The aim of this work was to investigate and determine central parameters that can be used to control and increase the solubility, quality and productivity of recombinant proteins. These central parameters should be applicable under the constraints of high-throughput protein production in Escherichia coli. The present investigation shows that alternative methods exist to improve solubility, quality and productivity of the recombinant protein. The hypothesis is that by reducing the synthesis rate of the recombinant protein, a higher quality protein should be produced. The feed rate of glucose can be used to decrease the synthesis rate of the recombinant protein. The influence of feed rate on solubility and proteolysis was investigated using the lacUV5-promoter and two model proteins, Zb-MalE and Zb-MalE31. Zb-MalE31 is a mutated form of Zb-MalE that contains two different amino acids. These altered amino acids greatly affect the solubility of the protein. The soluble fraction is generally twice as high using Zb-MalE compared to Zb-MalE31. Using a low feed rate compared to high benefits the formation of the full-length soluble protein. Furthermore, by using a low feed rate, the proteolysis can be decreased. One other factor that influences the solubility is the amount of inducer used. An increase from 100 µM to 300 µM IPTG only results in more inclusion bodies being formed, the fraction of soluble protein is the same. The quality aspect of protein production was investigated for a secreted version of Zb-MalE using two different feed rates of glucose and the maltose induced promoter PmalK. It was shown that when the protein was secreted to the periplasm, the stringent response as well as the accumulation of acetic acid (even for high feed rates) was reduced. The stringent response and accumulation of acetic acid are factors that are known to affect the quality and quantity of recombinant proteins. Transporting the protein to the periplasm results in this case on a lower burden on the cell, which leads to less degradation products being formed when the protein is secreted to the periplasm. Seeing the feed rate as a critical parameter, the high-throughput production would benefit from a variation in the feed rate. However, since the fed-batch technique is technically complicated for small volumes another approach is needed. E.coli strains that have been mutated to create an internal growth limitation that simulate fed-batch were cultivated in batch and were compared to the parent strain. It was shown that the growth rate and acetic acid formation was comparable to the parent strain in fed-batch. Furthermore it was shown that a higher cell mass was reached using one of the mutants when the cells were cultivated for as long time as possible. The higher cell mass can be used to reach a higher total productivity. / QC 20101112

Per- och polyfluorerade alkylsubstanser är framväxande syntetiska föroreningar som är spritt över alla ekosystem. Per- och polyfluorerade alkylsubstanser har fått ökad regulatoriska och allmän uppmärksamhet på grund av deras egenskaper av att vara persistenta, bioackumulerande i trofinnivåer och toxiska. Under år 2020 tog EU tillsammans med EFSA fram ett förslag för ett gränsvärde på ett tolerabelt veckointag på 4.4 ng/kg kroppsvikt för PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS och PFNA. Under de senaste decennierna har konsumenter efterfrågat alger i livsmedelsmarknaden på grund av algernas egenskaper av att vara hållbart, hälsosamt och naturligt. Alger har blivit en bild av en potentiell ersättare för animaliska livsmedelsprodukter. I denna studie analyserades PFAS i vildväxande bruna Saccharina Latissimi, i havsodlade och labbodlade gröna Ulva Fenestrate och i labbodlade röda Palmaria Palmata för att bedöma PFAS-halterna. Syftet var även att se över en potential risk för människor att överskrida EFSA:s gränsvärde. PFAS extraherades och analyserades via tekniken vätskekromatografi- tandem masspektrometri. Resultaten visade att PFAS förekommer i alger. Signifikanta skillnader av PFOA (0,082 ± 0,01 ng/g tv) och PFOS (0,284 ± 0,061 ng/g tv) uppmättes i Palmaria Palmata i jämförelse med Saccharina Latissimi och Ulva Fenestrate. Resultaten visade även att det möjligtvis kan finnas en risk att EFSA:s gränsvärde överskrids vid förtäring av Palmaria Palmata beroende på portionsstorlekar. Resultaten bidrar med grundförutsättningar för framtida forskningsbehov. För att kunna specificera vilka alger som är lämpliga för framtidens livsmedel och human konsumtion behöver det undersökas vidare i algernas egenskaper, odlingsmetoder och PFAS-halter i odlingsvatten.Nyckelord: PFAS, / Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances are emerging synthetic pollutants that are spread over all ecosystems. Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances have received increasing regulatory and general attention due to their properties of being persistent, bioaccumulative in trophine levels and toxic. In 2020, the EU, together with EFSA, produced a proposal for a limit value of a tolerable weekly intake of 4.4 ng/kg body weight for PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS and PFNA. In recent decades, the consumer has been in demand in the food market due to the algae's properties of being sustainable, healthy and natural. Algae have become an image of a potential substitute for animal food products. In this study, PFAS was analyzed in wild-growing brown Saccharina Latissimi, in sea-grown and lab-grown green Ulva Fenestrate and in lab-grown red Palmaria Palmata to assess PFAS levels. The purpose was also to review a potential risk for people to exceed the EFSA limit value. PFAS was extracted and analyzed by the liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry technique. The results showed that PFAS occurs in algae. Significant differences in PFOA (0.082 ± 0.01 ng/g tv) and PFOS (0.284 ± 0.061 ng/g tv) were measured in Palmaria Palmata compared to Saccharina Latissimi and Ulva Fenestrate. The results also showed that there may be a risk that EFSA's limit value is exceeded when consuming Palmaria Palmata due to portion sizes. The results contribute with basic preconditions for future research needs. To be able to specify which algae are suitable for the food of the future and consumption for humans, it is necessary to further investigate the properties of the algae, cultivation methods and PFAS levels in cultivated water.

