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This master’s thesis contains a description of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). The work includes knowledge about the process of migration and differentiation of MSCs. The theoretical part of this thesis also deals with the problem of cell cultivation in 2D and 3D environments. The most used materials for creating 3D scaffolds are described here. The practical part contains the description of the cell culture protocol for passaging and also describes the experiment in the cell laboratory. The results of the experiment are discussed using confocal microscope images. The proposed experiment was tested with a sufficient number of repetitions. The processing of microscopic images was performed in the MATLAB programming environment.

Chitosan-glucan complex is fungal origin copolymer that finds application in medicine and cosmetics. Traditionally mycelium of Aspergillus and Penicillium is considered as industrial chitosan-glucan complex source, though utilization of Micromycetes in biotechnological productions is sometimes undesirable. The aim of the work was to study the possibility of Basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune submerged cultivation for industrial scale chitosan-glucan complex production use. Within the work there was studied effect of cultivation conditions (type and concentration of carbon sources in nutrient medium, ratio of carbon source to nitrogen source, medium initial pH and aeration intensity) on Sch. commune #127 mycelium growth, chitosan-glucan complex formation and exopolysaccharide synthesis. As the result, the method for chitosan-glucan complex production increase and exopolysaccharide synthesis suppression was suggested. Chitosan-glucan complex from Sch. commune #127 submerged mycelium was separated by successive alkali and acid treatments. Effects of alkali concentration and application technique, and type of acid on physical and chemical properties of chitosan-glucan complex were described. Analytical methods for in process control and final product characteristics were suggested.

The bacteria of genus Streptococci are among the most significant producers of hyaluronic acid in industrial scale. One of the typical representatives of that group is Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. The production of hyaluronic acid in Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus is heavily influenced by cultivation conditions and by genetic alterations. The present work describes the deletion of genes covR and covS responsible for transcriptional regulation of stress response. According to Galeas a kol. [35] the deletion of these genes in S. pyogenes led to the hyaluronic acid capsule increase. As the S. pyogenes and S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus share approx. 80 % of genome, it was assumed, that the deletion of genes covR and covS in Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus genome would lead to the higher hyaluronic acid production. The new strain SEZ covRS was obtained by allelic replacement mutagenesis. The cultivations performed in laboratory-scale fermenters in rich Wheat E1 medium showed approx. 9% higher production over parental strain. Therefore, the covRS regulation system plays the same role in Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus and indirectly regulates the biosynthesis of hyaluronic acid.

Cell cultures are grown in special incubators ensuring appropriate culture conditions for cell survival. The introduction of the diploma thesis is dedicated to the cultivation of cells in vitro and description of sensors, especially designated for the sensing of gas concentration. The main essence of this work is a project and realization of the monoclimatic incubation chamber for the incubation of cell cultures with the opportunity to observe them under a confocal microscope. Another part of this work is dealing with the project and application of autonomous sensing system and regulation of gas concentration (O2 and CO2) in the chamber. The nal part of thesis is dedicated to the presentation of the project correctness verication of the incubation chamber.

Ziel der teilflächenspezifischen Bewirtschaftung ist die optimale Bodenbehandlung in Abhängigkeit aller verfügbaren und verwertbaren Einflussfaktoren, wie z.B. Bodenleitfähigkeit, Bodenuntersuchungen, feldspektroskopische Messungen von Pflanzenbeständen und die Ertragsdatenerfassungen durch Mähdrescher.

