Atrial fibrillation is the most common type of serious dysrhythmia, with increasing prevalence in older age groups. Thromboembolism is a serious complication seen with atrial fibrillation and can range from ischemic stroke, mesenteric ischemia to acute limb ischemia. The annual incidence of acute limb ischemia secondary to atrial fibrillation is 0.14%[1]. Here we report a case of critical limb ischemia with brachial artery occlusion due to an embolus in a patient with new onset atrial fibrillation. A 90 year-old female patient presented to the hospital with complaints of shortness of breath on exertion, orthopnea and palpitations of one week duration. She denied any chest pain, dizziness, or syncope. Past medical history was significant for longstanding hypertension well controlled with amlodipine and a provoked deep vein thrombosis of the leg 40 years prior to presentation complicated by heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. On examination, she had an irregularly irregular rhythm and an HR in 120s, no murmurs or gallops were appreciated. 12 lead EKG was suggestive of atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular response. She was started on metoprolol tartrate for rate control and Apixaban for anticoagulation. TSH was normal and serial troponins returned negative. A Transthoracic echocardiogram was obtained and showed an ejection fraction of 55-60%, mildly dilated left atrium, mild MR, there was no evidence of a thrombus or patent foramen ovale. Three hours after the first dose of Apixaban, and right prior to discharge, the patient started complainig of sudden onset sharp pain and paresthesia of the left upper extremity below the elbow. On Inspection, the left upper extremity was pale and cold to touch. Radial and ulnar pulses were absent, confirmed by doppler ultrasound. A stat computed tomography angiography of the left upper extremity showed complete occlusion of the brachial artery at the level of the elbow joint. She was started on Argatroban drip en route for emergent brachial embolectomy after Vascular Surgery consultation. Blood circulation to the arm was fully restored. Apixaban was resumed post-operatively and with clinical improvement, the patient was safely discharged home. Atrial fibrillation, irrespective of the type (persistent, paroxysmal, permanent or silent) leads to increased risk of thromboembolism owing to atrial clot formation[2]. However, the timing of initiation of antithrombotic therapy has been widely discussed and needs to be individualized based on the presence of risk factors for thromboembolism and bleeding. Acute limb ischemia may be defined as sudden loss of blood flow to the limb. The cause being either thrombotic (60%) or embolic (30%). It has been noted that 80% of peripheral emboli originate in the heart secondary to atrial fibrillation[3]. A timely diagnosis and treatment is of utmost importance to decrease morbidity and mortality and to salvage the limb’s functionality. References 1.Thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation Menke J1, Lüthje L, Kastrup A, Larsen J. 2.Writing Committee Members, January CT, Wann LS, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. 2014;130(23):e199-e267. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000041. 3.Callum K, Bradbury A. Acute limb ischaemia. BMJ : British Medical Journal. 2000;320(7237):764-767.

