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Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-25T19:30:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabricio Passini.pdf: 1507090 bytes, checksum: 826f7bba535f87d3e863773bee392e0c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-07-25 / This dissertation reports three researches carried out at Ponta Grossa State University. The elaboration and validation of a diagrammatic scale to assess Asian rust severity in common bean crops; the verification of commonly used cultivars in Paraná resistance levels to Asian rust disease; and the sowing date influence on Asian rust severity levels. To elaborate the diagrammatic scale, fifty leaflets from JALO PRECOCE and RADIANTE cultivars were collected. Based on the Quant program, the maximum severity levels were determined (77,10%) as well as the minimum levels (1,02%) and through the “Weber and Fechener’s stimulus law” six other intermediate severity levels were obtained (2,3%)-(5,11%)-(10,97%)-(21,99%)- (39,19%)-(59,58%). The real severity determination was done through the randomly collection of fifty leaflets with different severity levels. Scale validation was performed by ten raters only five of them were experienced in phytopathology. The leaflets assessment was firstly carried out without the scale and later with the use of it. As a result, they not only improved their precision, as well as presented absolute errors levels lower than 10% when supported by the scale, agreeing with Nutter’s data. Seven among the ten raters were accurate. Aiming at assessing cultivars resistance levels to Asian rust disease, under natural infection conditions, twenty-three common bean cultivars were submitted to assessment, PRETO, CARIOCA and MANTEIGÃO. Based on the results, it may be seen that the cultivars from MANTEIGÃO group (JALO PRECOCE and RADIANTE) presented a high severity level to the disease with severity levels of 40%, while CARIOCA and PRETO group cultivars demonstrated levels varying from resistant to susceptible. Among the cultivars, the lowest severity levels were found in the IPR-36 (2,6%), FTBONITO (3,7%) and IPR-CHOPIM (3,8%) cultivars. Concerning to the cultivars cycle, it could be observed that the earliest mature were the ones which presented the highest severity levels to Asian rust. In conclusion, it may be affirmed that the common bean resistance levels to Asian rust vary from resistant to susceptible. The MANTEIGÃO group cultivars presented the highest resistance levels to the disease. In order to assess two common bean cultivars response to Asian rust (IPR SARACURA e IPRUIRAPURU),sowed in ten different dates, an experiment was conducted. The first season was sowed on 04/10/2005 and the nine others followed a fifteen-day break until the last one sowed on 15/02/2006. Severity assessments were carried out in all phenological stages in each sowing date. The results show that only in the seventh season, when the common bean plants were in the R-8 phenological stage, the Asian rust presence could be confirmed. There were statistics differences among the sowing date, however no meaningful differences could be observed in the first nine seasons among the cultivars according to the severity percentage or to the AACPD. The IPR-SARACURA cultivar was, nevertheless, statistically higher to IPR-UIRAPURU in the tenth season. In conclusion, the later the sowing is done, the earlier the Asian rust is found in the beans crop. In addition, Asian rust negatively influenced on the cultivars bean yield potential, considering that the weight of 1000 bean was