Resiliens är en aspekt av hållbarhet som avser att bedöma ett systems förmåga att motstå eller återhämta sig från störningar. Detta kandidatexamensarbete handlar om hur introduktionen av en inomhusodling påverkar resiliensen i Högdalen Centrum. För att bedöma resiliensen av Högdalen Centrum har en resiliensanalys utförts enligt Assessing Resilience in Social-Ecological Systems: Workbook for Practitioners. Handboken är från början anpassad för naturresursförvaltning. På grund av detta undersöks också hur handboken lämpar sig för kommunal förvaltning och planering. Metoden för denna uppsats baseras på handboken. Handboken består av fem kapitel som syftar till att analysera systemets resiliens. För att kunna fylla i handboken har information samlats in. Detta har gjorts genom intervjuer, observationer och litteratur. Resultatet av studien visar att inomhusodlingen förbättrar flera faktorer som är viktiga för Högdalen Centrums resiliens. Dock finns det utmaningar i Högdalen Centrum som inte odlingen erbjuder några lösningar för. Denna uppsats undersöker inte hur andra strategier skulle kunna påverka dessa utmaningar. Även om inomhusodlingen påverkar Högdalen Centrums resiliens, så är det till en begränsad omfattning. Av resultatet framkom också att handboken bör uppdateras. Det krävs hög kompetens inom området för att kunna efterfölja handboken även fast den utges vara riktad mot utövare. Dessutom saknar metoden vissa perspektiv för att passa kommunal förvaltning och planering. En del tabeller och figurer är inte lämpade för kommunal förvaltning och planering. Att fylla i dessa är antingen inte möjligt eller meningslöst för vidare analys. Trots detta har handboken givit inblick i både Högdalen Centrum som system och hur det påverkas av inomhusodlingen. / Resilience is an aspect of sustainability which is used to understand a systems ability to resist or recover from disturbances. This thesis is about the resilience of Högdalen Centrum, and how it is affected by the newly started indoor cultivation. To determine the resilience of Högdalen Centrum, a resilience assessment has been conducted. The assessment is based on the workbook Assessing Resilience in Social-Ecological Systems: Workbook for Practitioners. Originally, the workbook was meant for natural resource management. In light of the purpose of the workbook, this thesis also attends to the applicability of the workbook on municipal management and planning. The method is based on the workbook mentioned above. The workbook is divided into five chapters, which aim to analyze the system. To be able to complete this workbook, information had to be collected. This was done through a literature study, interviews and observations. The results show that the indoor cultivation contributes with some valuable factors of importance for the resilience in Högdalen Centrum. However, there are some identified challenges in Högdalen Centrum that the cultivation does not provide any solutions for. Furthermore, this thesis does not examine whether other strategies could be more effective to enhance the resilience in Högdalen Centrum. Even though the cultivation improves the resilience of Högdalen Centrum, it is to a limited extent. From the results it is also obvious that the workbook needs to be updated. It requires high competence to understand, even though it is said to be designed for practitioners. Furthermore, it lacks some perspectives to be an accomplished method for municipal management. A few tables and figures from the workbook are not suitable for municipal planning, and filling them out is either not possible or does not contribute to the assessment. Although the workbook has its failings, it has provided us with an understanding of Högdalen Centrum as a system and how it is affected by the cultivation.