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Peripheral vascular diseases such as peripheral artery disease (PAD) and critical limb ischemia (CLI) are growing at an ever-increasing rate in the Western world due to an aging population and the incidence of type II diabetes. A growing economic burden continues because these diseases are common indicators of future heart attack or stroke. Common therapies are generally limited to pharmacologic agents or endovascular therapies which have had mixed results still ending in necrosis or limb loss. Therapeutic angiogenic strategies have become welcome options for patients suffering from PAD due to the restoration of blood flow in the extremities. Capillary sprouting and a return to normoxic tissue states are also demonstrated by the use of angiogenic cytokines in conjunction with bone marrow cell populations. To this point, it has been determined that spatial and temporal controlled release of growth factors from vehicles provides a greater therapeutic and angiogenic effect than growth factors delivered intramuscularly, intravenously, or intraarterialy due to rapid metabolization of the cytokine, and non-targeted release. Furthermore, bone marrow cells have been implicated to enhance angiogenesis in numerous ischemic diseases due to their ability to secrete angiogenic cytokines and their numerous cell fractions present which are implicated to promote mature vessel formation. Use of angiogenic peptides, in conjunction with bone marrow cells, has been hypothesized in EPC mobilization from the periphery and marrow tissues to facilitate neovessel formation. For this purpose, controlled release of angiogenic peptides basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) was performed using tunable ionic gelatin hydrogels or fibrin scaffolds with ionic albumin microspheres. The proliferation of endothelial cell culture was determined to have an enhanced effect based on altering concentrations of growth factors and method of release: co-delivery versus sequential. Scaffolds with these angiogenic peptides were implanted in young balb/c mice that underwent unilateral hindlimb ischemia by ligation and excision of the femoral artery. Endpoints for hindlimb reperfusion and angiogenesis were determined by Laser Doppler Perfusion Imaging and immunohistochemical staining for capillaries (CD-31) and smooth muscle cells (alpha-SMA). In addition to controlled release of angiogenic peptides, further studies combined the use of a fibrin co-delivery scaffold with FGF-2 and G-CSF with bone marrow stem cell transplantation to enhance vessel formation following CLI. Endpoints also included lipophilic vascular painting to evaluate the extent of angiogenesis and arteriogenesis in an ischemic hindlimb. Tissue engineering strategies utilizing bone marrow cells and angiogenic peptides demonstrate improved hindlimb blood flow compared to BM cells or cytokines alone, as well as enhanced angiogenesis based on immunohistochemical staining and vessel densities.

L’ischémie critique chronique définit un stade avancé d’insuffisance artérielle chronique. Le diagnostic d’ischémie critique chronique nécessite trois éléments : des signes cliniques, des mesures de perfusion artérielle témoignant de l’ischémie, ainsi qu’une durée des symptômes supérieure à 15 jours. Nous avons mis au point un modèle d’ischémie critique chronique valide chez la souris, et reproduisant au plus proche les lésions observées chez l’homme, en réalisant une ligature fémorale droite associée à une ligature iliaque droite 4 jours plus tard. Nous avons ensuite étudié à partir de ce modèle l’atteinte mitochondriale liée à l’ischémie critique chronique, notamment l’altération de la fonction respiratoire mitochondriale, la diminution de la capacité de rétention calcique, et la production de radicaux libres. Nous avons testé différents protocoles de conditionnement pharmacologique et avons mis en évidence un effet protecteur de la N acétyl cystéine, des statines et de la L arginine. Les voies de protection RISK et SAFE seraient potentiellement impliquées dans cet effet protecteur. / Critical limb ischemia defines an advances stage of peripheral arterial disease and peripheral arterial insufficiency. The diagnosis of critical limb ischemia requires three elements: clinical signs, arterial perfusion measures demonstrating the level of ischemia, as well as a duration of symptoms for more than 15 days. We developed a critical limb ischemia model in mice, nearly mimicking human pathology, by right femoral artery ligatuon followed by right artery ligation 4 days later. We then studied from this model the mitochondrial impairment associted with critical limb ischemia, including impaired mitochondrial respiratory function, reduced calcium retention capacity, and increased production of free radicals. Once these changes highlighted, we wanted to test different pharmacological conditioning, in order to identify protective molecules in critical limb ischemia. We thus demonstrated a protective effetct of N acetyl cysteine, statins and L-arginine. The protection pathways RISK and SAFE may be involved in this protective effect.