the only component to be affected. / Nesta pesquisa três trabalhos foram desenvolvidos: a elaboração e validação de uma escala diagramática para avaliação da ferrugem asiática na cultura do feijão; a verificação dos níveis de resistência à ferrugem asiática das cultivares de feijão freqüentemente utilizadas no estado do Paraná; e a influência de épocas de semeadura do feijão em relação à severidade da ferrugem asiática. Para elaborar a escala diagramática, foram coletados 50 folíolos das cultivares JALO PRECOCE e RADIANTE. Com o programa Quant foram determinados os níveis de severidade máxima (77,10%) e mínima (1,02%) encontradas no campo e através da “lei do estimulo visual de Weber e Fechner” foram determinados mais seis níveis intermediários de severidade (2,3)-(5,11)-(10,97)-(21,99)-(3 9,19)-(59,58). Para determinação da severidade real foram coletados aleatoriamente 50 folíolos de feijão com diferentes níveis de severidade. Dos 10 avaliadores participantes, apenas cinco possuíam experiência em quantificação de doenças de plantas . Primeiramente, a avaliação dos 50 folíolos foi realizada sem a escala e posteriormente com o auxilio desta. Os avaliadores não apenas melhoraram sua precisão, como também apresentaram, ao utilizar a escala, erros absolutos inferiores a 10%. Sete dos dez avaliadores foram considerados acurados. Objetivando avaliar os níveis de resistência de cultivares à ferrugem asiática, sob condições naturais de infecção, 23 cultivares de feijão dos grupos PRETO, CARIOCA e MANTEIGÃO foram avaliadas. Com base nos resultados, percebe-se que cultivares do grupo MANTEIGÃO (JALO PRECOCE e RADIANTE) apresentaram alta severidade da doença, com níveis de até 40% de severidade, enquanto feijões dos grupos CARIOCA e PRETO demonstraram níveis variando de resistentes a suscetíveis. Dentre as cultivares, os menores níveis de severidade foram encontrados nas ultivares IPR-31 (2,6%), FT-BONITO (3,7%) e IPR-CHOPIM (3,8%). Quanto ao ciclo das cultivares, observou-se que as mais precoces foram aquelas que apresentaram maiores níveis de severidade à ferrugem asiática. Conclui-se que os níveis de resistência das cultivares de feijão à ferrugem asiática variaram de resistentes a suscetíveis. As cultivares do grupo MANTEIGÃO foram as que apresentaram maiores níveis de resistência à ferrugem asiática. A fim de avaliar o comportamento quanto à ferrugem asiática, de duas ultivares de feijão (IPR SARACURA e IPR-UIRAPURU), semeadas em 10 diferentes épocas realizou-se o experimento. A primeira época foi semeada no dia 04/10/2005 e outras nove épocas com intervalo de 15 dias, até o dia 15/02/2006. Foram realizadas avaliações de severidade em todos os estádios fenológicos em cada uma das épocas de semeadura. Quanto aos resultados, percebe-se que somente na sétima época, quando as plantas de feijão encontravam-se no estádio fenológico R8, a presença da ferrugem asiática foi confirmada. Houve diferenças estatísticas entre as épocas de semeadura, entretanto não foram observadas diferenças significativas nas nove primeiras épocas entre as cultivares em relação à porcentagem de severidade e na área abaixo da curva do progresso da doença. Contudo, na décima época a severidade da ferrugem asiática na cultivar IPR-SARACURA foi superior estatisticamente a cultivar IPR-UIRAPURU. Pode-se concluir que quanto mais tarde se realiza a semeadura, mais cedo se manifesta a ferrugem asiática no feijão. Conclui-se, ainda, que a ferrugem asiática influenciou negativamente na produtividade de grãos das cultivares de feijão, sendo que o componente do rendimento afetado foi o peso de 1000 grãos.

