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The purpose of this study was to determine the nature of the relationships among health locus of control, health beliefs and family planning behavior among Middle Eastern women living temporarily in the United States. A correlational descriptive design was used. A convenience sample of 80 Middle Eastern women were chosen as representatives for this study from the University of Arizona Family Housing, Tucson Islamic Center, Saudi Arabian Student Club, and the University of Arizona International Student Center. Four instruments were utilized to collect data: (1) Health Locus of Control Scale, (2) Modified Health Belief Instrument, (3) Demographic/Preferences Data Tool, and (4) Family Planning Survey. Data analysis included use of descriptive statistics to summarize the differences between the two groups (adequate and inadequate contraceptive users) on each set of health belief variables, health locus of control variables and demographic/preferences variables. Significant findings on the health belief and health locus of control instruments, separately and together was followed by stepwise discriminant analysis to identify the variables on which the groups differ and the nature of the dimensions on which they differ. The study findings indicated that adequate contraceptive users perceived the seriousness of pregnancy and benefits of contraception, while inadequate contraceptive users perceived barriers of contraception. On the other hand adequate contraceptive users had self-control over health, belief in provider control over health, had less general health threat, and more health value than inadequate contraceptive users. Four variables in the health belief and health locus of control scales were included in a discriminant function analysis. This indicated that general health, self-control over health, barriers of contraception and seriousness of pregnancy variables fully differentiated the two groups.

This thesis investigates the effect of individual countries' cultural character- istics on macroeconomic stability. Macroeconomic stability is a general con- cept that comprises the stable development of several economic parameters - inflation, government budget, external debt, gross domestic product, and oth- ers. The mainstream economics investigates these indicators usually as being shaped only by wealth, political stability and institutions. However recently, the economic literature reveals the relationship between some of the individ- ual cultural characteristics - mainly trust - and macroeconomic (in)stability. This thesis is the first attempt to analyze the effect of complex set of cultural characteristics on macroeconomic stability. Through the lens of panel data re- gression it is shown that the macroeconomic stability is significantly affected by cultural characteristics. In particular, more individualistic countries tend to have lower macroeconomic stability. Furthermore, in countries where people feel stronger fear about uncertainty the macroeconomic stability is also weaker. On the contrary from the previous studies, the positive effect of higher trust on macroeconomic stability is not confirmed. JEL Classification C33, E03, Z10, Z19 Keywords Macroeconomic stability, Cultural economics,...

Introdução: A comunicação da dor varia de acordo com a cultura regional de cada pessoa e os fatores culturais podem influenciar na maneira como as crianças descrevem a dor que sentem. A avaliação da dor em crianças é difícil devido às particularidades dessa faixa etária. Porém, é importante porque ajuda o profissional encontrar respostas à dor da criança, possibilitando um manejo adequado. Nesse sentido, deve-se considerar a escolha de instrumentos que propõem uma avaliação multidimensional da dor, como por exemplo, os Cartões de Qualidade da Dor, que objetivam qualificar a dor da criança e do adolescente. Objetivo: Realizar a validação semântica das palavras que compõem os Cartões de Qualidade da Dor com uma amostra de crianças hospitalizadas. Método: Estudo metodológico, transversal, realizado em duas etapas de validação semântica com 48 crianças, entre seis e 12 anos, internadas na unidade de internação pediátrica de um hospital público do município de Campina Grande PB. A amostra foi calculada de acordo com as diretrizes metodológicas do grupo europeu DISABIKDS®. Foram utilizados os formulários para validação semântica propostos pelo DISABIKDS® e os Cartões de Qualidade da Dor. Os dados foram organizados em planilhas no programa informático EXCEL e analisados pelo programa de análise estatística SPSS 22.0. As variáveis foram analisadas com estatística descritiva e foram aplicados o Coeficiente de Correlação Bisserial, o Teste Exato de Fisher e o Coeficiente Phi do Teste Quiquadrado. Adotou-se o nível de significância de 5% para todas as análises. O presente estudo fundamentou-se na Resolução 466 de 2012. Resultados: Participaram 36 crianças na primeira etapa de validação semântica, e 12, na segunda. O critério para inclusão das palavras foi que elas deveriam ser conhecidas e utilizadas por mais de 50% da amostra das crianças. Caso a palavra fosse conhecida e utilizada por mais de 50% da