A propriedade volume do fio texturizado é importante por questões estéticas e funcionais. O volume do fio pode garantir que um produto tenha bom desempenho mecânico tanto na produção dos artigos (como na tecelagem, malharia e acabamento) quanto para as aplicações finais dos produtos (produtos com alto fator de cobertura, com elasticidade, isolamento térmico etc.). A texturização por falsa torção fixada é um importante processo industrial que possui dentre os principais objetivos o aumento de volume. A etapa de fixação consiste em um tratamento térmico do fio ao final do processo, por meio da passagem do fio texturizado em um forno, conhecido como forno de fixação ou segundo forno. No presente estudo foi analisada a interação entre as variáveis temperatura do forno de fixação e sobrealimentação do fio dentro do forno de fixação. A propriedade volume dos fios texturizados é comumente tratada nas literaturas como encrespamento, termo que será utilizado no presente trabalho. Para a análise do volume do fio definiu-se três propriedades mecânicas: contração do encrespamento, módulo do encrespamento e estabilidade do encrespamento. Com a utilização da ferramenta estatística planejamento do desenvolvimento definiu-se que o estudo seria realizado com dois fatores (temperatura do forno e sobre alimentação do fio); dois diferentes níveis (mínimo e máximo para cada fator) e um ponto central. Para cada proposta de teste foram feitas 10 replicações e 50 ensaios foram realizados. Com as amostras dos fios texturizados foram realizados os ensaios para a determinação das propriedades: contração, módulo e estabilidade do encrespamento; com o equipamento Texturmat da Textechno. Com os dados, realizou-se a análise fatorial para a determinação da importância deles e a regressão linear, para a compreensão do comportamento desses dados em função dos ensaios realizados. As análises possibilitaram observar que a etapa de fixação é muito importante nas propriedades de volume do fio, sendo que a sobrealimentação do fio dentro do forno de fiação apresentou-se como a variável mais relevante para a definição desse parâmetro. / Crimp properties are important by functional and aesthetics issues. The crimp of a yarn can provide a good mechanical performance in the production (weaving, knitting and finishing) and also a good result in the final application (products with high covering factor, elasticity, thermal insulation etc). The False Twist texturing is an important industrial process that has the objective of apply bulk on the yarn. The heat setting stage consists of a thermal treatment on the yarn at the end of the process, by the passage of yarn thru a heater that is known as heat setting heater or second heater only. At this paper was analyzed the interaction between second heater temperature and yarn overfeed inside second heater. For crimp analysis were considered three mechanical properties: crimp contraction, crimp module and crimp stability. Using the statistical tool, Design of Experiments, it was defined that would be used two factors (second heater temperature and yarn overfeed inside second heater); two different levels (minimum and maximum for each factor) and a center point. For each test proposal were realized 10 replications, resulting on 50 trials. With Texturmat, from Textechno, tests were realized on the samples (textured yarn) to verify the crimp properties (contraction, modulus and stability). A factor analysis was realized with data from Texturmat to verify the importance of each factor. A linear regression for each property was calculated to better understand the data in terms of the tests. In general it was possible to see the importance of heating set stage on crimp properties of textured yarns and the yarn overfeed inside second heater is the most important variable to define this parameter.

Grâce à leur géométrie spécifique, faite d'une superposition de couches unidirectionnelles de fibres continues, liées par des coutures plus ou moins complexes, les renforts NCF (Non-Crimp Fabric) possèdent une combinaison de propriétés intéressantes. Ces propriétés permettent l'utilisation de procédés de production tels que le procédé RTM (Resin Transfer Moulding) et permettent l'utilisation des caractéristiques de rigidité élevée des fibres dans la pièce finale. Ainsi, ces renforts trouvent des applications dans différents secteurs de l'industrie des composites et notamment en aéronautique. Les couches, formées de fibres parallèles juxtaposées, sont liées par différents types de coutures. Ce lien conduit à des propriétés différentes de celles observées sur un renfort tissé où les mèches de chaîne et de trame sont liées par entrelacement. Par conséquent, la cinématique de déformation des renforts NCF secs lors de la mise en forme peut être différente. Dans ce travail de recherche, nous menons d'abord une étude expérimentale sur les mécanismes de déformation se produisant lors de tests élémentaires et lors d'une expérience d'emboutissage. Plusieurs renforts NCF et un renfort interlock sont étudiés. Ensuite, nous introduisons un nouveau modèle pour la simulation de la mise en forme du renfort de composite NCF sec. Cette approche implique l'utilisation d'éléments finis lagrangien semi-discrets pour représenter les couches et d'éléments de barres pour représenter les coutures. Ce modèle nécessite un algorithme de contact spécifique pour gérer la relation entre les éléments finis. Une loi de frottement de Coulomb avec seuil de glissement est utilisée. Enfin, le modèle est validé par l'intermédiaire de l'essai de bias test puis la mise en forme sur un hémisphère est simulée et comparée à l'expérience.

