O presente trabalho visa investigar em que medida a Física, reconhecida por seu caráter paradigmático e, portanto, com leis bem definidas, está sujeita aos elementos culturais da escola. Dessa forma, pretendeu-se investigar a existência (ou não) de um conhecimento físico \"naturalizado\" e universal, para além das características de diferentes culturas nacionais. Dentro de um quadro teórico que reconhece a articulação entre os vários aspectos da complexa realidade escolar, as referências de investigação contemplaram, também, âmbitos mais gerais nos quais a disciplina escolar está inserida. Esses âmbitos foram representados pelas políticas educacionais, pelos currículos, pelas propostas pedagógicas da escola, pelo perfil da comunidade escolar e pelos materiais didáticos. Para isso, optou-se por um estudo de caso de uma escola bicultural brasileira e espanhola, e elaboraram-se três procedimentos de investigação: o primeiro, documental, teve foco na análise dos objetivos da escola em conjunto com as legislações brasileira e espanhola. O segundo, com foco nas relações da cultura escolar, centrado nos protagonistas (alunos e professora), com vivência em contextos escolares de países diferentes. Por último, o terceiro, com foco na análise da abordagem do conhecimento escolar de Física, através de sua organização curricular e dos materiais didáticos utilizados, representados por livros brasileiros e espanhóis. Do conjunto dos resultados obtidos, foi possível verificar que a Física, como disciplina escolar, está sujeita aos elementos culturais da escola, permitindo-se identificar aspectos que contribuem para sua \"desnaturalização\". Mais do que isso, foi possível reconhecer na escola estudada o surgimento de uma cultura híbrida, através de um processo não livre de tensões e movido, aparentemente, por objetivos educacionais distintos. De acordo com o estudo realizado, o produto híbrido desse processo parece ser constituído por uma cultura escolar que integra elementos complementares, sem predomínio de um ou de outro contexto cultural, e com potencial, aparentemente, para promover uma formação mais rica, devido a maior diversificação. / The goal of this research is to investigate possible national cultural elements in the introduction of Physics knowledge in high schools. This means to inquire in which extent a paradigmal science as this one, with universal laws, is presented through equivalent approaches in different cultural contexts. As school subjects are integrated in complex structures, we take into consideration theoretical references about curriculum policies, cultural schooling, and school textbooks discussions. With this purpose we developed a case study about a bicultural school, in São Paulo, attending Spanish and Brazilian students. This study was developed in three different instances: the first, with focus in documental elements extracted from school project and curriculum strategies; the second, with particular attention to student perceptions of their cultural experiences; and the third, based on the analysis of material, practices and physics textbooks used in classroom. Our results indicate that there are, in fact, significant cultural contributions in this subject, and this do not allow a \"naturalization\" of school physics content. Moreover, it was possible to identify this particular school as a hybrid cultural construction, not free of tensions and contradictions, but integrating different and complementary contributions, with potential to promote a richer scientific education.

Like most ethnic and multicultural narratives, Amy Tan’s The Joy Luck Club revolves around the development of an identity in which immigrant experience and all the questions of ethno- cultural identity that attend to it play central roles. The aim of this essay is to investigate the process of identity formation of the second-generation Chinese immigrant daughters who encounter Chinese culture at home while having the immediate experience of living in America, with a focus on the cultural, language and generational gaps that exist between the Chinese mothers and their American- born daughters. This study is guided by a theoretical framework that combines postcolonial theory and a number of established theories of identity construction including the concept of hybrid identity in order to analyze and explore the American-born daughters’ identity creation. Based on this analysis, this paper presents evidence that an identity formation process that involves cultural hybridization has occurred and the outcome of this identity formation is that of a hybrid identity.