Le blé dur (Triticum durum Desf, BD), tout comme le blé tendre (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell, BT), est une céréale très touchée par la septoriose, une maladie foliaire causée par le champignon hémibiotrophe Zymoseptoria tritici. D'une part, ce présent travail a permis d'étudier l'interaction compatible du blé-Z. tritici. L'étude de l'interaction compatible chez les pathosystèmes BD/St-08-46 et BT/TO1193 a révélé l'induction des mêmes voies de défense chez les deux pathosystèmes étudiés mais avec différentes intensités. Ensuite, l'étude de l'interaction de Z. tritici avec un cultivar résistant de blé dur a mis en évidence l'association de résistance au champignon est liée à l'inhibition de la pénétration directe, la sporulation et l'activité des enzymes fongiques de dégradation des parois cellulaires de la plante (endo-β-1,4-xylanase, endo-β-1,3-glucanase et protéase). Ces derniers sembleraient être fortement liés à la sévérité de Z. tritici aussi bien chez le dur que le blé tendre. En plus, on a pu démontrer moyennant des analyses qRT-PCR l'intervention de plusieurs gènes dans la résistance du blé dur à la septoriose à savoir les gènes PR2 (β-1,3-glucanase), Chi 4 precursor (précurseur de chitinase de la classe IV), Pox (peroxydase), Msr (méthionine sulfoxide réductase) et Bsil1 (inhibiteur de protéases). D'autre part, le potentiel des stimulateurs de défenses naturelles de plantes (SDPs) à protéger aussi bien le blé dur que le blé tendre contre les maladies fongiques a été évalué. Trois extraits naturels dont les matières actives sont l'acide ascorbique (AA), des oligosaccharides de parois cellulaires de plantes (Oligos) et algue brune (Ascophyllum nodosum, A. nod) ont été testés pour la première fois sur le blé. Leur effet antifongique (direct) ainsi que l'effet inducteur des mécanismes de défense du blé (indirecte) ont été bien caractérisés moyennant des analyses moléculaires, biochimiques et cytologiques. En effet, seul l'AA a montré un effet direct sur la germination des spores et la croissance mycélienne du Z. tritici associé à l'induction des mécanismes de défense du blé. Par contre, les protections obtenues par l'Oligos et l'A. nod semblent être exclusivement liées à leurs propriétés inductrices de la défense qui ont permis de ralentir le développement du champignon ainsi que d'inhiber l'activité des CWDEs fongiques et la sporulation. D'ailleurs, il s'est avéré que les SDPs testés sembleraient agir sur les mêmes mécanismes de défense chez les deux espèces de blé. Ils pourraient induire l'activation (i) des protéines PR, (ii) les enzymes antioxidants (peroxydase et catalase), (iii) les protéines PAL et LOX (enzymes clés de la voie des phénylpropanoides et la voie des octadécanoides, respectivement) et (iv) l'accumulation des H₂O₂ et le dépôt des polyphénols au niveau des sites de pénétration du champignon, ont été mis en évidence. Egalement, ils pourraient emprunter les mêmes voies utilisées par le cultivar résistant Salim en réponse à l'infection par le champignon et pourraient même induire une réponse plus importante des gènes de défense du blé dur tels que les gènes PR2, Pox, Msr, ATPase et Bsil. De même, deux applications (préventif et curatif) des SDPs testés a révélé une protection intéressante contre la maladie associée, dans le cas de l'A. nod et des AA, à une augmentation de la teneur en chlorophylle et l'amélioration de la quantité et de la qualité du rendement du cultivar sensible Karim. Par contre, pour le cultivar résistant Salim l'application des SDPs semble être inutile. En conclusion, l'application des SDPs au bon stade et avec les bonnes concentrations sur des cultivars sensibles pourraient aboutir à des résultats d'efficacité et rendement similaires à celles des cultivars résistants. Ainsi, elle pourrait remplacer l'utilisation des cultivars résistants, surtout avec l'absence de cultivars complètement résistants disponibles pour l'agriculteur en Tunisie. / The durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf, DW) as well as the bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell, BW) is strongly affected by septoria leaf blotch (STB) caused by the hemibiotrophic fungus Zymoseptoria tritici. First, the present work was used to study of the compatible interaction wheat-Z-tritici. The study of the compatible interaction among pathosystems BD/St-08-46 Z-tritici strain an BT/TO1193 Z-tritici strain revealed the induction of defense pathways in both studied pathosystems, but with slight differences. Then, the study of the interaction of Z. tritici with a resistant durum wheat cultivar showed the fungus resistance of association is related to the inhibition of the direct penetration, sporulation and the avtivity of the fungal enzymes degrading plant cell walls (endo-β-1,4-xylanase, endo-β-1,3-glucanase and protease). They seem to be strongly related to the severity of Z. tritici in both BW and DW. In addition, this study