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The structure of a forest stand is characterized by: (a) species composition, (b) age, (c) size (diameter and height), and (d) spatial (horizontal and vertical) arrangement of the trees. Depending on the species, site, and disturbance history, the stand structure varies with time, thus providing a snapshot of a particular development stage. Research on growth and stand structure has shown that the spatial distribution of trees is one of the key determinants of stand productivity. Forest inventories and ecological surveys carried out in British Columbia (BC) have shown that the structure of naturally established, unmanaged stands varies from simple (single-species, single-storied, and even-aged) to complex (multi-species, multi-storied, and uneven-aged). Only a few studies have quantitatively characterized this range of structural complexity, with nearly all studies focusing on old-growth stands. BC forest policy requires that harvested areas be regenerated with a mixture of tree species whenever a mixture is suited to the site. This policy is based upon the assumption that under appropriate conditions, increases in stand productivity, reliability, and/or biodiversity can be attained in mixed-species stands. This assumption has not yet been tested for forest ecosystems. One mechanism by which different tree species can reduce crown competition for light is through vertical separation (the development of multiple canopy strata). Canopy stratification is not easily recognized in mixed-species stands, particularly when species have similar shade tolerance and height growth patterns, and no quantitative methods have been developed to detect stratification. The diameter frequency distribution of two-storied stands have been characterized by inverted J-shaped as well as modal curves. Although it would be more appropriate to characterize stand structure by height frequency distributions, these distributions have not been developed. We suggest that (i) a stand is stratified if there are distinct, quantitatifiable modes in the size distribution; either diameter, height, or crown height, and (ii) height or crown height distributions will be the most sensitive measures. To characterize the structure of western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) (Hw) and western redcedar (Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don in Lamb.) (Cw) second-growth stands, and to investigate its influence on tree growth, we (1) described and compared size (diameter, height, and crown height) frequency distributions in single- and mixed-species stands, (2) determined whether mixed-species stands develop a stratified canopy, and (3) examined whether interactions between hemlock and redcedar affect tree growth.

Text in English / Ancient Egyptian distinctive headdresses made from precious or semi-precious materials date to prehistoric times, indicating a growing sense of individuality and hierarchy. Women’s headdresses were indicators of rulership, divinity, social status, cultic affiliation and wealth. Visual evidence indicates that female identity was emphasised by external and outward appearance and headdresses in the form of diadems followed recognised stylistic dictates throughout the Dynastic Period. The floral and faunal motifs used in the embellishment were believed to have protective amuletic and magical powers. Although a considerable amount of investigation has been undertaken into the use of materials and techniques used in the manufacture of diadems, the incorporation of symbolism and iconography of these gendered artefacts as a means of interpreting visual messages and self-expression has largely been unexplored. The study has been limited to well-provenanced, extant Old, Middle and New Kingdom diadems housed in various museums worldwide. / Old Testament and Ancient Near Eastern Studies / M.A. (Ancient Near Eastern Studies)