O presente trabalho visa investigar em que medida a Física, reconhecida por seu caráter paradigmático e, portanto, com leis bem definidas, está sujeita aos elementos culturais da escola. Dessa forma, pretendeu-se investigar a existência (ou não) de um conhecimento físico \"naturalizado\" e universal, para além das características de diferentes culturas nacionais. Dentro de um quadro teórico que reconhece a articulação entre os vários aspectos da complexa realidade escolar, as referências de investigação contemplaram, também, âmbitos mais gerais nos quais a disciplina escolar está inserida. Esses âmbitos foram representados pelas políticas educacionais, pelos currículos, pelas propostas pedagógicas da escola, pelo perfil da comunidade escolar e pelos materiais didáticos. Para isso, optou-se por um estudo de caso de uma escola bicultural brasileira e espanhola, e elaboraram-se três procedimentos de investigação: o primeiro, documental, teve foco na análise dos objetivos da escola em conjunto com as legislações brasileira e espanhola. O segundo, com foco nas relações da cultura escolar, centrado nos protagonistas (alunos e professora), com vivência em contextos escolares de países diferentes. Por último, o terceiro, com foco na análise da abordagem do conhecimento escolar de Física, através de sua organização curricular e dos materiais didáticos utilizados, representados por livros brasileiros e espanhóis. Do conjunto dos resultados obtidos, foi possível verificar que a Física, como disciplina escolar, está sujeita aos elementos culturais da escola, permitindo-se identificar aspectos que contribuem para sua \"desnaturalização\". Mais do que isso, foi possível reconhecer na escola estudada o surgimento de uma cultura híbrida, através de um processo não livre de tensões e movido, aparentemente, por objetivos educacionais distintos. De acordo com o estudo realizado, o produto híbrido desse processo parece ser constituído por uma cultura escolar que integra elementos complementares, sem predomínio de um ou de outro contexto cultural, e com potencial, aparentemente, para promover uma formação mais rica, devido a maior diversificação. / The goal of this research is to investigate possible national cultural elements in the introduction of Physics knowledge in high schools. This means to inquire in which extent a paradigmal science as this one, with universal laws, is presented through equivalent approaches in different cultural contexts. As school subjects are integrated in complex structures, we take into consideration theoretical references about curriculum policies, cultural schooling, and school textbooks discussions. With this purpose we developed a case study about a bicultural school, in São Paulo, attending Spanish and Brazilian students. This study was developed in three different instances: the first, with focus in documental elements extracted from school project and curriculum strategies; the second, with particular attention to student perceptions of their cultural experiences; and the third, based on the analysis of material, practices and physics textbooks used in classroom. Our results indicate that there are, in fact, significant cultural contributions in this subject, and this do not allow a \"naturalization\" of school physics content. Moreover, it was possible to identify this particular school as a hybrid cultural construction, not free of tensions and contradictions, but integrating different and complementary contributions, with potential to promote a richer scientific education.

The present thesis aims to expand and acquire new knowledge on the emergence of portrait mummies during the Roman period in Egypt and their socio-religious status. The emergence and decorative program of these mummies are commonly understood as an artistic expression of Hellenistic Greek and Roman settlers in Egypt. This attestation is often based upon uncontextualized isolated portraits. The study of uncontextualized isolated portraits has also caused an unsatisfactory approach to dating criteria. In response, the present thesis aims to study contextualized portrait mummies – with the image of the deceased still forming part of the mummy and ideally with an attested find spot – in light of a multicultural society consisting of Egyptian, Hellenistic and Roman cultural and religious traditions.  A total of 85 portrait mummies have been collected to provide context for the expressed cultural traditions. Seven group burials have been reconstructed based upon excavation reports for further contextualization. The results of the collected portrait mummies and reconstructed group burials are subsequently studied against a background of Egyptian, Hellenistic and Roman cultural and religious traditions to highlight dominant cultural features. The results of the present thesis illustrate portrait mummies were an expression of a culturally complex society. The treatment of the body and decorative program suggests cultural and religious notions were rooted within Egyptian traditions that were appropriated, re-defined and adapted by a society comprised of Egyptians, Hellenes and Romans. Portrait mummies consequently express multiple cultural layers. Previously established dating criteria were found to remain to be the most valid and reliable. Contextualized portrait mummies, however, have put forward a new dating criterion that ought to be taken into consideration: octagonal framing.