revealed the involvement of several genes in the resistance of DW against Z. tritici such as PR2 genes (β-1,3-glucanase), Chi 4 precursor (precursor of Class IV chitinase), Pox (peroxidase), Msr (methionine sulfoxide reductase) and Bsil (protease inhibitor). On the other hand, the potential of resistance inducers (RIs) to protect BW and DW against STB disease was evaluated. Three natural extracts based on ascorbic acid (AA), plant cell wall oligosaccharides (Oligos) and brown algae (Ascophyllum nodosum, A. nod.) were tested for the first time on wheat. Their antifungal effect (direct) and the effect of inducing wheat defense mechanisms (indirect) have been well characterized through molecular, biochemical and cytological. We recorded that only AA exhibited a direct effect on spore germination and hyphal growth of Z. tritici associated to the induction of wheat defense mechanisms. However, conferred protection by Oligos and A. nod appears to be exclusively related to their plant defense inducing properties witch promoted the decrease of fungal CWDE activities and sporulation. Moreover, tested SDPs seem to enhance same defense pathways in both wheat species. They could induce the activation of (i) PR proteins, (ii) the antioxidant enzymes (catalase and peroxidase), (iii) the protein PAL and LOX (key enzymes of the phenylpropanoid and octadecanoid pathways, respectively) and (iv) the cytological accumulation of H₂O₂ and polyphenols, were highlighted. Also, they seem to use same pathways involved in durum wheat resistance mecanisms and may even induce a higher response of defense-related genes as PR2, Pox, Msr, ATPase, and Bsil. In general, protection conferred by tested RIs seems to be dependent on their composition, but it remains constant whatever of the wheat species. Similarly, in filed tested RIs conferred as interesting protection against STB associated, in the case of the A. nod and AA, with increased chlorophyll content and improving yield quantity and quality of the susceptible cultivar Karim, while in the resistant cultivar Salim, the application of RIs seems to be useless. In conclusion, protection conferred by tested RIs seems to be dependent on their composition, but it remains constant whatever of the wheat species. The use of RIs may improve the resistance level and yield of susceptible cultivars in order to obtain similar results to the resistant cultivars. Thus, it could replace the use of resistant cultivars especially with the lack of completely resistant cultivars available to farmers in Tunisia.

<p> Brown patch (caused by various <em>Rhizoctonia </em>and <em>Rhizoctonia-</em>like species) is one of the major summer diseases of tall fescue [<em>Schedonorus arundinaceus</em> (Schreb.) Dumort., nom. cons.]. Fungicides are available to suppress brown patch; however, there is increasing interest to reduce lawn pesticide inputs. Excessive summer nitrogen (N) applications and extended periods of leaf wetness have been suggested to enhance brown patch. Five projects were conducted from 2020 to 2022 to evaluate individual and various combinations of cultural management practices to improve brown patch management strategies through reducing chemical inputs and promoting environmentally sound integrated pest management (IPM) practices. Brown patch host resistance of 15 tall fescue cultivars was evaluated in a controlled environment study and various morphological characteristics were correlated to brown patch severity. A 45% reduction in brown patch was observed with a resistant cultivar, and cultivars with faster growth rates, wider sheath widths and shorter sheath length correlated with reduced brown patch resistance. A field study evaluated five cultivars fertilized with urea-N from April to July, totaling 73.5 or 245.0 kg N ha^-1. A resistant cultivar had the greatest influence on reducing disease, and N-rate generally did not influence disease severity. Differences in seasonal brown patch was compared in a three-year field study for various natural organic fertilizers. Feather-bone meal and soybean meal-based products decreased disease compared to non-fertilized turf. Chemical suppression of leaf-wetness was studied using different surfactant chemistries applied on a 14 to 21-d application frequency and some chemistries reduced disease. When evaluating the various interactions of cultivar, N rate, and surfactant compared to a granular fungicide, the greatest impact was achieved when planting a resistant cultivar, reducing disease severity by 68%. Additionally, the combination of a resistant cultivar and application of a surfactant had the same seasonal brown patch compared to a susceptible cultivar with fungicide applications during year two of evaluation. In summary, these studies demonstrate significant reductions in brown patch can be achieved when utilizing the aforesaid best management practices which can substantially reduce the need for frequent lawn fungicides.  </p>