amostra de apenas um grupo (meninos, meninas, entre seis e oito anos, entre nove e 12 anos), ela seria considerada como desconhecida por todo o grupo, sendo necessária uma nova etapa de validação semântica para ambos os grupos. Das 18 palavras que compõem os Cartões de Qualidade da Dor, a maioria (11 palavras) foi identificada como conhecida e utilizada por mais de 50% da amostra de ambos os grupos. O restante, sete palavras (39%), não eram conhecidas por mais de 50% das crianças como palavras que elas utilizavam para descrever a dor. Nesses casos, as crianças sugeriram novas palavras que foram reaplicadas na segunda etapa de validação semântica. Ao final da segunda etapa, as 18 palavras haviam se tornado conhecidas e utilizadas pelas crianças para descrever sua dor. Conclusões: Concluiu-se que a Validação Semântica dos Cartões de Qualidade da Dor possibilitou um ajustamento do instrumento, tornando-o mais compreensível às crianças da região nordeste do Brasil e mostrando que o instrumento deve ser incluído na rotina clínica dos profissionais para avaliar a dor das crianças. / Introduction: Communicating pain varies according to the regional culture of each person and cultural factors may influence the way children describe the pain they feel. The assessment of pain in children is difficult due to the particularities of this age group. However, this assessment is important because it helps professionals find answers to the child\'s pain, thus allowing its appropriate management. In this regard, we should consider the choice of instruments that propose a multidimensional assessment of pain, such as the Pain Quality Cards, which aim to qualify the child\'s and adolescent\'s pain. Objective: To perform the semantic validation of the words of the Pain Quality Cards with a sample of hospitalized children. Method: This is a methodological, cross-sectional study conducted in two stages of semantic validation with 48 children, between six and 12 years of age, admitted to the pediatric unit of a public hospital in the city of Campina Grande - PB. The sample was calculated according to the methodological guidelines of the European Group DISABIKDS®. We used the Forms for the Semantic Validation proposed by DISABIKDS® and the Pain Quality Cards. Data were organized in spreadsheets in Excel software and analyzed using the SPSS 22.0 statistical program. Variables were analyzed by descriptive statistics. The biserial correlation coefficient, Fisher\'s exact test and the Phi Chisquare test coefficient were also applied. We adopted a significance level of 5% for all analyses. This study was based on Resolution 466 of 2012. Results: Thirty-six children participated in the first phase of semantic validation, and 12 in the second. To be included in the instrument, words should be known and used by more than 50% of children. If a word was known and used by more than 50% of the sample of only one group (boys and girls, from six to eight or boys and girls from nine to 12 years of age), it would be regarded as unknown by the whole group and a new semantic validation phase was required for both groups. Of the 18 words that make up the Pain Quality Cards, most of them (11 words) were identified as known and used by more than 50% of the sample of both groups. The remaining seven words (39%) were not known by over 50% of children as words they regularly use to describe pain. In such cases, the children suggested new words that have been reapplied in the second phase of semantic validation. At the end of the second phase, all 18 words had become known and used by the children to describe their pain. Conclusion: We conclude that the Semantic Validation of the Pain Quality Cards allowed an adjustment of the instrument, thus making it more understandable to children in northeastern Brazil. Moreover, our results also show that the instrument should be included in the routine of clinical professionals to assess pain in children.

With the blooming of economy after the policy of reforming and opening up, China has become the world's factory, and meanwhile, the increasing income level has led to the demand for luxury consumption. However, those who cannot afford luxury consumption in the Chinese market turned to the counterfeit goods to meet their needs for a conspicuous satisfaction. For the counterfeiting issues in Chinese market, Chinese cultural has been blamed for the main cause, but rarely have researchers taken a delicate view of Chinese culture. This study take the concepts of authoritarian personality and face maintenance which are important in the Chinese cultural characteristics, combining with normative beliefs and cognition of regulative failure as independent variables to identify their relations with the attitude toward counterfeit boutique purchasing behavior, the dependent variable in this study. Meanwhile, we discovered some interesting findings after comparing data from Taiwan and China. In this study, cultural dimensions are used in market segmentation of strategic consideration, hoping for discuss the rampant counterfeiting problems in China. This study provides quality brands in the Chinese market different ways of thinking to fight against counterfeiting.