Les maladies artérielles périphériques athéromateuses sont graves : l'atteinte des troncs supra-aortiques est à risque d'accident vasculaire cérébral et l'atteinte des artères des membres inférieurs est à risque d'amputation et de décès cardiovasculaire. Le développement de stratégies innovantes capables d'optimiser le diagnostic précoce et le traitement de ces maladies est un enjeu considérable.Nous montrons une corrélation entre deux biomarqueurs inflammatoires, les microparticules leucocytaires (MPL) et la lipoprotéine phospholipase A2, et l'instabilité de la plaque carotidienne définie histologiquement, dans une population de patients porteurs d'une sténose carotidienne serrée. Les MPL sont élevées de façon significative et indépendante y compris chez les patients asymptomatiques porteurs d'une sténose carotidienne serrée instable. Ainsi, le taux circulant de MPL aider à sélectionner les meilleurs candidats à une chirurgie carotidienne préventive parmi les patients ayant une sténose carotidienne serrée asymptomatique. Deuxièmement, nous montrons que l'administration ex vivo d'érythropoïétine (EPO) améliore les capacités proangiogéniques des progéniteurs endothéliaux circulants tardifs in vitro et in vivo sur un modèle d'ischémie de patte de souris nude. Ces effets semblent médiés par la sous-unité CD131 du récepteur à l'EPO. Si ces résultats se confirment chez l'homme, l'EPO pourrait être utilisée pour améliorer les capacités de revascularisation des progéniteurs endothéliaux circulants tardifs circulants humains avant réinjection autologue comme produit de thérapie cellulaire chez des patients atteints d'ischémie critique des membres inférieurs. / Atherosclerotic peripheral arterial diseases are frequent and severe. They undertake the functional and vital prognosis of patients: lesions of supra-aortic trunks are at risk of stroke and lesions of lower limb arteries are at risk of amputation and cardiovascular death. The development of innovative strategies that optimize early diagnosis and therapeutic management of these diseases is thus a considerable challenge.In this work, we show a correlation between inflammatory biomarkers, leukocyte microparticles and lipoprotein phospholipase A2, and carotid plaque instability defined histologically, in a population of patients with tight carotid stenosis with or without neurological symptoms. Leukocyte microparticles are elevated significantly and independently including asymptomatic patients with tight unstable carotid stenosis. Thus, the circulating levels of leukocyte microparticles could be a tool in the future to select the best candidates for carotid surgery among patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis tight.Second, we show that ex vivo administration of erythropoietin improves the proangiogenic capacity of late circulating endothelial progenitor in vitro and in vivo in a mouse model of hindlimb ischemia. These effects appear mediated by CD131 subunit of the receptor for erythropoietin. If these results are confirmed in humans, erythropoietin could be used to improve the revascularization capacity of late circulating endothelial progenitor before reinjection as autologous cell therapy product in patients with critical ischemia of the lower limbs.

The aim of this thesis is to determine the feasibility of an injectable delivery system based on 5-ethylene ketal ε-caprolactone for localized delivery of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) for treating critical limb ischemia. HGF and VEGF were chosen because of their ability to simultaneously stimulate the proliferation and migration of endothelial cells, to initiate the formation of blood vessels and the recruitment of pericytes to stabilize the blood vessels. Homopolymer of 5-ethylene ketal ε-caprolactone and its copolymer with D,L-Lactide were synthesized by ring opening polymerization using hydrophobic initiator (octan-1-ol) or an hydrophilic initiator (MPEG), and stannous octanoate as a co-initiator/catalyst. The resulting polymers were amorphous and viscous liquids at room