El objetivo de esta investigación es el de analizar el proceso de apropiación y resignificación de los elementos gráficos de la cultura popular por parte de espacios de consumo masivo. En base a ello, se plantearía como hipótesis los efectos en la percepción de los usuarios en base a la resignificación de los elementos iconoplásticos de la gráfica popular utilizada por parte de espacios de consumo masivo y las alteraciones gráficas a las que es sometida. La investigación que se efectuó es descriptiva y se utilizó el método mixto. Para el desarrollo de este trabajo, se realizó entrevistas con diferentes especialistas, así como la realización de trabajo de campo, análisis de piezas gráficas y encuestas al público objeto de estudio dentro del análisis. Los resultados hallados muestran que la mayor cantidad de personas encuestadas relacionan los murales utilizados por parte del centro comercial como representaciones de gráfica popular peruana, de igual manera son estas mismas gráficas lo que más llama la atención del espacio visitado. Finalmente, como conclusiones se obtuvo que la apropiación y resignificación de la gráfica popular utilizada por parte de espacios de consumo masivo ha tenido un impacto positivo en su aplicación, pues en primera instancia, logró obtener la atención del público objetivo deseado y de esta manera mejorar el flujo de consumidores en esta área del centro comercial, de igual manera logra el objetivo de representar la cultura popular del país. / The objective of this research is to analyze the process of appropriation and resignification of the graphic elements of popular culture by mass consumption spaces. Based on this, the effects on the perception of users based on the resignification of the iconoplastic elements of popular graphics used by mass consumption spaces and the graphic alterations to which it is subjected would be hypothesized. The research that was carried out is descriptive and the mixed method was used. For the development of this work, interviews were conducted with different specialists, as well as the realization of field work, analysis of graphic pieces and surveys of the public under study within the analysis. The results found show that the largest number of people surveyed relate the murals used by the shopping center as representations of Peruvian popular graphics, in the same way it is these same graphics that most attract the attention of the space visited. Finally, as conclusions, it was obtained that the appropriation and resignification of the popular graphics used by mass consumption spaces has had a positive impact on its application, since in the first instance, it managed to obtain the attention of the desired target audience and thus improve the flow of consumers in this area of ​​the shopping center, likewise achieves the objective of representing the popular culture of the country. / Trabajo de investigación

Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2016-12-07T11:25:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Joao Paulo da Silva.pdf: 2826687 bytes, checksum: e34bb9e88851e2f91a2a7b186ee87830 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-07T11:25:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Joao Paulo da Silva.pdf: 2826687 bytes, checksum: e34bb9e88851e2f91a2a7b186ee87830 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-18 / This study analyzed the process of cultural hybridization to which are submitted the agricultural workers of the Engenho Itamatamirim, in Victória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco. The analysis was specifically directed to the understanding of the cultural reconversions that this population, consisting of sugar cane ex-workers, suffered throughout the passage from the labor condition of sugar cane cutter to the rural tourism worker. Such reconversion is understood as the cultural hybridization processes materialization in which practical cultural that existed separately combine to generate new practices and structures. The theoretical support on cultural hybridization and reconversion was essentially based on Canclini‘s theory that starts to consider the popular in the contemporary as a political category and that appropriates the economic and cultural goods of the society in a different form. The works of Tauk Santos were also considered, with the intention of observing how these cultural reconversion strategies happen in rural popular contexts, in the Rural Extension direction to the local development. The perspective of the local development was discussed in this work based on Tauk Santos‘, Pablo de Jesus‘, Tânia Bacelar‘s, Carlos Jara‘s and Frank Augustus‘ studies. The rural tourism question as a phenomenon of the new rural present in the concerns of the National Politics of Technical Assistance and Rural Extension (PNATER), while activity that can contribute for the construction of the local development in the rural environment was discussed based on Graziano Da Silva‘s, Anécio Almeida‘s, Adyr Rodrigues‘, Adonis Zimmermann‘s, and Fontana and Dencker‘s works. Combined techniques of data collection such as: the half-structured interview, oral history and diary of the field were used as methodological procedures. The results of this inquiry demonstrated that the reconversions processed in the fields of work and life of the sugar cane ex-workers of the Engenho Itamatamirim had influence on the income, housing conditions, use of free time, leisure, access to new technologies of communication and