Submitted by ANA FLÁVIA NUNES E REIS null (dra-anaflavia@uol.com.br) on 2016-01-26T19:16:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 merged (4).pdf: 4937949 bytes, checksum: c052666784bd930ac4748e41040c73bd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-01-28T13:31:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 reis_afn_me_sjc.pdf: 4937949 bytes, checksum: c052666784bd930ac4748e41040c73bd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-28T13:31:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 reis_afn_me_sjc.pdf: 4937949 bytes, checksum: c052666784bd930ac4748e41040c73bd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O objetivo deste trabalho foi infiltrar sílica em uma cerâmica Y-TZP, avaliar seu efeito na resistência à flexão Biaxial, e na união com a porcelana feldspática. Para a análise da resistência à flexão foram confeccionados 180 discos de zircônia, 120 de 0,5mm e 60 com 1,2mm discos (14 mm de diâmetro). 90 discos foram infiltrados com sílica pelo método sol-gel em temperatura ambiente (n = 30). A espessura do disco foi de 1,2 mm para os espécimes controle (espécime sem porcelana, n = 30). O recobrimento por porcelana feldspática foi de duas espessuras (0,5mm e 1 mm) sobre a zircônia que tinha 0,5 mm. Os espécimes com porcelana foram polidos com lixas de carbeto de silício (SiC) de granulação # 400, 600, 800 e 1200. Obtivemos 6 grupos: dois monolíticos (ZR- Zircônia Monolítica sem infiltração e ZRI- Zircônia Monolítica Infiltrada) (controle) e quatro estratificados: ZRF 1,0 (0,5mm Zircônia coberta com 0,5 mm porcelana), ZRIF 1,0 (0,5 mm Zircônia infiltrada coberta com 0,5 mm de porcelana), ZRF 1,5 (0,5 mm Zircônia infiltrada coberta com 1,0 mm de porcelana) ZRIF 1,5- Zircônia infiltrada (0,5 mm Zircônia infiltrada coberta com 1,0 mm de porcelana). Após o ensaio de flexão biaxial em meio aquoso, foram determinados o módulo de Weibull (m) e resistência característica (σθ). Os fragmentos foram analisados em EDS, MEV, DRX e FTIR. A Dureza (H) e tenacidade a fratura foram analisadas pela nanoindentação, já o módulo elástico (E) por duas técnicas, nanoindentação e por impulso, e para avaliar a adesão entre a zircônia e a porcelana foi aplicado o Teste de Scratch. Foram modeladas 7 condições experimentais e analisados pelo método por elementos finitos. A zircônia monolítica infiltrada mostrou uma estrutura com grãos arredondados envoltos em uma matriz de sílica, e a presença de zircônia cúbica e tetragonal. O DRX revelou a formação de ZrSiO4 nos grupos infiltrados. Os grupos monolíticos apresentaram módulos de Weibull superiores aos dos grupos com porcelana. Com a análise (AEF) não houve diferença entre os grupos com a mesma espessura, já para o grupo recoberto com 0,5 mm de porcelana, os valores de tração e compressão foram maiores. A cerâmica infiltrada apresentou microestrutura diferente, e a adesão da porcelana à zircônia não-infiltrada foi superior à da zircônia infiltrada. / The objective was to infiltrate silica in a Y- TZP ceramics, evaluate its effect on resistance biaxial strenght, and the union with feldspathic porcelain. For the analysis of flexural strength were prepared zirconia discs 180, 120 and 60 of 0.5 mm to 1.2 mm disks (14 mm diameter). 90 discs were infiltrated with silica by the sol-gel method at room temperature (n = 30). The thickness of the disk was 1.2 mm for the samples control (no porcelain specimen, n = 30). The coating was feldspathic porcelain by two thicknesses (0.5 mm and 1 mm) of zirconia, which had 0.5 mm. Specimens with porcelain were polished with sandpaper silicon carbide (SiC) granulation # 400, 600, 800 and 1200. We obtained six groups: two monolithic (Zr-Zirconia Monolithic without infiltration and ZRI- Zirconia monolithic Infiltrated) (control) and four laminated ZRF 1.0 (0.5 mm zirconia covered with 0.5 mm porcelain), ZRIF 1.0 (0.5 mm infiltrated zirconia covered with 0.5 mm of porcelain), ZRF 1.5 (0.5 mm infiltrated zirconia covered with 1.0 mm of porcelain) ZRIF 1,5-infiltrated Zirconia (0.5 mm infiltrated zirconia covered with 1.0 mm of porcelain). After the biaxial bending test in an aqueous medium were determined Weibull modulus (m) and the characteristic strength (σθ). The fragments were analyzed by EDS, SEM, XRD and FTIR. The hardness (H) and fracture toughness were analyzed by nanoindentation, since the elastic modulus (E) by two techniques, nanoindentation and on impulse, and to evaluate the adhesion between the zirconia and porcelain was applied Scratch Test. 7 experimental conditions were modeled and analyzed by the finite element method. The infiltrated zirconia showed a monolithic structure with rounded grain wrapped in a silica matrix, and the presence of cubic and tetragonal zirconia. The XRD showed the formation of ZrSiO4 infiltrates in groups. The monolithic modules Weibull groups showed superior to porcelain groups. With the analysis (FEA) there was no difference between the groups with the same thickness, for now the group covered with 0.5 mm of porcelain, the tensile and compressive values were higher. The infiltrated ceramic showed different microstructure, and the accession of porcelain to non- infiltrated zirconia was higher than the infiltrated zirconia.