The primary objective of my thesis was to investigate the effect of crimp-like fibrous scaffolds on bovine fibroblasts and to develop a scaffold for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tissue engineering. To achieve this objective, fibrous biodegradable polymeric scaffolds were fabricated, which upon relaxation developed a crimp-like structure, which resembled the crimp seen in native collagen. The understanding of the crimp mechanism allowed for controlling crimp-like patterns in various polymer fibre systems, and was determined to be due to residual stress coupled with an operating temperature (Top) above the glass transition temperature of the polymer (Tg). The benefit of crimp was evaluated by seeding fibroblasts on crimp-like fibres that were subjected to dynamic mechanical loading. The results showed a significant increase in extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation by fibroblasts that experienced crimp unfolding. In addition, fibroblasts seeded on mechanically stimulated crimp-like fibrous scaffolds formed ECM bundles that resembled collagen fibre fascicles. Two separate studies were conducted to fabricate fibrous scaffolds with high modulus: one on thermoplastic polyesters and the other on a photocrosslinkable polyester. Of the thermoplastic polyesters investigated, poly(L-lactide-co-D,L-lactide) P(LLA-DLLA) exhibited the highest modulus, and was the most resistant to hydrolytic degradation. These fibres were placed in a heated aqueous environment to exhibit a crimp-like pattern similar to that of native collagen. Bovine fibroblasts were shown to attach, proliferate and deposit ECM on the surface of the P(LLA-DLLA) fibrous scaffolds. In addition, the deposited ECM appeared to be organized in distinctive bundles that resembled fascicles found in native ACL. However, upon crimp unfolding the crimp was not completely recovered. Photocrosslinkable poly(L-lactide-co-trimethylene carbonate cinnamate) P(LLA-TMC cinnamate) fibres in addition to supporting cell proliferation and ECM accumulation, completely recovered their crimp-like pattern, via [2 + 2] cycloaddition of the cinnamate groups. The recovery of crimp upon unfolding is a novel design feature incorporated into electrospun fibres as it innately mimics the function of collagen fibres found in the ACL. From the results obtained it is evident that crimp and its unfolding are key design features/conditioning techniques that need to be incorporated into fibrous scaffolds that possess high modulus, intended for ligament tissue engineering. / Thesis (Ph.D, Chemical Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2012-01-05 14:11:25.965

A propriedade volume do fio texturizado é importante por questões estéticas e funcionais. O volume do fio pode garantir que um produto tenha bom desempenho mecânico tanto na produção dos artigos (como na tecelagem, malharia e acabamento) quanto para as aplicações finais dos produtos (produtos com alto fator de cobertura, com elasticidade, isolamento térmico etc.). A texturização por falsa torção fixada é um importante processo industrial que possui dentre os principais objetivos o aumento de volume. A etapa de fixação consiste em um tratamento térmico do fio ao final do processo, por meio da passagem do fio texturizado em um forno, conhecido como forno de fixação ou segundo forno. No presente estudo foi analisada a interação entre as variáveis temperatura do forno de fixação e sobrealimentação do fio dentro do forno de fixação. A propriedade volume dos fios texturizados é comumente tratada nas literaturas como encrespamento, termo que será utilizado no presente trabalho. Para a análise do volume do fio definiu-se três propriedades mecânicas: contração do encrespamento, módulo do encrespamento e estabilidade do encrespamento. Com a utilização da ferramenta estatística planejamento do desenvolvimento definiu-se que o estudo seria realizado com dois fatores (temperatura do forno e sobre alimentação do fio); dois diferentes níveis (mínimo e máximo para cada fator) e um ponto central. Para cada proposta de teste foram feitas 10 replicações e 50 ensaios foram realizados. Com as amostras dos fios texturizados foram realizados os ensaios para a determinação das propriedades: contração, módulo e estabilidade do encrespamento; com o equipamento Texturmat da Textechno. Com os dados, realizou-se a análise fatorial para a determinação da importância deles e a regressão linear, para a compreensão do comportamento desses dados em função dos ensaios realizados. As análises possibilitaram observar que a etapa de fixação é muito importante nas propriedades de volume do fio, sendo que a sobrealimentação do fio dentro do forno de fiação apresentou-se como a variável mais relevante para a definição desse parâmetro. / Crimp properties are important by functional and aesthetics issues. The crimp of a yarn can provide a good mechanical performance in the production (weaving, knitting and finishing) and also a good result in the final application (products with high covering factor, elasticity, thermal insulation etc). The False Twist texturing is an important industrial process that has the objective of apply bulk on the yarn. The heat setting stage consists of a thermal treatment on the yarn at the end of the process, by the passage of yarn thru a heater that is known as heat setting heater or second heater only. At this paper was analyzed the interaction between second heater temperature and yarn overfeed inside second heater. For crimp analysis were considered three mechanical properties: crimp contraction, crimp module and crimp stability. Using the statistical tool, Design of Experiments, it was defined that would be used two factors (second heater temperature and yarn overfeed inside second heater); two different levels (minimum and maximum for each factor) and a center point. For each test proposal were realized 10 replications, resulting on 50 trials. With Texturmat, from Textechno, tests were realized on the samples (textured yarn) to verify the crimp properties (contraction, modulus and stability). A factor analysis was realized with data from Texturmat to verify the importance of each factor. A linear regression for each property was calculated to better understand the data in terms of the tests. In general it was possible to see the importance of heating set stage on crimp properties of textured yarns and the yarn overfeed inside second heater is the most important variable to define this parameter.