information, ways of political participation and organization, auto-esteem and daily family life. The research also revealed that this population is submitted to a multipurpose work condition, that is, these workers develop simultaneous activities in the fields of cattle rural tourism. Such labor condition reproduces characteristics of paternalism, authoritarianism and exploration that historically marked the Zona da Mata of Pernambuco, in the golden times of the sugar cane culture. At the same time, it was observed that the Engenho Itamatamirim experience constitutes a process under construction, a scene of possibilities for the Rural Extension, to work the rural tourism as an important inductor in the local development construction. / Neste estudo analisou-se o processo de hibridização cultural a que estão submetidos os trabalhadores rurais do Engenho Itamatamirim, em Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco. Especificamente, a análise foi voltada à compreensão das reconversões culturais que essa população, formada por ex-canavieiros, sofreu ao longo da passagem da condição laboral de cortador de cana para a de trabalhador do turismo rural. Tal reconversão é compreendida como a materialização dos processos de hibridização cultural, na qual práticas culturais que existiam separadamente se combinam para gerar novas estruturas e práticas. O aporte teórico sobre hibridização e reconversão culturais fundamentou-se, essencialmente, na teoria de Canclini, que passa a considerar o popular na contemporaneidade como uma categoria política e que se apropria de forma desigual dos bens econômicos e culturais da sociedade. Também foram considerados os trabalhos de Tauk Santos, na intenção de observar como essas estratégias de reconversão cultural estão acontecendo em contextos populares rurais, na direção da Extensão Rural para o desenvolvimento local. A perspectiva do desenvolvimento local foi discutida neste trabalho com base nos estudos de Tauk Santos, Paulo de Jesus, Tânia Bacelar, Carlos Jara e Augusto Franco. A questão do turismo rural como um fenômeno das novas ruralidades presente nas preocupações da Política Nacional de Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural (PNATER), enquanto atividade que pode contribuir para a construção do desenvolvimento local no meio rural foi discutida a partir dos trabalhos de Graziano da Silva, Anécio Almeida, Adyr Rodrigues, Adonis Zimmermann, e Fontana e Dencker. Como procedimentos metodológicos foram utilizadas técnicas combinadas de coleta de dados, como: entrevista semi-estruturada, história oral e observação direta. Os resultados dessa investigação demonstraram que as reconversões processadas nos campos do trabalho e da vida dos ex-canavieiros do Engenho Itamatamirim tiveram influência na renda, nas condições de moradia, no uso do tempo livre, no lazer, no acesso às novas tecnologias da comunicação e da informação, nas formas de participação e organização política, na auto-estima e no cotidiano familiar. A pesquisa revelou também que essa população tem se submetido a uma condição de trabalho polivalente, ou seja, esses trabalhadores desenvolvem atividades simultâneas no campo da pecuária e do turismo rural. Tal condição laboral tem reproduzido, no turismo rural, as características paternalista, autoritária e de exploração que marcaram historicamente a Zona da Mata de Pernambuco, nos tempos áureos da agricultura canavieira. Ao mesmo tempo, observou-se que a experiência do Engenho Itamatamirim constitui um processo em construção, um cenário de possibilidades para a Extensão Rural, para trabalhar o turismo rural como um importante indutor na construção do desenvolvimento local.

本文研究的目的嘗試回答「在以國族認同的現實中，東亞流行文化的交流是否能使東亞國家成為一個想像中的共同體，進而創造一個令人嚮往認同的東亞認同？」。在理論層次上，本研究認為一個想像中的東亞共同體可以建立在亞洲閱聽人對東亞國家間混種流行文化產品的消費上，東亞共同體代表了形形色色的生活型態，並結合傳統、現代及後現代的價值觀。為了要找出混種的文化實踐能否建構東亞認同，必須探討這些文化實踐在社會及歷史的情境中各種既有的連接方式。 本研究發現，在消費進口流行文化的情境下，消費混種流行文化文本不僅能提供消費者反思社會議題，同時也讓生產者理解其他國家如何產製產品的機會。此外，大眾媒體藉由討論國家主義，試圖干預閱聽人對他國文化產品的消費行為。當審視東亞流行文化實踐之間所發生複雜的互動關係，本研究也發現構想東亞認同應該是想要面對並克服各種非民主及壓制的力量，而非去認同其所定位的文化內容。 / National identity has traditionally played a central role in shaping a person’s views and beliefs. However, is it possible that we are moving towards a new paradigm, where exchanges of popular culture in East Asia make it possible to visualize an integrated East Asia bloc and connect with a broader East Asian identity? On the theoretical level, we contend that the new East Asian image is being cultivated by the commonality of consuming hybridized popular culture products exchanged among East Asia countries, which represent various shapes and forms of cultural memes, which are ingrained in tradition and values of modernity and post－modernity. In order to find out whether hybrid cultural practices can constitute the basis for the establishment of an 「East Asian identity」 with the potential to change the current landscape in power relations, we need to investigate concrete ways in which specific cultural practices are articulated in the social and historical contexts. In the context of the consumption of imported popular cultural products, the experience of hybrid popular culture products provides the consumer with an opportunity to critically reflect on the problems in their society as well as gaining an insight into the foreign country producing the product. For the part of audiences enjoying other Asian cultural products, some make use of the cultural products as symbolic capital as a way of distinguishing themselves from other users.