Studies in area of organizational culture have great importance in objective assessment and improvement of cultural attitudes of members of organizations. On purpose to gain wanted performance outcomes, it is necessary to explore cultural values of members of organization, choose best organizational culture model and to follow it improving performance of an organization. Aim of the study - to identify cultural characteristics of nurses of the Hospital of Kaunas University of Medicine and dependency of these characteristics on demographic factors as well as to apply the best model of organizational culture. Goals: to give concept of organizational culture; to survey cultural characteristics of nurses in departments of Nephrology, Pulmonology, Cardiology diagnostic and the operating-room of Cardio-surgery department of the Hospital of Kaunas University of Medicine and dependency of these characteristics on demographic factors as well as to apply the best model of organizational culture; to apply the best model of organizational culture based on revealed cultural characteristics. Research methodology. Survey has been carried out in four departments (departments of Nephrology, Pulmonology, Cardiology diagnostic and the operating-room of Cardio-surgery department) of the Hospital of Kaunas University of Medicine. The questionnaire of the Dutch scientist Hofstede, modified and adapted for Lithuania, has been used for the survey. Adapted by P. Jucevičienė, Prof., V. Chreptavičienė... [to full text]

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri--Columbia, 1999. / "May 1999." Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

Introdução: A comunicação da dor varia de acordo com a cultura regional de cada pessoa e os fatores culturais podem influenciar na maneira como as crianças descrevem a dor que sentem. A avaliação da dor em crianças é difícil devido às particularidades dessa faixa etária. Porém, é importante porque ajuda o profissional encontrar respostas à dor da criança, possibilitando um manejo adequado. Nesse sentido, deve-se considerar a escolha de instrumentos que propõem uma avaliação multidimensional da dor, como por exemplo, os Cartões de Qualidade da Dor, que objetivam qualificar a dor da criança e do adolescente. Objetivo: Realizar a validação semântica das palavras que compõem os Cartões de Qualidade da Dor com uma amostra de crianças hospitalizadas. Método: Estudo metodológico, transversal, realizado em duas etapas de validação semântica com 48 crianças, entre seis e 12 anos, internadas na unidade de internação pediátrica de um hospital público do município de Campina Grande PB. A amostra foi calculada de acordo com as diretrizes metodológicas do grupo europeu DISABIKDS®. Foram utilizados os formulários para validação semântica propostos pelo DISABIKDS® e os Cartões de Qualidade da Dor. Os dados foram organizados em planilhas no programa informático EXCEL e analisados pelo programa de análise estatística SPSS 22.0. As variáveis foram analisadas com estatística descritiva e foram aplicados o Coeficiente de Correlação Bisserial, o Teste Exato de Fisher e o Coeficiente Phi do Teste Quiquadrado. Adotou-se o nível de significância de 5% para todas as análises. O presente estudo fundamentou-se na Resolução 466 de 2012. Resultados: Participaram 36 crianças na primeira etapa de validação semântica, e 12, na segunda. O critério para inclusão das palavras foi que elas deveriam ser conhecidas e utilizadas por mais de 50% da amostra das crianças. Caso a palavra fosse conhecida e utilizada por mais de 50% da amostra de apenas um grupo (meninos, meninas, entre seis e oito anos, entre nove e 12 anos), ela seria considerada como desconhecida por todo o grupo, sendo necessária uma nova etapa de validação semântica para ambos os grupos. Das 18 palavras que compõem os Cartões de Qualidade da Dor, a maioria (11 palavras) foi identificada como conhecida e utilizada por mais de 50% da amostra de ambos os grupos. O restante, sete palavras (39%), não eram conhecidas por mais de 50% das crianças como palavras que elas utilizavam para descrever a dor. Nesses casos, as crianças sugeriram novas palavras que foram reaplicadas na segunda etapa de validação semântica. Ao final da segunda etapa, as 18 palavras haviam se tornado conhecidas e utilizadas pelas crianças para descrever sua dor. Conclusões: Concluiu-se que a Validação Semântica dos Cartões de Qualidade da Dor possibilitou um ajustamento do instrumento, tornando-o mais compreensível às crianças da região nordeste do Brasil e mostrando que o instrumento deve ser incluído na rotina clínica dos profissionais para avaliar a dor das crianças. / Introduction: Communicating pain varies according to the regional culture of each person and cultural factors may influence the way children describe the pain they feel. The assessment of pain in children is difficult due to the particularities of this age group. However, this assessment is important because it helps professionals find answers to the child\'s pain, thus allowing its appropriate management. In this regard, we should consider the choice of instruments that propose a multidimensional assessment of pain, such as the Pain Quality Cards, which aim to qualify the child\'s and adolescent\'s pain. Objective: To perform the semantic validation of the words of the Pain Quality Cards with a sample of hospitalized children. Method: This is a methodological, cross-sectional study conducted in two stages of semantic validation with 48 children, between six and 12 years of age, admitted to the pediatric unit of a public hospital in the city of Campina Grande - PB. The