temperature. The viscosity, biodegradation rate, and release rate were varied by copolymerizing with D,L-lactide and/or initiating with MPEG or octan-1-ol. In vitro, the polymers degraded with surface erosion characterized by a nearly linear mass loss with time with no significant change in number average molecular weight and glass transition temperature. The ratio of EKC to DLLA in the copolymer remained the same throughout the degradation studies. A similar degradation mechanism was observed in vivo when the copolymer initiated with octan-1-ol was implanted subcutaneously in rats. In vivo, the polymer exhibited a moderate chronic inflammatory response, characterized by the presence of neutrophils, macrophages, fibroblasts and fibrous capsule formation. The inflammatory response decreased with time but was still on going after 18 weeks of subcutaneous implantation. Protein release from the polymer was transported by convection through the hydrated polymer region, at a rate determined by the osmotic pressure generated and the hydraulic conductivity of the polymer. Highly bioactive VEGF and HGF were released in a sustained manner, without burst effect for over 41 days when delivered simultaneously, using the osmotic release mechanism. VEGF was released at the rate of 36 ± 7 ng/day for 41 days, while HGF was released at the rate of 16 ± 2 ng/day for 70 days. Factors that influenced release of proteins were their solubility in the concentrated trehalose solution and hydraulic permeability of the polymer. This delivery system can serve as a potential vehicle for controlled release of VEGF and HGF for treating critical limb ischemia or the controlled release of other proteins for other clinical applications. / Thesis (Ph.D, Chemical Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2012-05-23 10:18:48.307

PhD Aims: The aim of our study was to evaluate an efficacy and safety of intra-arterial injection of bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMCs) in patients with chronic critical limb ischemia (CLI) Methods.In average 400ml bone marrow blood was harvested from posterior iliac crests in 24 CLI patients. BMMCs were obtained from the blood by standard procedure used for bone marrow transplantation. After digital subtraction angiography was performed in each patient, BMMCs were injected into arteries of 28 limbs. Primary outcome was the efficacy of BMMCs injection measured as a successfull healing of limb defects, a change of Fontain ischemia grade and a rate of high limb amputations. Secondary outcomes were a safety of the BMMCs injections, changes in angiographic findings after BMMCs injections and changes in quality of life (questionnaire SF-36). Results: After one year follow-up all patients were alive and 2 patients have undergone high limb amputation. Out of 14 limb defects, eleven have been healed completely and the average Fontain ischemia grade has changed from baseline value of 3.5 to 2.0 after one year (P<0.0001). Angiographic findings have improved in all examined segments of limb vessels. One year after the procedure patients have reported significant improvement. Conclusion: The intra-arterial...

PhD Aims: The aim of our study was to evaluate an efficacy and safety of intra-arterial injection of bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMCs) in patients with chronic critical limb ischemia (CLI) Methods.In average 400ml bone marrow blood was harvested from posterior iliac crests in 24 CLI patients. BMMCs were obtained from the blood by standard procedure used for bone marrow transplantation. After digital subtraction angiography was performed in each patient, BMMCs were injected into arteries of 28 limbs. Primary outcome was the efficacy of BMMCs injection measured as a successfull healing of limb defects, a change of Fontain ischemia grade and a rate of high limb amputations. Secondary outcomes were a safety of the BMMCs injections, changes in angiographic findings after BMMCs injections and changes in quality of life (questionnaire SF-36). Results: After one year follow-up all patients were alive and 2 patients have undergone high limb amputation. Out of 14 limb defects, eleven have been healed completely and the average Fontain ischemia grade has changed from baseline value of 3.5 to 2.0 after one year (P<0.0001). Angiographic findings have improved in all examined segments of limb vessels. One year after the procedure patients have reported significant improvement. Conclusion: The intra-arterial...