Submitted by Rebeca Alves Chu (rebeca.chu@gmail.com) on 2013-07-18T17:35:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 tese-rebecachu-final1807.pdf: 3411121 bytes, checksum: 1e98db000d8d9af9348320ced6868cfd (MD5) / Rejected by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia (suzinei.garcia@fgv.br), reason: Boa tarde Rebeca, O título foi alterado, porém não consta a informação no verso da ATA. Qualquer alteração no título é necessário o orientador comparecer na secretaria para relatar. Agradeceu bastante gente. Rsrs... Título anterior: HIBRIDIZAÇÃO ORGANIZACIONAL E CULTURAL: O CASO DA INTEGRAÇÃO DE DUAS INSTITUIÇÕES DE ENSINO NO BRASIL Bjs. Suzi on 2013-07-18T19:39:16Z (GMT) / Submitted by Rebeca Alves Chu (rebeca.chu@gmail.com) on 2013-07-22T19:29:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 tese-rebecachu-final1807.pdf: 3411121 bytes, checksum: 1e98db000d8d9af9348320ced6868cfd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia (suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2013-07-22T19:37:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 tese-rebecachu-final1807.pdf: 3411121 bytes, checksum: 1e98db000d8d9af9348320ced6868cfd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-07-22T19:38:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese-rebecachu-final1807.pdf: 3411121 bytes, checksum: 1e98db000d8d9af9348320ced6868cfd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-24 / The phenomenon of hybridization has been studied across multiple fields of knowledge as the Economy, the Social Sciences, the Political Sciences and the Cultural Studies. Regarding the field of Cultural Studies, hybridism and hybridizations have been broadly utilized to address cultures and cultural encounters. The field of Organizational Studies, however, still investigates hybridism and hybridizations in a superficial way. The objective of this research was to analyze hybridization as an organizational and cultural phenomenon. A case study was conducted to investigate the integration process of a business school, after it’s acquisition, to an university, both in Brazil. The focus of this research was on the origins of hybridization, on which organizational and cultural dimension it occurred, the dynamics it revealed and the impacts it had on organizational and cultural analysis. The case study conducted had a qualitative orientation, an exploratory approach and was based on 41 interviews with representatives from both institutions. Preliminary results indicated that: first, both institutions varied along their particular history and during the post-acquisition process from more or less homogeneous forms; second, the hybrid condition seemed to be a steady state, that varied, however, among more conflictive or more agreeable modes of interaction; third, two types of hybridization occurred, the dialectical and the dialogical ones and fourth, the hybrid condition seems to be the possibility to overcome the cultural and organizational dichotomies that emerged in the case. / O fenômeno da hibridização tem sido estudado em diversos campos do conhecimento, tais como a Economia, as Ciências Sociais, as Ciências Políticas e os Estudos Culturais. No campo dos Estudos Culturais, o hibridismo e a hibridização têm sido utilizados para analisar as culturas e as interações culturais. No campo dos Estudos Organizacionais, as pesquisas sobre hibridismo e hibridização tratam o tema de maneira ainda superficial. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a hibridização como fenômeno organizacional e cultural. Foi realizado um estudo de caso sobre o processo de integração pós-aquisição de uma escola de negócios a uma universidade, ambas no Brasil. Este estudo procurou compreender a origem da hibridização, as dimensões organizacionais e culturais nas quais a ela se manifestou, as dinâmicas que gerou, e os impactos para as análises organizacionais e culturais e para a prática gerencial. O estudo de caso conduzido teve caráter qualitativo e exploratório, e se fundamentou em 41 entrevistas com integrantes de ambas as instituições. Os resultados mostraram que: primeiro, as instituições estudadas assumiram formas organizacionais e culturais que variaram entre mais ou menos homogêneas ao longo de suas histórias e durante o processo de integração; segundo, que a condição híbrida pareceu ser um estado (organizacional e cultural) constante que, no entanto, variou de formas mais conflituosas a mais amigáveis no decorrer da interação; terceiro, que ocorreram dois tipos de hibridização, a dialética e a dialógica; e quarto, que a condição híbrida parece ser a possibilidade de superação das dicotomias que surgem.