sample was calculated according to the methodological guidelines of the European Group DISABIKDS®. We used the Forms for the Semantic Validation proposed by DISABIKDS® and the Pain Quality Cards. Data were organized in spreadsheets in Excel software and analyzed using the SPSS 22.0 statistical program. Variables were analyzed by descriptive statistics. The biserial correlation coefficient, Fisher\'s exact test and the Phi Chisquare test coefficient were also applied. We adopted a significance level of 5% for all analyses. This study was based on Resolution 466 of 2012. Results: Thirty-six children participated in the first phase of semantic validation, and 12 in the second. To be included in the instrument, words should be known and used by more than 50% of children. If a word was known and used by more than 50% of the sample of only one group (boys and girls, from six to eight or boys and girls from nine to 12 years of age), it would be regarded as unknown by the whole group and a new semantic validation phase was required for both groups. Of the 18 words that make up the Pain Quality Cards, most of them (11 words) were identified as known and used by more than 50% of the sample of both groups. The remaining seven words (39%) were not known by over 50% of children as words they regularly use to describe pain. In such cases, the children suggested new words that have been reapplied in the second phase of semantic validation. At the end of the second phase, all 18 words had become known and used by the children to describe their pain. Conclusion: We conclude that the Semantic Validation of the Pain Quality Cards allowed an adjustment of the instrument, thus making it more understandable to children in northeastern Brazil. Moreover, our results also show that the instrument should be included in the routine of clinical professionals to assess pain in children.

Orientador: Cecília Guarnieri Batista / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T20:22:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mearraoui_VivianeAiresdeAguirre_M.pdf: 1208753 bytes, checksum: 50b3df50100aa8117d6ddbb2a152c5fd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Os meios digitais de comunicação estão em constante e intenso desenvolvimento nos últimos anos, gerando questionamentos de pesquisadores de diversas áreas do conhecimento a respeito das mudanças que provocam nas relações entre as pessoas e na sociedade de modo global. Entre os profissionais de psicologia existe uma preocupação relativa aos aspectos relacionados à subjetividade e às alterações nas relações interpessoais. Considerando o interesse na investigação desses questionamentos foi adotada a perspectiva histórico-cultural, que tem como foco central a experiência mediada por instrumentos e signos, entendendo que essa experiência mediada pode ser importante à compreensão do modo como esses meios digitais estão sendo utilizados. Foram abordados ainda, tópicos relativos às mudanças que novas tecnologias utilizadas para contatos sociais podem trazer ao desenvolvimento psicológico. No que se referiu às formas de contato pesquisadas (face a face, por voz e por escrito) foi abordada a questão dos materiais verbais, para-verbais e não verbais. O presente estudo teve como objetivo descrever e analisar adolescentes, com diferentes níveis de habilidades sociais, em contatos face a face, por voz e por escrito. O estudo foi realizado com adolescentes, entre 14 e 18 anos, que cursavam Ensino Médio em escolas particulares. A primeira etapa do estudo envolveu a aplicação do Inventário de Habilidade Sociais para Adolescentes (IHSA), de Del Prette e Del Prette, em 60 participantes. De acordo com os escores de dificuldade em habilidades sociais obtidos por cada participante neste inventário, parte deles foi convidada para uma entrevista sobre as formas de contato social que utilizavam. A segunda etapa foi realizada com nove adolescentes; quatro deles com classificação de baixa dificuldade, dois com classificação média e três com classificação de alta dificuldade em habilidades sociais. Os resultados dessa etapa foram categorizados e analisados, em termos da frequência das categorias para o conjunto dos nove participantes e da comparação entre as falas de três participantes com alta dificuldade em e três dos participantes com baixa dificuldade em habilidades sociais. Os resultados dessa etapa mostraram algumas tendências gerais destacadas nas falas dos participantes no uso das três modalidades, como exemplos: predomínio de contatos com amigos e de contatos realizados em casa, predomínio de entretenimento/lazer em conteúdos abordados e avaliação positiva do próprio desempenho nesses contatos. Foram identificadas ainda, algumas tendências específicas ao uso de determinada modalidade, como foi o caso de menor frequência e duração dos contatos por voz com relação aos demais, mais relatos de contatos para informar sobre própria localização nos contatos por voz do que nos demais e mais relatos de contatos com população em geral nos contatos por escrito do que nos demais. A análise por subgrupos (BD ¿ baixa dificuldade e AD ¿ alta dificuldade) mostrou algumas tendências de respostas comuns aos dois subgrupos e pouca diferença entre eles. De um modo geral, identificou-se que os participantes realizavam os contatos face a face e por escrito com motivação, frequentemente, por longos períodos e diversidade de conteúdos abordados. Os contatos por voz foram descritos como pouco motivadores, rápidos, esporádicos e para abordar temas específicos. Cabe destacar que as tecnologias utilizadas para contatos sociais continuarão a evoluir, sendo