The present dissertation investigates literary translation from a cultural perspective by comparing the translation of culture-specific words and concepts in five different translations of the novel Ein weites Feld by Günter Grass. The translations were chosen to represent three ‘small’ (Swedish, Danish, Norwegian) and two ‘large’ (American English, French) languages and cultures, in order to find out whether these categories are characterized by different ‘foreignizing’ or ‘domesticating’ translation methods. The main purpose of the study is to present an empirical and descriptive analysis of the concrete difficulties and possibilities connected with the process of transferring culturespecific words and concepts taken from the geographical, historical, literary and everyday context of the original work. A further aim of the study is to undertake a comparison of theory and practice of translation with regard to culture and culturespecific words. The methodological framework is taken from the historically oriented ‘Transfer’ method of the Göttingen literary translation school, where deviations from original literary texts are not seen as ‘mistakes’ in the traditional linguistic sense but as differences caused by various historical and individual factors. Above all, this study aims to focus on the translations themselves, to investigate what different solutions to cultural translation problems can tell us about the meeting between the ‘Foreign’ and the world of the translators and their prospective readership. The study’s analyses demonstrate that culture-specific words and concepts in this material are translated in a broad variety of ways, which often differ from translation to translation and therefore cannot be classified into predictable categories of translation 'strategies’. A certain pattern could be detected as far as the translation of geographical place-names and similar concepts were concerned, where the Scandinavian translators tend to preserve the original words and concepts to a greater extent than the other translators. As a contrast, the American and French translators have preserved a large number of words connected to the ‘Third Reich’ in the original form, which raises questions about the way strategies of preserving the ‘Foreign’ in translations are connected with the picture of other cultures. However, the most conspicuous result of the investigation could be found within the category of the ‘pragmatic’ decisions (Chesterman), which differ considerably in all translations as far as explanations of culture-specific phenomena within the text itself are concerned. Thus five literary translations make five different variations of the same novel. The heterogeneous translation solutions further show that the theoretical approaches within translation theory are of only limited use for describing existing literary translations in an adequate way.

Kulturspezifische Ausdrücke spielen bei der verbalen Kommunikation eine wichtige Rolle, dies gilt umso mehr für die interkulturelle Kommunikation. Missverständnisse können durch Fehlselektion eines situativ ungeeigneten Ausdrucks ausgelöst werden, effiziente und störungsfrei verläuft eine Kommunikation hingegen erst bei einem tieferen Verständnis dieser kulturtragenden Ausdrücke. Kulturspezifische Ausdrücke werden in der interkulturellen Kommunikation als sogenannte Hotwords bezeichnet. Ihre Bedeutungen lassen sich schwer in eine andere Sprache übertragen und ebenfalls schwer im Unterricht erlernen, da jede Kultur einem eigenen Konzept folgt. Zur Erhöhung der Sprachsicherheit und des tieferen Sprachverständnisses muss daher im Unterricht eine intensive Beschäftigung mit den abstrahierten semantischen Merkmalen dieser Hotwords erfolgen, da im Sprachverarbeitungsprozess die situationsgemäße Identifizierung präferiert über die semantischen Merkmale kulturspezifischer Ausdrücke erfolgt. Erst dann kann im mentalen Lexikon beim Sprachverstehen und bei der Sprachproduktion eine der Situation angemessene Identifizierung dieser Indikatoren erfolgen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die semantischen Merkmale der höflichkeits- und ge-sichtsbezogenen Ausdrücke im Chinesischen im chinesisch-kulturellen Kontext erarbeitet und ihre in den Chinesisch-Deutschen Wörterbüchern vorhandenen Übersetzungen ins Deutsche diskutiert. / Culture-specific expressions play an important role in verbal communication; this applies even more to the intercultural communication. Misunderstandings can be triggered by the faulty selection of a situational appropriate expression; on the other hand, efficient and trouble-free communication can be achieved by a deeper understanding of these cultural expressions. Culture-specific expressions are the so-called Hotwords in intercultural communication. Their meanings are difficult to transfer into another language and also difficult to learn in the classroom, because each culture follows its own concept. Therefore to increase language skills and understanding an intense preoccupation with the abstract semantic features Hotwords must be done in the classroom, because in the speech processing the situation proper identification prefers to be done through the semantic features of culture-specific expressions. Only then these proper indicators of situation can be identified in the mental lexicon during language comprehension and language production successfully. In this paper, the semantic features of politeness and face-related Words in Chinese in the Sino-cultural context are developed and their translations into German in the existing Chinese-German dictionaries are discussed.