Successful translation of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC)-based therapies into clinical reality relies on adequate cell production procedures. These should be available not only for human MSC, but also for MSC from animal species relevant to preclinical research and veterinary medicine. The cell culture medium supplementation is one of the critical aspects in MSC production. Therefore, we previously established a scalable protocol for the production of buffy-coat based equine platelet lysate (ePL). This ePL proved to be a suitable alternative to fetal bovine serum (FBS) for equine adipose-derived (AD-) MSC culture so far, as it supported AD-MSC proliferation and basic characteristics. The aim of the current study was to further analyze the functional properties of equine AD-MSC cultured with the same ePL, focusing on cell fitness, genetic stability and pro-angiogenic potency. All experiments were performed with AD-MSC from n = 5 horses, which were cultured either in medium supplemented with 10% FBS, 10% ePL or 2.5% ePL. AD-MSC cultured with 2.5% ePL, which previously showed decreased proliferation potential, displayed higher apoptosis but lower senescence levels as compared to 10% ePL medium (p < 0.05). Non-clonal chromosomal aberrations occurred in 8% of equine AD-MSC cultivated with FBS and only in 4.8% of equine AD-MSC cultivated with 10% ePL. Clonal aberrations in the AD-MSC were neither observed in FBS nor in 10% ePL medium. Analysis of AD-MSC and endothelial cells in an indirect co-culture revealed that the ePL supported the pro-angiogenic effects of AD-MSC. In the 10% ePL group, more vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A) was released and highest VEGF-A concentrations were reached in the presence of ePL and co-cultured cells (p < 0.05). Correspondingly, AD-MSC expressed the VEGF receptor-2 at higher levels in the presence of ePL (p < 0.05). Finally, AD-MSC and 10% ePL together promoted the growth of endothelial cells and induced the formation of vessel-like structures in two of the samples. These data further substantiate that buffy-coat-based ePL is a valuable supplement for equine AD-MSC culture media. The ePL does not only support stable equine AD-MSC characteristics as demonstrated before, but it also enhances their functional properties.

Projektet är baserat i dem Södra delarna av Södertälje Kommuns landsbygd. Projektet är utvecklat från ett grupparbete som ligger till grunden för all analys. Farstanäs är en plats med fler hundra års historia och här har jag skapat en Folkhögskola tillsammans med ett Holkets Hus. Platsen tillhör en gammal mjölkgård, som består av fem lador och ett torg i mitten av dessa. På torget har jag gjort ett tillägg av ett stort växthus och i en av ladorna bedriver folkhögskolan sin verksamhet. / A project based in the rural parts of Södertälje municipality.  Further developed from a group project. Farstanäs is a place dating back a few houndred years, and here I have designed a school along with a Folkets Hus focused on cultivation. The project consists of the barns from an old milk farm and the square between these barns now consisting of a big greenhouse, together creating a Folkhögskola and a Folkets Hus.

The thesis examines the subcultural activities and online fan community of Drainers (fans of the music collective Drain Gang) through TikTok. A netnographic analysis of fans’ engagement and community cultivation through prosumption is done through participation observation.  Samples taken using a non-probability purposive sampling method are analyzed, categorized, and coded. By using theories of prosumption, uses and gratifications and a contemporary online take on subcultural theory from Bennet (2004) as well as Genova et al. (2022), the samples provide an insight into Drainers and their subculture.  Results from the study suggest that community within TikTok is easy to find, yet difficult to regulate. It can thus be both a space for creative participation and opportunity for exploring identity as much as it can be for receiving negative comments and further stigmatization. Regardless of the app’s implications and limitations, it does successfully provide a platform for fans to connect, bond, share ideas and create authentic identity and a subcultural status.  While plenty of previous research concerning fans and their communities exist, this study is through researcher’s immersion opening up a discussion about Drain Gang’s subculture and fans, which is essentially an untouched area of research. Although limitations are present such as lack of possibility to pick samples on TikTok based on publication date, as well as bias while collecting samples, it provides an insight into the online community and subculture which can be used to further explore the topic.