Implantes osseointegrados vêm sendo utilizados com sucesso para restaurar a função e a estética de pacientes desdentados totais e parciais, no entanto, apesar do alto índice de sucesso, a literatura apresenta uma série de complicações da técnica. Apesar da falta de consenso sobre qual a melhor maneira de se restaurar implantes múltiplos adjacentes, a confecção de próteses unitárias vem sendo sugerida e praticada por muitos profissionais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar, pela técnica fotoelástica (qualitativa e quantitativa), o comportamento biomecânico de coroas unitárias sobre implantes hexágono interno com pilar UCLA. Foram confeccionadas coroas cimentadas e parafusadas, simulando a reabilitação da área posterior da mandíbula com e sem a presença de elemento dental distal aos implantes. Foram analisados, também, a liga metálica da infraestrutura (Ni-Cr-Ti ou Ni-Cr) e o tipo de material para revestimento estético (cerâmica ou resina). Foram confeccionados modelos fotoelásticos simulando espaço protético com ausência de segundo pré-molar e primeiro molar, reabilitado com coroas sobre implantes. Três modelos de pontas de aplicação de carga foram utilizados para produzir quatro diferentes condições de carregamento na superfície oclusal das coroas: 1 -puntiforme obtido com uma ponta simples para carregamento no pré-molar ou no molar com 5kgf; 2 puntiforme simultânea obtido por uma ponta dupla para carregamento das duas coroas ao mesmo tempo com 10kgf; 3 - oclusal distribuído obtido com uma ponta que simulou a oclusão antagonista com 10kgf. Após a aplicação das cargas, foram obtidos registros fotográficos para análise qualitativa e posteriormente foi realizada a análise quantitativa em três pontos na região cervical e um ponto na região apical de cada implante. De acordo com os resultados obtidos pode-se concluir que o uso de ligas de Ni-Cr-Ti ou Ni-Cr não interferiu na transmissão de tensões. Coroas revestidas em resina, de modo geral, geraram maior concentração de tensões em torno dos implantes quando comparadas às coroas revestidas em cerâmica. As coroas parafusadas provocaram maior tensão em torno dos implantes quando comparadas às coroas cimentadas. A presença do dente com ponto de contato efetivo à distal das coroas sobre implantes favoreceu a distribuição de tensões. / Osseointegrated implants have been successfully used to restore function and esthetic to fully and partially edentulous patients; however, regardless of the high success, the literature reveals some complications of the technique. Despite the lack of consensus about what is the better way to restore multiple adjacent implants, the use of single crowns have been suggested and practiced by many professionals. The purpose of the present study was to verify, using photoelastic analysis (qualitative and quantitative), the biomechanical behavior of single crowns on internal hexagon implants with UCLA abutment. Cement and screw-retained crowns was fabricated simulating the rehabilitation of posterior mandible area with or without the presence of a dental element distal to the implants. The metal framework alloys (Ni-Cr-Ti or Ni- Cr) and the esthetic veneering materials (ceramic or resin) was, also, analyzed. Photoelastic models were made simulating the missing of the second pre-molar and the first molar, rehabilitated with implant-supported crowns. Three models of loading application tips were used to produce different conditions of loading on crowns occlusal surface: 1 punctiform obtained with a simple tip for loading over premolar or molar with 5 Kgf; 2 simultaneous punctiform obtained with a Double tip for loading over both crowns in the same time with 10 Kgf; 3 distributed occlusal obtained with a tip simulating the antagonist occlusion with 10 Kgf. After loading application photographic records were obtained for qualitative analysis, and in sequence, quantitative analysis was realized in three cervical points and one point in the apical area of each implant. According to the obtained results, it was concluded that the use of Ni-Cr-Ti or Ni-Cr alloys did not interfere in stress transmission. Resin veneered crowns, generally generated higher concentration of stress around the implants when compared to ceramic veneered crowns. Screw-retained crowns promoted higher stress around the implants when compared to cement-retained crowns. The presence of teeth with effective interproximal contact distal to implantsupported crowns improved the stress distribution.