importante o estudo constante das alterações que o uso dessas tecnologias ainda pode trazer a cada pessoa e à sociedade como um todo. Palavras-chave: relações sociais, adolescência, habilidades sociais, contexto histórico. Áreas de conhecimento: saúde, educação, comunicação / Abstract: Digital media are in continuous and intense development over the past few years leading researchers from different fields of study to question about the changes it causes in people relationships and society in general. Psychology professionals have relative concern about subjective aspects in communication and modifications on social relationships. Considering the interest to research these questions it has been adopted the perspective of historical-cultural theory that focuses the experience mediated by instruments and signs, which means that this mediated experience can be important to the comprehension about the way these digital medias have been used. There are some topics related to the changes that new technologies made specifically for social network can bring to the individual psychological development. With reference to the modalities of social contact of this research (face to face, by voice and written communication), it has been approached verbal, para-verbal and non-verbal materials. The present study aims to describe and analyze adolescents, considering different levels on social skills, in their face to face, spoken and written communication. This study consists of adolescents between 14 and 18 years old at high school of private schools. The first step on this research consisted on the application of the Social Skills Inventory for adolescents (SSI) of Del Prette and Del Prette on 60 participants. According to the scores of social skills deficit obtained for each participant, some of them have been invited for an interview about their preferential modalities of social contact. The second step was done with nine adolescents; four of them classified in a group of low difficulty, two in average, and three in a high difficulty group on social skills. The results from this second step where categorized and analyzed in terms of frequency of each category for these nine participants and afterward there is a comparison between the interview of those three participants with high difficulty and those three participants with low difficulty on social skills. The results in this step pointed some general tendencies when using the modalities of social interaction, for example: for example: the prevalence of choosing friends as a social contact and those social contacts occurs at home, leisure and entertainment as their frequent talk and positive assessment about their own performance in those social contacts. It has been identified some specific tendencies to use a determined modality of social contact, as showed by the low frequency and duration of social contact by voice if compared to the other modalities, higher frequency of social interaction by voice motivated to inform their location instead of using other modalities and the prevalence of reports in which social contact with people in general occurs by written digital media instead of other modalities. The analysis by groups (BD/LD ¿ low difficulty, AD/HD ¿ high difficulty) showed some common tendencies in these two groups and small differences between them. In general, participants are motivated about face to face and written contact, they also do it for long periods of time and they discuss a big variety of contents. Contacts by voice were described as little motivators, faster, sporadic and a tool for a specific talk. It must be pointed out it will always be developed new technologies as tools for social interactions, and constant studies are necessary to determine the modifications that these technologies can bring to people and society as a whole / Mestrado / Interdisciplinaridade e Reabilitação / Mestra em Saúde, Interdisciplinaridade e Reabilitação

Despite the immense volume of depression literature, there are significant gaps of knowledge in depression research of ethnic minorities including Korean Americans. The primary purpose of this study was to enhance the theoretical and empirical understanding of the depressive experience of Korean Americans. A correlational-descriptive, cross-sectional design with multivariate analysis was employed to: (1) identify significant factors that influence the depression experience of Korean Americans, (2) test the psychometric properties of the Kim Depression Scale for Korean Americans, and (3) identify essential similarities and differences in manifestations of depression of Korean and Anglo Americans. A total of 305 subjects, 154 Korean Americans and 151 Anglo Americans participated in this comparison study of depression in Korean and Anglo Americans. The findings of this study identified some important mediators and moderators of the depression experience for Korean Americans. The results of the study also identified essential similarities and differences in depression manifestations of Korean and Anglo Americans. Among the most important outcomes of the study was the discovery of a clue that may help to delineate a cross-cultural boundary of depression. While understanding of the perceptions, antecedents, and outcomes of depression may need a culture-specific approach, the manifestation of depression seems to show more universal characteristics. These findings have implications for future cross-cultural depression research, the clinical management of depression, and potential preventive strategies against depression in immigrant populations such as Korean Americans.