Σκοπός: Η μελέτη είχε ως σκοπό την διερεύνηση της ασφάλειας και της αποτελεσματικότητας των sirolimus-eluting stent, σε σχέση με τα απλά μεταλλικά stent, στα πλαίσια αγγειοπλαστικής των κνημιαίων αγγείων, σε ασθενείς με χρόνια κρίσιμη ισχαιμία του κάτω άκρου. Πρόκειται για μια προοπτική ελεγχόμενη, κλινική μελέτη με διπλό σκέλος. Τα stent τοποθετήθηκαν σε περιπτώσεις μη ικανοποιητικής αγγειοπλαστικής (δηλ. σε περιπτώσεις ελαστικής επαναφοράς-υπολειμματικής στένωσης >30% και σε περιπτώσεις διαχωρισμού). Οι ασθενείς ελέγχθηκαν κλινικά και αγγειογραφικά στο εξάμηνο και στο 1 έτος. Ασθενείς και μέθοδοι: 29 ασθενείς, εκ των οποίων 8 γυναίκες και 21 άνδρες, με μέση ηλικία τα 68,7 έτη υποβλήθηκαν σε αγγειοπλαστική στα κνημιαία αγγεία, με απλά μεταλλικά stent, ομάδα Β. Σε αυτή την ομάδα τοποθετήθηκαν απλά stent σε 65 αλλοιώσεις, εκ των οποίων 38 στενώσεις και 27 αποφράξεις σε συνολικά 40 κνημιαία αγγεία. Άλλοι 29 ασθενείς, 8 γυναίκες και 21 άνδρες, με μέση ηλικία τα 68,8 έτη αντιμετωπίστηκαν με sirolimus-eluting stent, ομάδα S. Σε αυτή την ομάδα αντιμετωπίστηκαν 66 αλλοιώσεις εκ των οποίων 46 στενώσεις και 20 αποφράξεις, σε 41 συνολικά αγγεία. Οι ασθενείς επανελέγχθηκαν κλινικά και με ενδαρτηριακή αγγειογραφία στους 6 μήνες και στο 1 έτος, μετά την αρχική επέμβαση. Έγινε στατιστική ανάλυση των αποτελεσμάτων. Αποτελέσματα: Οι συνοδές νόσοι ήταν περισσότερες στην ομάδα S (όπως η συμπτωματική νόσος από την καρδιά και τις καρωτίδες, καθώς και η υπερλιπιδαιμία, p<0.05). Η τεχνική επιτυχία ήταν 96,6% (28/29 άκρα) στην ομάδα Β έναντι 100% (29/29 άκρα) στην ομάδα S (p=0.16) Στον επανέλεγχο εξαμήνου: Η βατότητα ήταν 68,1% στην ομάδα Β και 92,0% στην ομάδα S, (p<0.002). Τα μεγαλύτερα ποσοστά βατότητας των sirolimus-eluting stent, μετά από πολυπαραγοντική regression analysis είχαν OR 5.625, με 95% CI 1.711- 18.493, που ήταν στατιστικά σημαντικό (p=0.004). Η δυαδική επαναστένωση εντός του stent ήταν 55,3% ενώ η επαναστένωση στα άκρα του stent ήταν 66,0% στους ασθενείς με τα απλά μεταλλικά stent. Αντιθέτως τα ποσοστά στους ασθενείς με sirolimus-eluting stent ήταν 4,0% και 32,0% αντίστοιχα. Συγκεκριμένα η επαναστένωση εντός του stent είχε OR 0.067, με 95% CI 0.021-0.017, και η επαναστένωση στα άκρα του stent είχε OR 0.229 με 95% CI 0.099-0.533. Και τα δύο ήταν ήταν στατιστικά σημαντικά με p<0.001 και p=0.001, αντίστοιχα. Τα συνολικά ποσοστά επανεπέμβασης (TLR) στο εξάμηνο ήταν 17,0% στην ομάδα Β έναντι 4,0% στην ομάδα S, (OR 0.057, με 95% CI 0.008-0.426). Το αποτέλεσμα ήταν επίσης στατιστικά σημαντικό υπέρ των sirolimus stent. (p=0.02) Η διάσωση του άκρου ήταν 100% και στις δύο ομάδες. Η θνησιμότητα και ο ελάσσων ακρωτηριασμός στο εξάμηνο ήταν 6,9% και 17,2% στην ομάδα Β έναντι 10,3% και 3,4% στην ομάδα S (p=0.32 και p=0.04, αντίστοιχα). Στον επανέλεγχο έτους: Τα sirolimus-eluting stent σχετίζoνταν και πάλι με καλύτερη πρωτογενή βατότητα (OR 10.401, με 95% CI 3.425-31.589, p<0.001) και σημαντικά μειωμένη δυαδική επαναστένωση εντός του stent (OR 0.156, με 95% CI 0.060-0.407, p<0.001), καθώς και στα άκρα του stent. (OR 0.089, με 95% CI 0.023-0.349, p=0.001) Τα ποσοστά επανεπέμβασης στις βλάβες (TLR) ήταν πολύ μικρότερα στην ομάδα του sirolimus (OR 0.238, με 95% CI 0.067-0.841, p=0.026) . Δεν υπήρξαν στατιστικά σημαντικές διαφορές ανάμεσα στις δύο ομάδες Β και S όσον αφορά στα ποσοστά θνησιμότητας 10,3% έναντι 13,8%, στη διάσωση του άκρου 100% έναντι 96% και στους ελάσσονες ακρωτηριασμούς 17,2% έναντι 10,3% αντίστοιχα. Συμπεράσματα: Τα sirolimus-eluting stents περιορίζουν την ενδοθηλιακή υπερπλασία στα κνημιαία αγγεία. Η εφαρμογή τους έχει ως αποτέλεσμα την σημαντική μείωση των ποσοστών επαναστένωσης και μειώνει την ανάγκη για