Aerospace structural components made from polymer matrix composites (PMCs) offer numerous advantages. Their high stiffness and high strength combined with low densities enable lower fuel consumption coupled with higher payloads. As a result, PMCs provide an important economic advantage over typical metallic airframes. Textile reinforcements for PMCs are made by assembling reinforcement fibres, typically carbon. Then, the textile reinforcements are typically cut into smaller pieces, stacked, draped and assembled into a dry assembly called a preform, the shape of which generally approaches that of the PMC part to be made. This manufacturing process is labour intensive and expensive. Novel thick, net-shape, drapable, high vf textile reinforcements used toward manufacturing aerospace PMCs are being developed at the University of Ottawa. The technology enables the manufacturing of flat, drapable multilayered near net-shape preforms. The bending and in-plane shear behaviours of such novel thick reinforcement textiles was investigated to understand and define the behaviour of such thick fabric reinforcements when formed into required shapes. A bending apparatus was developed for investigating the bending behaviour of these novel thick reinforcement fabrics and an articulated frame shear rig was used for investigating the in-plane shear behaviour. A non-destructive inspection method using infrared imaging was used for investigating and identifying flaws and defects in these thick, dry textile reinforcements, aiming at increasing the quality and reproducibility of the final PMC parts made from these reinforcements.

Climbing is a rapidly growing sport, and the inclusion in the 2021 Olympics will further push the popularity.  The numerous originalities of Sport climbing (SC) is the intense use of finger, hands and forearms to displace the body on vertical to fully overhangning wall profiles. Therefore, climbers are prone to specific injuries different from many other sports, mainly located in the fingers and hand. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between finger flexion (FF) and wrist extension (WE) for force max (F-max) and force average (F-avg). Another aim of the study was to analyse the ratio between FF and WE in regards of injuries. A total of 26 climbers were tested on two separate occasions for underarm capacities in FF in a half crimped position and WE.  Isometric contraction was measured for F-max during a three sec interval and anaerobic power, F-avg, during a 30 sec interval. Correlation between variables were analysed by linear regression and one way ANOVA was used to analyse previously injured vs non injured groups. Statistical significance was set at P = 0.05. This study found that climbers showed a significant relationship between FF and WE for both the F-max and 30s F-average tests R² > 0.30, P < 0.004. This can be valuable information for climbers and coaches for training. Furthermore an increased ratio was seen in more experienced climbers, and the same group also showed a higher prevalence of injuries than moderate climbers.

No description available.

QC 20120131 / MOJO

Current design codes of Mechanically Stabilized Earth (MSE) Walls allow the use lower lateral earth pressure coefficient (K value) for designing geosynthetics walls than those used to design steel walls. The reason of this is because geosynthetics walls are less rigid permitting the wall to deform enough to work under active pressures instead of at rest pressures as in steel walls. A new concept of crimped steel bars was recently introduced. This new type of bar was tested for tension and pullout behavior. Results on tests made on crimped bars show that putting those crimps in the steel bar will give us a better pullout behavior and a more flexible tensile behavior. This new type of steel bar will behave more like geosynthetics, allowing the wall to deform sufficiently to reach the necessary deflection to reach the active condition. The use of steel by current design codes is pushing MSE walls to be designed with more steel than needed. Measurements of the force in different walls showed that the steel is not being used even close to the maximum stress allowed by the code which is 50%. The proposed design methodology using crimped bars will help us save around 52% of steel volume compared to the actual design procedures. This means a huge improvement in the usage of steel versus actual designs. This improvement is obtained because of the efficient behavior of rounded bars under corrosion and because of the flexibility in the bars obtained with the crimps that will allow us to reach the active condition.

In most application to date reinforced carbon fiber composites have been used in relatively smaller thickness, less than 10mm thick and essentially for carrying in-plane loads. As a result, design and testing procedures were developed which reflected the need to understand the in-plane response of the material. recently, engineers and designers have begun to use reinforced carbon fiber composites in thicker sections, where an understanding of the through-thickness response is of para-mount importance in designing reliable structures, particularly where the through-thickness strength has a controlling influence on the overall structural strength of the component. In this thesis tests will be done on carbon fiber non-crimp fabric (NCF) which will be loaded in compression and shear and elastic moduli and strength will be evaluated. In characterizing the through-thickness mechanical properties of a composite, the objective is to produce a state of stress in the test specimen which is uniform and will repeatedly measure the true properties with accuracy. In this study, specimens were machined from two blocks of thick (~20 mm) laminates of glass/epoxy and NCF carbon fiber infused with vinylester and tested in compression, and shear.