Este artículo analiza la gráfica popular limeña, como recurso en la estrategia de marca, y su vínculo con la construcción de la personalidad de una marca gastronómica, a través de una nueva identidad visual basada en elementos de la cultura popular criolla. Se utilizó una metodología cualitativa para analizar cómo los elementos que componen las pizarras construyen la identidad de Panchita, a través de la redefinición de su personalidad de marca. Se desarrollaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a 14 especialistas en el caso de estudio, que comprenden el contexto local, sus manifestaciones y desarrollo cultural, así como al equipo de trabajo responsable de la estrategia de marca. Las pizarras de Panchita están elaboradas sobre la base de signos identitarios como tipografías coloridas, fraseologías que parten del universo de la gastronomía criolla y un soporte de fondo negro, es decir, sobre la base de una construcción del imaginario gráfico popular y la esencia cultural de la diversidad de la Lima contemporánea que, en su vínculo con la estrategia de personalidad de marca, fortalecen la personalidad de marca de Panchita. / This article analyzes popular graphics in Lima, as a resource in brand strategy, and its link in the construction of the personality of a gastronomic brand, through a new visual identity based on elements of popular criolla culture. A qualitative methodology was used to analyze how the elements used in the blackboards build Panchita's identity, through the redefinition of its brand personality. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with 14 specialists in the case study, who understand the local context, its manifestations and cultural development, as well as the work team responsible for the brand strategy. The Panchita slates are made based on identity signs such as colorful fonts, phraseologies that start from the universe of criolla gastronomy, a support with a black background, that is, a construction of the popular graphic imaginary and the cultural essence of the diversity of Lima contemporary, that in its relationship with the brand personality strategy strengthen Panchita's brand personality. / Tesis

Trajan conquered Dacia in 106 CE and encouraged one of the largest colonization efforts in the history of the Roman Empire. The new province was rich in natural resources. Immigrants from Dalmatia, Moesia, Noricum, Pannonia, Greece, Syria, Bithynia, Italy, indigenous Dacians, and soldiers from Legio XIII Gemina participated in the extraction of gold from the Apuseni Mountains. The inhabitants of mining settlements around Alburnus Maior and the administrative center Ampelum coexisted under Roman governance but continued to mark their identities in multicultural communities. At Alburnus Maior the presence of wage laborers with access to outside materials and ideas created the opportunity for miners to communicate identity through mediums that have survived. A series of wax tablet legal contracts, altars, and funerary monuments can be combined with recent archaeological data from settlements, burials, and the mines themselves to formulate the broad view necessary to examine the intricacies of group and self-expression. Through this evidence, Alburnus Maior offers a case study for how mobility and colonization in the ancient world could impact identity. Due to the pressures of coping within a multicultural community, miners formed settlements that were central to their daily lives and facilitated the embodiment of state, community, and personal identities. Identity changes over time and can simultaneously communicate several ideas that are hard to categorize. This study approaches this challenge by looking from macro to micro contexts that influenced several expressions of identity. Chapter 2 begins with a historical background that explores the expansion of the Roman Empire and considers how different experiences of conquest influenced the colonists who immigrated to Dacia. The circumstances that led to the massive colonization of Dacia are also considered. Chapter 3 describes how the mines at Alburnus Maior were exploited, who was present, and assesses the impact of state officials, legionaries, and elite entrepreneurs on the formation and expression of state identity through cult, law, and language. The formation of immigrant communities and the working conditions that permeated everyday life at the mines are then considered in the next chapter. Settlement, cult, and religious membership are evaluated for their role in creating and articulating community identities. Chapter 5 then analyzes the personal and sometimes private expression of identity that appears in commemoration, naming conventions, and burial. The three levels of state, community, and personal identities often overlap and collectively show that the hybridization of ideas from several cultures was central to how those at Alburnus Maior negotiated their identity in the Roman Empire.