επανεπεμβάσεις. / Aim : The purpose of our study was to investigate the 6-month and 1-year angiographic and clinical outcome in the setting of a controlled clinical study. The study examined the safety and relative effectiveness of sirolimus-eluting stents opposed to conventional metal stents, in the infrapopliteal vessels, in patients with critical limb ischemia (CLI). The stents were used in a bail-out setting during infrapopliteal endovascular procedures, i. e. stenting was carried out in cases of suboptimal angioplasty results (recoil - residual stenosis >30%, or in cases of dissection, after angioplasty). Patients and Methods: Twenty-nine patients comprising 8 women and 21 men with a mean age of 68.7 years were submitted to infrapopliteal revascularization with conventional (bare) metal stents, called group B. In these patients 65 lesions were treated with bare stents, of whom 38 stenoses and 27 occlusions, in a total of 40 infrapopliteal vessels. Another 29 patients, again 8 women and 21 men, with a mean age of 68.8 years were treated with sirolimus-eluting stents, named group S. There were 66 lesions in this group with 46 of them stenoses and 20 occlusions, in a total of 41 arteries. Patients were followed-up with clinical examination and intrarterial angiography 6 months and 1 year after the procedure. Both results were subsequently analyzed statistically. 135 Results: Co morbidities like symptomatic cardiac and carotid disease, as well as hyperlipidemia were more prominent in group S (p<0.05). Technical success was 96.6% (28/29 limbs) in group B against 100.0% (29/29 limbs) in group S (p=0.16). During 6-month patient follow-up: Primary patency was 68.1% in group B opposed to 92.0% in group S (p<0.002). Sirolimus-eluting stents exhibited higher primary patency with OR 5.625 and 95% CI 1.711-18.493, which was statistically significant (p=0.004). Binary in-stent restenosis rate was 55.3% while in-segment restenosis was 66.0%, in patients who had received bare metal stents. In opposition the respective restenosis rates, in patients with sirolimus-eluting stents were 4.0% and 32.0%. Diminished in-stent (OR 0.067 with 95% CI 0.021-0.017) and insegment (OR 0.229 with 95% CI 0.099-0.533) binary restenosis were both statistically significant with p values being p<0.001 and p=0.001 respectively. Collective target lesion re-intervention (TLR) at 6 month follow-up was 17.0% in group B against 4.0% (OR 0.057 with 95% CI 0.008-0.426) in group S, which proved again statistically significant for sirolimus stents (p=0.02). Six-month limb salvage rate was 100% in both groups. Six-month mortality and minor amputation rates were respectively 6.9% and 17.2%, in group B versus 10.3% and 3.4%, in group S (p=0.32 and p=0.04, respectively). During 1-year patient follow-up: 136 SES were still related with better primary patency rate (OR 10.401 with 95% CI 3.425-31.589, p<0.001) and considerably lesser events of in-stent binary restenosis (OR 0.156, 95% CI 0.060-0.407, p<0.001) as well as insegment (OR 0.089, 95% CI 0.023-0.349, p=0.001) binary restenosis. Target lesion re-intervention (TLR), was much lower in the SES patients group during 1-year follow-up (OR 0.238 with 95% CI 0.067-0.841, p=0.026) . At 1 year follow-up there were no statistically significant differences among group B and group S regarding mortality (10.3% against 13.8%), limb salvage rates (100% vs. 96%) and minor amputation (17.2% vs. 10.3%). Conclusions: Sirolimus-eluting stents appear to limit intimal hyperplasia in the infrapopliteal vessels. The use of sirolimus-eluting stents decreases considerably restenosis rates in the infrapopliteal vessels and reduces the need for repeat interventions

