Human resource development (HRD) professionals have been sensitive to employees' nonverbal behaviors in other countries in the past decades. Additionally, nonverbal cues impact not only firms' selection programs but also affect job interviews. However, this qualitative research examined whether a clothing retail company has trained hiring managers to recognize nonverbal cues in the selection program. Furthermore, the researcher verified whether eye contact, volume of voice, facial expressions, gestures, postures, and attire were emphasized in the company selection program and customer service. Overall, the conclusion indicated the company did not train all hiring managers to recognize nonverbal cues in the selection program. Second, the company did not make sure whether all managers have been trained on recognizing nonverbal cues by the same training program in order to have a consistency with the company's goal. Moreover, the issue turned out that managers developed their own cognitions of nonverbal cues and implemented their own knowledge of nonverbal cues in the firm's selection program. Finally, the data illustrated only eye contact, volume of voice, facial expressions, and gestures are emphasized in the firm's selection program and customer service.

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Non-verbal cues can provide behavioural signals of deception to observers. Microexpressions are facial cues that indicate the presence of an emotion being concealed by a deceiver. During deception, deceivers often attempt to conceal an emotion by masking it with an expression of another emotion such as a smile. Despite this, micro-expressions may be leaked during masking to reveal the hidden emotion. Nonetheless, research has shown that the majority of people recognize the occurrence of deception no better than could be expected by chance. Micro-expression detection training has been suggested to improve micro-expression detection skill that is linked to improved deception detection. The present study examined the effectiveness of the Micro-expression Training Tool (METT) in improving students’ and police officers’ skills in detecting masking smiles. The visual attention of trainees and untrained controls was measured via eye tracking during a pre and post test masking smile detection task. Results revealed that training did not have an effect on task performance, but practice did alter task performance. Following practice, all groups showed better detection of true smiles but not for masking smile detection. Participants’ abilities to identify masked emotions and location of microexpressions on the face varied as a function of the emotion present, as did their attention to the relevant regions of the face that contained a micro-expression. These results suggest that traditional micro-expression training is not sufficient to train observers in masking smile detection. This result has significant implications for future training protocols and many professional groups, as masking smiles are often employed during attempts at deception.

Game outcomes are generally thought to be the primary maintaining variables in gambling behavior. The influence of language and other verbal behaviors have been shown to moderate subsequent game play. The purpose of this study is to measure the behavioral sensitivity to changing contingencies when rules are given or self-generated compared to those that are not given rules. To date no study has compared contingency based trial and error learning, externally delivered rules and contextually cued responding when measuring behavioral sensitivity to changing contingencies in the context of roulette. An analysis of such behavior will shed light on the cause and effect relationships that describe gambling. Twenty-eight undergraduate and graduate students were recruited to play a game of simulated roulette with varying probabilities for each game option. Participants were assigned to 3 groups and were either given rules regarding game play, were not given rules or asked to complete a relational training exercise. Results demonstrated varying mean response allocation for each group and game option. Those who were given rules or who completed a relational training procedure demonstrated more flexible responding when confronted with changing contingencies.

Facial attractiveness plays a crucial role in human mate choice, with individuals from both sexes using facial attractiveness cues to some degree when choosing a partner. Although some of the general facial attractiveness preferences have been studied in cross-cultural populations, most of the research focused specifically on Western populations. Most previous studies also approached facial attractiveness solely from a psychological point of view. One notable exception was a recent study by Roberts et al. (2005) in which the authors linked the Human Leococyte Antigen (HLA) system to cues for health and facial attractiveness in males. This study provides fascinating evidence that genes involved in the immune response also signal attractiveness and health. But is this true cross-culturally and across genders? Roberts et al. (2005) used a British population, who compared to other populations worldwide, have relatively few pathogens that routinely challenge their immune response. The first objective of our study was to test the role of the HLA system in an African female population with a high pathogen load. We found that common HLA alleles, that seemingly provide resistance against common pathogens, play a more important role in health measures than heterozygosity per se. However, our results showed these individuals were not necessarily rated more attractive. So which facial cues do individuals from our study population find attractive in the opposite sex? According to this study individuals from both sexes prefer neotenous features in the opposite sex. Interestingly, we found no preference for facial symmetry and only a slight preference for femininity in females. Our findings support the hypothesis by Boothroyd et al. (2005) that preference for femininity is a by-product of preference for neotenous cues. To test if ethnic preference could not play a confounding role in facial attractiveness ratings of the ethnically mixed South African population, we tested ethnic recognition in two abundant South African ethnic groups. Our results showed that individuals from both sexes could not reliably assign ethnicity to facial images of the two groups. Ethnic preference could therefore not play a role in our study. But mate choice does not only depend on cues displayed by the person being observed. Conditional dependent factors, inherent to the observer, influence how choosy they are of potential partners and therefore how attractive they rate members of the opposite sex. We tested the role of three condition dependent factors, age self-perceived attractiveness and relationship status in both sexes. We observed no significant difference in choosiness between males and females. Male choice therefore plays a more important role in human mate choice than previously expected. Furthermore, our study showed that condition dependent factors affect choosiness differently in males and females. Females are generally more sensitive to condition dependent factors, especially self-perceived attractiveness, while males showed no correlation between any of the condition-dependent factors and choosiness. Since HIV is so prevalent in the South African population, we also tested the role of self esteem in predicting sexual risky behaviour. Our results showed that high self-esteem males were more likely to be sexually active after the age of 18, but that males with low self-esteem were more likely to start sexual activity prematurely. We observed no significant correlation for females. These results indicate that HIV prevention campaigns should focus more on behavioural outcomes other than abstinence, instead of challenging the cultural norms, as indicated by the behavior of high self-esteem individuals. In conclusion, this dissertation is based on the first comprehensive study of genetic and conditional cues associated with facial attractiveness and health in an African population. This African population, with its high pathogen load, high diversity and novel cultural background provided many novel findings, which would hopefully contribute to a more universal view of human mate choice. / Dissertation (MSc (Genetics))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Genetics / unrestricted

