no sistema, principalmente no que concerne a sua estrutura e fiscalização, ele terá condições de ser ampliado para todos os casos em que seja considerada positiva a sua aplicação, mesmo que o delito não se enquadre nas condições que possibilitam a substituição da pena de prisão por uma pena alternativa. A análise de dados estatísticos acerca da reincidência em delinqüentes apenados com pena privativa de liberdade e da reincidência em delinqüentes apenados com penas alternativas, bem como a análise dos argumentos de doutrinadores e do ordenamento jurídico vigente atualmente no país são as fontes de pesquisa do trabalho, e auxiliam o seu desenvolvimento

This thesis deals with the topic of corporate criminal liability and its criminological aspects. When adopting a law, it is necessary to examine its impact on the society as well as the individual. However, the Czech Act No. 148/2011 Sb. on Corporate Criminal Liability was adopted, above all, because of the pressure exerted by European law. That is possibly the reason why there has never been, until now, much focus on the criminological aspects of corporate crime or the prevention of corporate crime. It follows that the elaboration of this kind of thesis is imperative. The first chapter of this thesis addresses the historical concept of white-collar criminality which was developed by one of the greatest criminologists of the 20th century - Edwin H. Sutherland. After exploring his work, and works of his followers, the author of this thesis aims to summarize the main characteristics of corporate criminality. In addition, the first chapter specifies the focus and the individual sections of this thesis. The second chapter is concerned with the etiology of corporate criminality, i.e. with the reasons why corporations commit crime at all. In this part of the thesis, the author analyses the data on corporate criminality collected abroad, nevertheless, the main focus is on the data coming from the Czech...

Abstract The purpose of this bachelor’s thesis (C-uppsats) is to analyse the Swedish governments 34-point programme, which contains measures for preventing gang criminality, to see if the government has addressed the theoretical perspective of social capital. The analysis will be conducted using the previously mentioned theoretical perspective. To make the analysis, two different interpretations of the theoretical perspective was combined into a theoretical analysis framework. Which contained the codes used for analysing the text material. The theoretical analysis framework contains the four most central elements from both the interpretations of the theoretical perspective, regarding social capitals effects on criminality, and has been filtered out and used in the analysis.  This thesis is designed as a case study and to conduct it, a qualitative analysis method has been used. Choosing this method has led to a more deep going analysis of the material. It has made it possible to observe interesting information between the written lines thanks to the thorough reading of all material, which is a part of the qualitative text analysis. The deductions made from the thesis analysis are as follows. The government has considered three of the four central elements of social capital that affects criminality. Which means they have taken social capital into account. The measures proposed for preventing gang criminality are also believed to work since the government addresses the theoretical perspective. This is backed up by both the theoretical perspective and by earlier studies. However, the fourth central element that the government has not addressed in their programme is negative social capital, which is an important element. They have not addressed the fact that negative social capital could lead to all their proposed measures of preventing gang criminality having the opposite effect. The proposed measures could increase the criminality or make it harder integrating the gang members back into “normal” society, thanks to the negative social capital.  Therefore, the government receives criticism at the end of the thesis for not addressing this central element in their programme. It is proposed that the government should rework the 34-point programme to also include a consideration of the negative social capital and to have some form of risk analysis in the programme as well. Just in case the proposed measures do not work, or if they increase gang criminality. At the very end of the thesis, possible subjects for further studying in the future are presented.

107 Forms of crime committed by organized crime - Abstract The aim of this work was to map the range of criminal offenses and other criminal acts perpetrated by perpetrators of organized crime. Members and supporters of criminal organizations commit a large number of different offenses, primarily with the intention of obtaining illegal profits. However, some actions aim at legalizing previous revenues, establishing contacts in police, justice, and public administration, or to prevent these groups from being exposed. A specific crime may have multiple meanings in the overall strategy of the organized crime subject. Such an act is committed to both profits and cover- up (eg murder, extortion). This work is divided into three parts. The first part, consisting of Chapter 1, deals with the theoretical and legal definition of organized crime and other related concepts, such as organized groups and organized criminal groups. For these characteristics, both professional treatises and legal regulations are used, including international conventions, EU legislation and the laws of the Czech Republic. This section also provides a demonstrative list of the main criminal activities of organized crime. The second part, consisting of chapters 2 and 3, focuses on the historical development of organized crime and the...

Magistro baigiamajame darbe išanalizuota ir įvertinta ekonominio nusikalstamumo kriminologinė charakteristika Lietuvos Respublikoje 2004–2013 m. Pagrindinis darbo tikslas: pateikti nusikalstamų veikų ekonomikai Lietuvos Respublikoje kriminologinę charakteristiką ir identifikuoti ekonominio nusikalstamumo ryšį su makroekonominiais rodikliais. Pirmoje darbo dalyje aptarta ekonominių nusikalstamų veikų samprata ir ekonominio nusikalstamumo struktūra. Antroje darbo dalyje pateikta statistinių duomenų analizė apie ekonominio nusikalstamumo Lietuvos Respublikoje 2004–2013 m. sklaidą. Nustatyta ekonominio nusikalstamumo augimo tendencija. Šioje darbo dalyje taip pat pateikta asmenų, įtariamų 2011–2013 m. įvykdžius ekonomines nusikalstamas veikas, charakteristika. Trečioje darbo dalyje regresinės analizės metodu tirtas ryšys tarp ekonominių nusikalstamų veikų ir makroekonominių determinantų. Skaičiuojant koreliacijos bei determinacijos koeficientus, rastas statistiškai reikšmingas neigiamas ryšys tarp ekonominio nusikalstamumo ir bendro vidaus produkto rodiklių. Tarp nedarbo lygio ir ekonominio nusikalstamumo tiriamuoju periodu nerasta statistiškai reikšmingo ryšio. / The Master‘s thesis presents criminological characteristic of economic criminality in Lithuania during years 2004–2013. It aims to present the analysis of economic criminality in Lithuania by examining the relationship between macroeconomic variables and number of economic crimes. In the first part of the study theoretical background and concepts of economic criminality and economic crimes are presented. In the second part statistical analysis of 2004–2013 registered economic crimes in Lithuania is performed. Moreover, there is presented generalized characteristics of persons who committed economic criminal offences. The third part of the work investigates the relationship between macroeconomic determinants and economic criminality. Conclusions that there exist a statistically significant negative relationship between GDP and economic criminality are drawn by determining the coefficients of correlation. Number of economic crimes is declining in case there is a growth of national GDP. However, the obtained analysis part does not show a significant relationship between unemployment and economic criminality.