Hemmaodling har på sistone sett ett ökat intresse hos flera svenskar, i takt med stigande inflation som lett till en generell oro över att kunna införskaffa råvaror till hemmet. Detta kandidatarbete utforskar användningen av VR som plattform för att utveckla en interaktiv och engagerande guide till odling hos användare som har en begränsad erfarenhet inom ämnet. Flera odlingsspel innehåller och presenterar simplifierade metoder för odling, men inkluderar oftast inte den fysiska och tidskrävande aktiviteten av odling, vilket gör att deras koppling till verkligheten i viss mån försvinner. Studien undersöker inkorporering av verklighetsbaserade odlingstekniker och föreslår på hur detta kan användas för att gestalta en immersiv, interaktiv och underhållande gestaltning i VR som berör de olika delarna i ett Data-Serious Game. Genom iterativa versioner av projektet har tekniker undersökts och testats genom olika spelteststillfällen, där frågeformulär och egna observeringar varit till grund för att gestalta en bättre upplevelse. Resultatet av studien visar att interaktionsmöjligheter är en viktig del för immersionen, samt att inkorporering av verkliga tekniker ökar engagemanget hos användaren. / Home cultivation has under recent times seen an increased following and popularity for several swedes, as a result of increased inflation and general concern of purchasing groceries and being able to put food on the table. This bachelor thesis explores the use of VR as a platform to create an interactive and engaging guide for home cultivation for users with limited experience within the field. Several video games incorporate and present simplified approaches to cultivation, but often do not include several steps of this physical and time consuming hobby, which makes their connection to the real world weaker. This study researches ways of incorporating realistic techniques for cultivation that can be applied to create an immersive, interactive and entertaining game that handles the different parts of a Data-Serious Game. Through several iterations of this project, techniques have been tried and tested through different game-testing occasions where surveys have been conducted to improve on previous installments. The result of this study shows that interaction possibilities are a vital point for immersion, together with incorporation of realistic techniques to increase engagement in the user.

Ulva intestinalis är en fotoautotrof grönalg som är utspridd i stora delar av världen och har ett flertal användningsområden, däribland som matråvara samt som biobränsle. Matindustrin står idag för en fjärdedel av världens utsläpp av växthusgaser. För att FN:s globala mål ska uppnås innan år 2030 måste dessa utsläpp minska. Ett sätt att bidra till att målen nås är att ändra vilka livsmedel som produceras, där alger kan vara en del av den framtida mera hållbara maten. Syftet Med detta arbete var att undersöka möjligheterna för en hållbar algodling för matkonsumtion.Målet var att genom en litteraturstudie hitta en parameter som potentiellt kan påverka tillväxten av Ulva intestinalis och planera ett experiment i en odlingsanläggning på norra Öland som undersöker den valda parametern. I litteraturstudien undersöktes det vilken parameter som skulle kunna testas i en framtida odlingsanläggning. Resultatet som erhölls från litteraturstudien var att substrat är viktigt för algens sporsättning och i kombination med projektets begränsande faktorer blev substrat den parameter som bör testas i experimentet. Utifrån att substrat valdes som parameter lades ett förslag på ett experiment fram. Slutligen diskuterades potentiella felkällor samt så gavs det förslag på eventuella fortsatta studier. / Ulva intestinalis is a photoautotroph green algae that is found in large parts of the world, and has a variety of uses, for example as food and as biofuel. The food industry is responsible for one fourth of the world’s green gas emissions, and for the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals to be reached before the year 2030, these emissions must be reduced. One way to contribute to the achievement of these goals is to change what kind of food is being produced,and algae could be part of the more sustainable future food. The purpose with the project was to examine the possibilities for a sustainable land-based algal cultivation for food use. The goal was to find a parameter that could potentially influence the growth of Ulva intestinalis, and to plan an experiment in a cultivation plant in northern Öland that examines the selected parameter. The method that was selected to fulfill the goal of the project was a literature study, in which some potential growth parameters were identified, so a conclusion of which parameter should be tested in a future experiment could be made. The result from the study was that substratum is important for the settlement of the spores, and in combination with the limits of the project it was chosen to be the parameter to be tested in the planned experiment. On the basis of substratum as the selected parameter, a proposal for an experiment was presented. Finally, potential sources of error were discussed, and suggestions for future studies were made.

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