Våld i arbetslivet är ett samhällsproblem som har fått ökad uppmärksamhet de senaste åren. Människan spenderar stor del av sin vakna del på arbetet och upplevs våld i arbetslivet kan det få förödande effekt på en människas livskvalitet. I denna intervjustudie fokuseras klientrelaterat våld där arbetsgruppen är restaurangarbetare som jobbar i yttre tjänst med gästkontakt. Det är en grupp som väldigt få studier är baserade på trots att de i sitt yrke har flera riskfaktorer till våld i arbetslivet såsom alkohol, sena nätter och gästhantering. Studiens syfte är att ta reda på vad de anställda som intervjuas anser vara våld på deras arbetsplats och hur det kan se ut men även vad det kan finnas för orsaker till våld på deras arbetsplats. Forskaren i denna studie har en egen förförståelse då denna har jobbat själv i restaurangbranschen i 15 år vilket kan vara både till en nackdel och fördel i studien. Nackdel så tillvida att forskaren kan tolka in sina egna erfarenheter och en fördel kan vara att respondenterna kan känna sig bekväma med en forskare som kommer från samma bakgrund. Som tidigare forskning tas K. Jerres studie om det ökade våldet i arbetslivet är en följd av förändrade arbetsförhållanden. K. Jerre tar upp att vissa egenskaper i ett yrke är tydliga riskfaktorer till att utsättas för våld i arbetslivet såsom direktkontakt med klient, kund- och/eller patienter och kvälls/natt och skiftarbeten vilket restaurangarbetare oftast har. Tidigare forskning har även påvisat ett samband mellan alkohol och våldsbrott men det finns även studier som säger att det inte går att dra ett sådant samband. En alternativ förklaring kan vara Timeoutteorin där dryckeskontexten blir en situation där normala normer skiftas till ett mer tillåtande normsystem. Andra teorier som diskuteras i denna studie är copingstrategier, coola offersyndrom och maktpositioner.

Family life in North America has changed dramatically over the past five decades. This rapid transformation of the household has serious implications for children, ranging from emotional and behavioural problems, to delinquency. This study investigates how certain family transitions affect children differently with regards to delinquency. This thesis uses the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth conducted in 1995 by Statistics Canada to update our knowledge of the impact that broken homes can have on children’s engagement in delinquent activities. Prior research has established that there is a positive association between family structure and delinquency. However, prior research has failed to explain why this relationship exists. Hence, one of the goals of this study is to investigate if variables representing social control, self-control, social learning, and strain theories can help to explain the association between family structure and crime. Another goal of this study is to determine if the broken homes effect is predominantly a function of parental absence or if the gender of the absent parent matters. Results indicate that in some circumstances certain forms of broken homes are directly associated with specific types of crime, while in other types of broken homes, after taking into account differences in parental attachment, self-control, associations with deviant peers, and strain, they are not. Avenues for future research are discussed, including ways to help establish the causal ordering linking broken homes to delinquency. / Thesis (Master, Sociology) -- Queen's University, 2014-03-27 16:49:37.968

Although debates surrounding the exclusionary rule are as old (indeed, older) than the rule itself, the Supreme Court’s recent decision in Grant has renewed debates over the principle and application of the rule. This thesis empirically assesses trends in the admission of improperly obtained evidence at the Ontario Court of Appeal (O.C.A.) with the aim of drawing some preliminary conclusions about the nature of judicial decision-making. Utilizing all O.C.A. cases involving consideration of s. 24(2) from the enactment of the Charter in 1982 to December 31st 2010, this study aims to reveal and understand trends in the exclusion of evidence in terms of the characteristics of the evidence, type of rights found to be violated, individual judicial characteristics and deference to lower courts while paying particular attention to the effect of precedent on the outcome.