Seit 2005 untersuchen Fachbehörden in Dauerfeldversuchen unterschiedliche Bodenbearbeitungssysteme und Verfahren zum Schutz vor Wassererosion und Schadverdichtung. Sechs Fachbeiträge stellen die Wirkung auf Ertrag, Erosionsgefährdung, Infiltrationsverhalten sowie Humus- und Nährstoffgehalte dar. Dauerhaft konservierende Bodenbearbeitung ist die wirksamste Erosionsschutzmaßnahme und vermindert den Bodenabtrag durch Wassererosion um bis zu 90 Prozent. Sie führt auf sandigeren Böden und auf Lössböden in den oberen Bodenschichten zur Anreicherung von Humus, Kalium und Magnesium, in Sachsens Lössboden auch zur P-Anreicherung. Zwischen pfluglos und mit Pflug bestellten Fruchtarten gab es keine Ertragsunterschiede. Konservierende Bodenbearbeitung/Direktsaat führen gegenüber dem Pflug zum Anstieg der Bodendichte im unbearbeiteten Krumenboden und zur Abnahme der Luftkapazität. Auf Lössböden wird dies durch Wurmgänge und Wurzelröhren ausgeglichen. Lössböden können daher langfristig flach bearbeitet werden. Strukturschwache Sandböden müssen dagegen bodenzustandsabhängig intensiver und im Einzeljahr krumentief gelockert werden. Bandlaufwerke schützen Ackerflächen im Unterboden auch bei hoher Auflast von 14 t vorsorgend gegen Schadverdichtung. Schonend für das Bodengefüge wirkt eine Reifeninnendruckabsenkung in Kombination mit Vermeidung von Radlasten über 10 t.:Einleitung Einschätzung der Schadverdichtungsgefährdung und Verfahren zum Schutz des Bodens vor Schadverdichtung auf der Grundlage des mechanischen Bodenverhaltens Untersuchungen zum Infiltrationsvermögen von Böden nach langjährigem Pflugverzicht und Direktsaat Nachhaltige Bodenbearbeitungsverfahren unter den Bedingungen Mecklenburg-Vorpommerns – Wirkung langfristig praktizierter unterschiedlicher Bodenbearbeitungssysteme auf den Nährstoffgehalt des Bodens und den Ertrag landwirtschaftlicher Kulturen Gute fachliche Praxis der landwirtschaftlichen Bodennutzung diluvialer Ackerböden Brandenburgs - Aktuelle Schlussfolgerungen aus den Dauerfeldversuchen Groß Kreutz (P60, M4) und der ökologischen Fruchtfolge Güterfelde Bodengefügeschutz mit optimierter Fahrwerkstechnik Untersuchungen zu acker- und pflanzenbaulichen Auswirkungen einer dauerhaft konservierenden Bodenbearbeitung

Plants are exposed to many adverse factors during their life cycles. Abiotic stresses are significantly limiting plant growth and development. Abiotic stress response mechanisms involve compatible solute synthesis (e.g. sugars, sugar alcohols and amino acids). The aim of this study was to characterise the responses of plants from Plantago genus to different abiotic stresses (drought, salinity, cold and stress combination). The complete plants grew under in vitro conditions. I compared morphological parameters, selected metabolic parameters (carbohydrates balance and proline accumulation) under optimal conditions and stress exposure. This study was focused on plants from genus Plantago, because they differ from each other in their tolerance to the salinity. Both, the glycophyte and the halophyte species are described within this genus. Plantains produce besides widespread soluble carbohydrates (sucrose, glucose, fructose) also sugar alcohol sorbitol, which has been reported as a significant component of the stress response. In addition, the reaction of plants to different carbon and energy sources was tested. More severe growth inhibition of the glycophyte Plantago lanceolata compared to the halophyte P. maritima was observed under salt treatment. Significant accumulation of sorbitol was observed...

Nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) films possess great mechanical properties (low friction coefficient, high hardness etc.), chemical properties (e.g. low corrosivity or chemical inertness) and good biocompatibility. This makes them perspective materials for protective coatings of medical implants and devices. As bacteria biofilms are often very resistant to antibacterial treatment, materials with anti-bacterial or at least anti-adhesive properties are needed. The interaction of NCD films with bacteria has not been properly examined yet. The aim of this thesis was to introduce and optimize the methods for routine bacterial biofilm cultivation and analysis, use them to investigate the ability of NCD films to inhibit the attachment and biofilm formation of Escherichia coli and correlate it with the NCD surface hydrophobicity. The materials used for the study were hydrogenated NCD (hydrophobic), oxidized NCD (hydrophilic) and uncoated glass. For bacterial biofilm growth, cultivation in six-well plates and continuous cultivation in CDC Bioreactor was used. Several methods were tested for quantitative biofilm detachment and analysis. The putative anti-bacterial properties of NCD material were not confirmed in this work. Higher bacterial attachment to NCD films in comparison to the uncoated glass was...

Plants are exposed to the stress of the environment throughout their entire live. They therefore had to develop sophisticated mechanisms to avoid or tolerate stress. In some plants, repeated exposure to stress increases tolerance, which is known as stress memory. The aim of this study is to assess stress memory in terms of oxidative stress level. Content of malondialdehyde (MDA), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the electrolyte leakage were chosen as markers of oxidative stress. Fresh weight, plant height and water content were also evaluated. The level of oxidative stress was assessed in several genotypes of Solanum tuberosum subspecies, Andigena and Tuberosum. In vitro culture did not work well for the evaluation of stress memory, ex vitro partially did. The content of MDA in 66B was significantly lower than in cv. Lada (Tuberosum) in root (in vitro) and shoot (ex vitro) in control groups as well as during water shortage. Treatment of acclimation-inducing cold before the stress-inducing cold had a variable effect on growth and electrolyte leakage according to the culture conditions. In vitro, the effect on electrolyte leakage in roots of cv. Lada was positive, in leaves of 66B (Andigena) it was negative. In ex vitro, a positive effect was found on electrolyte leakage in 66B leaves, but at the...