The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of videotaped modeling of a tennis skill with and without verbal cues. Eighteen female players from two NCAA Division III colleges served as the subjects for the study. The players were randomly assigned to one of two groups. Both of the groups viewed a modeling videotape which contained a 56-second clip of a female professional hitting forehand groundstrokes looped seven times. Group One'­s tape included verbal cues on balance, posture, and contact point. Group Two'­s tape did not contain verbal cues. Both of the groups were pre-tested on power, performance, trait confidence, and state confidence before viewing the modeling tape six times. Then they were post-tested on the same measures and given a qualitative questionnaire. They were also asked a follow-up question in interview format. The qualitative analyses revealed that Group 2 subjects were unable to articulate the concepts of balance, posture and contact point as well as Group 1. Group 1 was better able to articulate these concepts with a higher percentage of participants answering the qualitative questionnaire consistent with the relevant verbal cues for balance, posture, and contact point. The results of this study indicate that tennis coaches should consider adding verbal cues when using videotaped modeling to enhance its effectiveness. / Ph. D.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Cues have been theorized to promote health behaviors but currently our understanding of the effectiveness of cues is inconclusive. The purpose of this systematic review was to assess the effectiveness of cue interventions in promoting physical activity (PA). Six databases were searched which captured 3,996 articles. After comparison with the eligibility criteria, 19 articles were included in the review. Data extraction revealed that while cues were effective in increasing PA behavior, less than half of the studies (n = 8) were supported by theory-based methodologies. We concluded that cue-based interventions are effective for promoting PA behavior, but future research must develop valid measures of cues and incorporate theory into their study designs. The purpose of the thesis study aimed to address this gap by testing if cue consistency would help explain PA habit and behavior through the Dual Process approach. We conducted an observational study with two measurement periods. We recruited 196 participants via an online volunteer registry. Participants completed measures of exercise behavior, intention, habit, perceived behavioral control (PBC), affective attitudes, and cue consistency at baseline and one month later. We ran a Hierarchical Multiple Regression analysis to determine whether a) habit, intention, PBC, affective attitudes, and cue consistency predicted moderate-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and b) whether PBC, affective attitudes, and cue consistency predicted habit. Our results showed that MVPA was significantly predicted by habit (β = 0.23, p < 0.01), intention (β = 0.16, p < 0.05), PBC (β = 0.23, p < 0.01), affective attitudes (β = 0.20, p < 0.05), and cue consistency (β = -0.20, p < 0.05). Habit was predicted by affective attitudes (β = 0.48, p < 0.001) and cue consistency (β = 0.32, p < 0.001), but PBC (β = 0.10, p = 0.11) was not significant. We found a stronger relationship between cue consistency and habit than previous studies that evaluated cues individually, supporting the cue consistency construct. Our results suggest that cue consistency should be incorporated in the Dual Process approach as a determinant of habit. Future research should look to replicate our findings through cue-based interventions grounded in theory.

The motivational properties of Longstreth's (1970) definitions of incentive and frustrative cues were tested using 32 rats in a two phase straight alleyway experiment. During pretraining, incentive cue Ss were presented a visual cue prior to reinforcement; frustrative cue Ss experienced the visual cue simultaneously with reinforcement. Ss encountered the same cue in mid-alley during 40 CRF training trials. Significant inhibition developed as frustrative cue Ss passed through the cue and postcue segments. Significant incentive effects occurred midway through training only in the postcue segment. Differential resistance to extinction was not found. The results did not support all of Longstreth's assumed functions. The motivational effects were interpreted using Spence's and Amsel's instrumental learning paradigms.

Multi-sensory feedback can potentially improve user experience and performance in virtual environments. As it is complicated to study the effect of multi-sensory feedback as a single factor, we created a design space with these diverse cues, categorizing them into an appropriate granularity based on their origin and use cases. To examine the effects of tactile cues during non-fatiguing walking in immersive virtual environments, we selected certain tactile cues from the design space, movement wind, directional wind and footstep vibration, and another cue, footstep sounds, and investigated their influence and interaction with each other in more detail. We developed a virtual reality system with non-fatiguing walking interaction and low-latency, multi-sensory feedback, and then used it to conduct two successive experiments measuring user experience and performance through a triangle-completion task. We noticed some effects due to the addition of footstep vibration on task performance, and saw significant improvement due to the added tactile cues in reported user experience.

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to investigate the relative efficacies of intrinsic and extrinsic cues as drivers of customer loyalty to financial institutions between male and female bank customers. Design/methodology/approach – A large-scale survey of 872 customers of a national bank serves as the study setting. Findings – Results showed that extrinsic cues were the more effective correlates of customer loyalty and that gender does not moderate the relationships between image cues and customer loyalty. Research limitations/implications – The cross-sectional nature of the current study does not allow causal inferences. Therefore, future studies should adopt longitudinal designs. Practical implications – Results suggest that, although transmitting a favorable image through extrinsic cues is critical, nevertheless, intrinsic cues (interactions among customers and bank personnel) should not be ignored. To reinforce this not only among current customers but also among potential customers, banks should use advertisements featuring favorable testimonials. Originality/value – Empirical research in the banking services literature pertaining to the efficacies of intrinsic and extrinsic cues in forming customer loyalty is scarce. This study fills in the void. Also, in determining if the relationships between image and customer loyalty vary by gender, the authors not only looked at male versus female differences on the basis of average construct scores but also examined the structural relationships among the constructs.