This study is an investigation of the influence of traditional values on urban life in Iraq, with special reference to Baghdad, the capital of Iraq. Very much has been said about the function of the city as a social form exerting an independent causal effect on other forms of social organisation and on behaviour. The classical urban sociologists believed that city dwelling was likely to eliminate traditional family construction, kinship system and conventional behaviour. The present study attempts to test these assumptions - through a comparative analysis of three different groups of household heads : urban natives [city born], migrants and villagers [control group]- and to recognize the diffusion of traditional values, norms and customs in urban dwellers' behaviour and attitudes, as reacted in the contacts and social relationships among them. Baghdad has a long urban history, dating back more than a thousand years, although it has declined and been devastated several times during its history. After 1258 A. D, successive invasions by Persian and Ottoman armies destroyed the city and compelled most of its inhabitants to flee, either to other agglomerate centres or to small towns and villages. As a result, Baghdad in the eighteenth century and the first half of the nineteenth century was no more than a collection of small hamlets. However, the city faced new era of increase and urbanization after the First World War, due to two main factors: a) the rapid and vast increase, in migration from rural to urban areas since the end of second world war; b) the natural increase which reflects the improvement in health economy and education. The process of urbanization in Iraq, particularly Baghdad, has developed even more rapidly in the last four decades, mainly because of successive waves of rural migrants, especially from the southern regions: Mysan, Wasit, Thi-Qar, Muthana and Qadisya. Migrants predominate demographically and socially in the city, and most of the city's inhabitants have a deep-rooted rural background. In moving to the city, they have taken with them the attitudes, values, norms and beliefs of their villages, so that the cities have become, in effect, huge villages. In other words, in Iraqi cities, especially Baghdad, the process of urbanization has not necessarily been accompanied by "urbanism" as a way of life. Thus, in the major cities in Iraq, particularly Baghdad which has more migrants than any other, traditional values are sharply reflected in the social behaviour, and in most aspects of lifestyle. Thus the thesis is concerned with the similarities and differences between the three sets of household heads; it dwells on their rural or urban origins, their education, age, sex, occupation, income and their attitude toward many aspects of social organization. To test the diffusion of traditional characteristics among the indigenous of Baghdad city, in relation to the factors outlined above, the thesis accords priority to four salient issues: a) family organization, including the family structure, power, and authority, women's roles, and patterns of marriage ; b) kinship networks in city social life, among those in both rural and urban categories; kinship control over marriage, loyalty and nepotism, mutual aid and obligations. c) attitudes to neighbours and neighbourhood participation and relationships, including the role of neighbours as a source of social control ; d) attitude to social time, with reference to differences in social activities, such as work, leisure, punctuality, keeping appointments and general outlook on the dimension of time. These issues might shed light on our assumption that Baghdad city is deeply exposed to what has been called "the ruralization of the city".

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Texas, Aug., 2007. / Title from title page display. Includes bibliographical references.

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This research focuses on a small group of female offenders in England and the ways in which engagement in the arts during incarceration can support and accelerate the desistance process. In the most recent review of the female prison estate, Robinson (2013) suggests that ‘life’ and ‘independence’ skills should be acquired in prison in preparation for release. Communication and social skills form the basis of many of the mainstream intervention programs within the Criminal Justice System (Caulfied & Wilkinson 2017:20). Expansion of independence skills would support the other skills that women learn in prison and offer a very practical response to the difficulties that they describe in their lives in the community (Robinson 2013). This research explores whether access to the arts within prison can form the basis of fostering such skills in order to motivate and engage learners. The transition from ‘offender’ to ‘ex-offender’ is considered, as are the ways in which agency acquired through the arts can be applied throughout the continuing stages of rehabilitation. By following a woman’s journey upon release and her integration back into the community the study determines whether the arts can sustain to the final stage of the desistance process, when someone creates a replacement self. The case studies of six women serving sentences at the same prison between 2012 and 2014 form the basis of this research, with their stories and experiences being told through their artwork and interviews. A criminological model of desistance developed by Giordano et al. (2002) contextualised alongside Margaret Archer’s (2003) theory of identity formation is critually evaluated. Links and comparison between evolving reflexive identities and transitional stages of desistance are presented in order to answer the research questions. In doing so, it is determined as to whether identity subgroups bare resemblance to specific stages in the desistance process. Critical analysis considers whether an individual can develop or re-establish an identity as a result of the creative activities they engage in during incarceration.

Violence perpetrated in the name of ‘honour’ is neither a new phenomenon, nor one associated exclusively with any particular culture or religion. Nevertheless the concept of honour has become a powerful expression through which certain ‘culturalised’ forms of violence have been differentiated from ‘mainstream’ forms of violence against women. Indeed, while the latter is viewed generally as a pattern of individual deviance and desire for power and control, HBV is perceived as symptomatic of deviant and problematic cultures and cultural pathology. Subsequently although there has been increasing academic attention paid to the problem of ‘honour’-based violence within the UK, much of this existing research has focused on urban areas with large South Asian Muslim populations. Problematically, Larasi (2013b) argues, this limited focus can create silos that do not necessarily represent ‘victims’’ real lived experiences of violence and abuse. This thesis is based upon data collected from semi-structured interviews conducted with twenty-six participants – twelve service users and fourteen service providers – from various ‘rural’ locations spanning across five English counties. By re-examining the notion of ‘honour’, this thesis considers the extent to which the culturalisation of HBV has hindered contemporary Western understanding of VAW and our ability to provide services to those seeking help. Although, by drawing upon the lived experiences of service users, it is shown how honour and shame operate as more pervasive features of all intimate personal victimisation, this thesis demonstrates how culturalised perceptions of honour and HBV restricts service provisions – particularly in rural areas which are conceptualised as lacking in ethnic diversity. Ultimately this thesis argues that, given that honour underlies so many forms of gender-based violence, rather than resituating HBV within a broader framework of VAW, we should instead situate VAW within a broader theoretical understanding of honour and shame.