L’incidence de l’ischémie critique est en augmentation depuis ces vingt dernières années. La revascularisation diminue le taux d’amputation. Les plaies ischémiques infectées avec l’exposition des tendons, des os ou des articulations, ne peuvent pas cicatriser avec la revascularisation et le débridement local. La chirurgie, associant un pontage veineux distal ou une recanalisation et un lambeau libre, permet de traiter les pertes de substances et présente un avantage hémodynamique en augmentant le débit du pontage grâce au lit vasculaire ajouté par le lambeau. Nous proposons une nouvelle technique chirurgicale basée sur l’utilisation d’une unité anatomique unique, le lambeau-pontage épiploïque (LPE). Il est composé d’un axe artériel, l’artère gastroépiploïque (AGE), qui procure le greffon, et du grand épiploon, utilisé comme lambeau irrigué par une ou plusieurs branches épiploïques. Le but de ce travail était d’analyser la faisabilité anatomique d’un LPE et de valider le scanner pour l’évaluation préopératoire de l’AGE. Nous avons également évalué les effets hémodynamiques de cette technique et analysé la première expérience clinique. 100 dissections anatomiques ont été réalisées afin de mesurer les diamètres et les longueurs de l’AGE droite et de ses branches, ainsi qu’une radiographie après injection de produit radio-opaque. Pour évaluer la faisabilité préopératoire, nous avons étudié 30 tomodensitométries. Nous avons également exploré les effets hémodynamiques dans le modèle porcin. Notre étude anatomique confirme la faisabilité d’un LPE. La longueur moyenne de l’AGE est de 24,5 cm. Le diamètre proximal moyen est de 3 mm et celui distal est de 1,5 mm. Les données de l’étude radiologique montrent que le scanner peut être utilisé pour le repérage préopératoire de l’AGE et la faisabilité d’un LPE. Les mesures hémodynamiques ont montré que, grâce au lambeau épiploïque, le débit sanguin du pontage augmente et que les résistances distales diminuent. Le LPE est une technique chirurgicale qui doit permettre de repousser les limites de sauvetage de membre dans les conditions de cette pathologie extrême, réalisant une revascularisation distale et une couverture simultanée des pertes de substances chez les patients atteints d’artériopathie. / The incidence of critical limb ischemia increases with the ageing of the population. Often, revascularization decreases the rate of amputation. In some cases, infected wounds with exposure of the tendons, bones or articulations will not heal only with revascularization and local debridement. Surgery combining a distal venous bypass or recanalisation and a free flap can treat those wounds, the vascular bed added by the flap improve the hemodynamic and increases the flow in the bypass. We proposed a new surgical method based on the use of a single anatomical unit, the epiploic flow-through flap (FTF), the gastroepiploic artery (GEA) as the vascular substitute and the greater omentum as the flap. The aim of this work was to analyze the anatomical feasibility of an epiploic BF, and to validate CT scan for preoperative assessment of the suitability of the GEA. We also aimed to evaluate the hemodynamic effects of this technique and to analyze the first clinical experience. 100 anatomical dissections were performed in order to measure the diameters and the lengths of GEA and its branches. An extensive X-ray study was also carried out with injection of a radiopaque product. To evaluate preoperative feasibility of the omental FTF, we studied radiological properties of the GEA on 30 routine CT scans. Finally, we also explored the hemodynamic behavior of this artery and its related flap in porcine models. Our anatomical study confirms the feasibility of a FTF. The average available length of GEA is 245 mm. The average proximal diameter is 3 mm and the distal one is 1.5 mm. Data of radiological study show that CT scan can be used to indicate GEA suitability for an epiploic FTF. The hemodynamic measures showed that thanks to the flap, the blood flow increase in the bypass. Ultimately,we report our first clinical application of the omental FTF for distal lower limb revascularization combined to wound coverage, with successful outcome. Epiploic FTF is a surgical technique, which allows distal revascularization and a simultaneous cover of the limb extremity. This technique can be useful in patients requiring a distal revascularization associated with the coverage of large the wounds