Objetivo: Comparar in vitro la adaptación marginal de coronas unitarias de porcelana vitrocerámica elaboradas con tres sistemas de procesado. Materiales y métodos: El presente estudio fue de tipo experimental in vitro. La muestra estuvo conformada por 69 coronas de porcelana vitrocerámica fabricadas con los sistemas: CAD-CAM, inyección de porcelana y condensación sobre muñón refractario. Para la evaluación de la discrepancia marginal vertical se realizó un registro fotográfico con una cámara digital y un lente macroscópico de 100 milímetros. Las imágenes fueron medidas digitalmente (ImageJ) y se utilizaron 52 puntos aleatorios de discrepancia marginal vertical alrededor de las coronas para obtener el promedio de cada una de ellas. Se utilizó la prueba de Kruskal-Wallis para realizar la comparación entre los grupos de estudio con un nivel de significancia estadística de p<0.05. Resultados: El presente estudio encontró diferencias estadísticamente significativas al comparar los tres sistemas de procesado (<0.001). El sistema CAD-CAM tuvo una discrepancia marginal vertical menor (53 µm) en comparación con el sistema de inyección de porcelana (85 µm) y el de condensación sobre muñón refractario (113 µm). Conclusiones: Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los tres grupos de estudio. Asimismo, el sistema CAD-CAM tuvo una mayor adaptación marginal en comparación con los otros dos métodos de fabricación. Finalmente, los tres sistemas de confección utilizados tuvieron una discrepancia marginal vertical por debajo del límite establecido por la Asociación Americana de Odontología (<120 µm). / Objective: To compare in vitro the marginal adaptation of ceramic glass porcelain single crowns made with three processing systems. Materials and methods: The present study was experimental in vitro. The sample consisted of 69 glass ceramic porcelain crowns manufactured with the following three systems: CAD-CAM, porcelain injection and powder condensation. For de measurement of the vertical marginal discrepancy, the crowns were photographed using a digital camera with a macroscopic lens of 100 millimeters. The images were imported into image processing software (ImageJ) and 52 points were randomly selected around the crown to measure the vertical marginal discrepancy. For each crown, the 52 measurements were combined into a single average marginal discrepancy. Kruskal-Wallis was used to test differences in the observed marginal discrepancies between the study groups. (p <0.05) Results: This study found statistically significant differences when comparing the three different processing systems (<0.001). The CAD-CAM system had a smaller vertical marginal discrepancy (53 µm) compared to the porcelain injection (85 µm) and the powder condensation techniques (113 µm). Conclusions: Statistically significant differences were found between the three study groups. Also, the CAD-CAM system had a greater marginal adaptation compared to the other two manufacturing techniques. Finally, the three fabrication methods used in this study had a vertical marginal discrepancy within the limit established by the American Dental Association (<120 µm). / Tesis

The airborne hyperspectral remote sensing is used as an approach to monitor actual state of environmental components. This thesis covers priority treatment to analyse of hyperspectral data with the aim of a tree crowns delineation. Specific algorithm applying adaptive equalization and the Voronoi diagrams is designed to subdivide a forest area into individual trees. A computer program executes the algorithm and allows testing it on real data, checking and analyzing the results.

Die hier vorliegende Dissertation beschreibt die vergleichenden Untersuchungen zweier Verfahren zur Herstellung vollkeramischen Zahnersatzes. Zur Bewertung der Praxistauglichkeit eines solchen Systems sind mehrere Untersuchungskriterien notwendig. Für einen klinischen Langzeiterfolg sind die marginale und okklusale Präzision von entscheidender Bedeutung. Aus betriebswirtschaftlicher und gesundheitspolitischer Sicht ist für den Zahnarzt aber auch der notwendige zeitliche Aufwand von elementarer Bedeutung. Das Ziel dieser in-vitro-Untersuchung war es, zwei vollkeramische Systeme hinsichtlich ihrer marginalen und okklusalen Präzision zu vergleichen. Zusätzlich wurde der verfahrensbedingte Zeitaufwand zur Herstellung einer vollkeramischen Restauration untersucht.:Inhaltsverzeichnis Seite 1. Einleitung -1- 1.2 Ziel der Untersuchung -3- 1.3 Klinische Relevanz -3- 2. “Marginal Fit of Heat-pressed vs CAD/CAM Processed -8- All-ceramic Onlays Using a Milling Unit Prototype” 3. “In vitro analysis of laboratory processed and CAD/CAM -16- generated occlusal onlay surfaces” 4. “A Comparison of the Fabrication Times of -20- All-ceramic Partial Crowns: Cerec 3D vs IPS Empress” 5. Zusammenfassung -32- 6. Literaturverzeichnis -38- 7. Erklärung -41- 8. Darstellung des wissenschaftlichen Werdegangs -42- 9. Lebenslauf -44- 10. Danksagung -46-