Esta tesis investiga el impacto de la escena de grupos de cumbia fusión entre 2010 y 2020 en la ciudad de Lima, y cómo su crecimiento ha sido un factor determinante para la programación de orquestas de cumbia tradicional en festivales masivos considerados rockeros o “alternativos”. Así mismo, señala que los mecanismos de autogestión implementados por estas bandas de cumbia fusión sirvieron para que su ejercicio artístico resulte viable económicamente, y en ese proceso, estos artistas comiencen aplicar estrategias de producción musical y de gestión comercial para tentar un público más amplio. Para ello baso mi análisis en estudios de caso de tres agrupaciones representativas de dicha escena: Bareto, cuyo caso abordaré desde la autoetnografía, pues desde 2005 soy miembro del grupo, y Olaya Soundsystem y La Nueva Invasión, como representantes aparecidos en la última década. La academia se ha ocupado extensamente de las vertientes tradicionales de la cumbia peruana, pero son pocos los estudios sobre este fenómeno reciente (Montero, 2016; Miramont, 2020), por lo cual la base principal de la investigación es una serie de entrevistas en profundidad, realizadas por este autor a actores protagonistas de la escena musical de la cumbia fusión, conducidas entre febrero de 2019 y agosto de 2020: músicos, managers y empresarios de conciertos. Se trata de un estudio exploratorio apoyado por mi visión participante, haciendo referencia a las aproximaciones teóricas de Small, Turino, Gell, y particularmente al marco propuesto por Straw y Bennett acerca de las escenas musicales. Mi argumento es que la escena de cumbia fusión ha tenido una relevancia importante en el cambio del paisaje musical “alternativo” limeño, siendo agente en el ingreso de la cumbia en dichos festivales juveniles masivos en la ciudad de Lima.

Esta investigación plantea la cumbia peruana, como un ámbito de producción cultural de representaciones sociales de feminidad. Parte de la comprensión que este género musical, presenta y/o recrea significantes de género sobre lo femenino, que calan en el imaginario social produciendo referentes de identificación. Así mismo, la cumbia peruana, a partir de las letras de canciones y los videos musicales, da cuenta de múltiples representaciones de feminidad. Considerando, primero, que los discursos esbozados en las canciones responden a mandatos, prácticas y saberes de género. Segundo, las diversas imágenes de mujeres planteadas en los videos musicales están vinculadas a la performance del cuerpo y la sexualidad femeninos. Y tercero, las letras y videos musicales plantean constantes y diferencias en la constitución de las feminidades.

2025 / This dissertation explores the mutual influence between gender and sexuality, music-making and sonic practices in the Carnaval de Barranquilla, the Carnaval Gay de Barranquilla, and the feminist collective Raras no tan Raras. I show that heteronormativity, macho attitudes, and homophobia are reified in music-making and sonic practices in Barranquilla and its carnival expressions. Nevertheless, I also argue that music-making and sonic practices can alter how gender and sexuality are experienced. Through ethnographical observations, I show how exclusion and gender roles can be transferred into music and sonic practices and how music and sound have helped women and LGTBIQ+ people in Barranquilla fight against these systems of oppression. In this way, this dissertation studies how gender and sexuality intersect one of the most important genres in the Carnaval de Barranquilla, Cumbia. Carnaval Gay de Barranquilla practitioners dance to cumbia by playing it in stereos or hiring millo ensembles. Contrarily, Raras no tan Raras play and compose their own music despite not being experienced musicians. In these two cases, I suggest that both forms of musicality can serve to reshape gender and sexuality relationality. To understand the interrelationality between music and sound, and gender and sexuality, I analyze three aspects of Barranquilla and its Carnival expressions: the normativities that govern gender and sexuality, the pre-subjective and subjective effects of music and sound, and the spontaneous and ephemeral relationships that emerge during performances. For this reason, the theoretical perspectives that serve to analyze such aspects are homonormativity (a recurring concept that offers some critical lenses to uncover the adaptations with which heteronormativity is perpetuated), music affect theory (the notion that sound and music are affective forces that have pre-subjective effects on people) and the social production of space (space not as a physical void waiting to be filled but as the product of relations between social entities).Ultimately, this dissertation posits that analyzing the interrelationality between gender and sexuality and music and sound offers different insights into how systems of oppression are perpetuated and how they can be challenged.

This dissertation speculates on culture, social spheres, and programming to gain insight into how computer platforms can be (re)thought and (re)designed around the consciousness and struggles of Latin American communities. This dissertation uses an interdisciplinary methodology emphasizing approaches to live-coding performance, platform design and software development, participatory action research, and interpretive and semiotic analysis. The research in this dissertation starts with the argument that computer languages are influenced by social spheres (e.g., science and arts), economic models (e.g., knowledge economy), communication systems (e.g., natural language), and infrastructures (e.g., software collaboration protocols and institutions). Next, it is discussed how I deployed this argument by ideating and coding a computer language based on specific social spheres (i.e., live coding practice and popular music), communication systems (i.e., Spanish), and infrastructures (i.e., cultural centers and online spaces) of Hispanoamerica. Finally, this computer-music language is compared and contrasted against collective reflections and uses by this dissertation’s author and members of the general public through a series of conversation circles and live coding performances. This research results in developing Seis8s, a computer-music language inflected by Spanish constructs borrowed from Latin dance music. Seis8s blends Latin American music sensibilities and live coding techno-politics to promote critical reflection. Seis8s emphasizes resistance to asymmetric types of computer-music abstraction by bringing Afro-Latin instruments and rhythms to the center of the technology and the performance. Results of this research also include ten public presentations using Seis8s involving individual and collective live coding performances and conference presentations. These public presentations showcased Seis8s and promoted reflection toward universal understandings of bodies, culture, politics, and economies of these technological and artistic milieus. This research also gives insight into mestizaje and latinidad as concepts still present in the belief systems and ways of knowing Spanish speakers in Latin America and, consequently, in the software they develop. Mestizaje and latinidad are challenged collectively by positioning the white-mestizo ideology as a shared problem that could be resisted through reflection on the irreducibility of the Latin American identity and its potential to coexist with other identities. / Dissertation / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

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La presente investigación gira en torno a las agrupaciones de cumbia independiente estudiadas desde dos perspectivas de comunicación: el marketing digital y las relaciones públicas. Una de las características principales de estos artistas es la autogestión, por lo que las redes sociales y los servicios de streaming son dos herramientas relevantes para la difusión de sus canciones, por ende, es interesante conocer cómo logran realizarlo con pocos recursos, muchas de ellas, gratis y que están al alcance de la mayoría de las personas. Es así como este artículo buscará describir las estrategias que utilizan las agrupaciones limeñas y arequipeñas de cumbia independiente para la comunicación de su música en internet y así poder entender cómo los medios digitales han aportado en la promoción de sus canciones. Para ello, como metodología se utilizó el paradigma interpretativo naturalista, el cual se basa en la obtención de información por medio de los actores involucrados en su contexto natural; el enfoque fue cualitativo y debido a que se estudia un fenómeno, se utilizó un diseño fenomenológico. Finalmente, se realizaron entrevistas a integrantes de las agrupaciones de cumbia independiente limeñas y arequipeñas. / This research revolves around the independent cumbia groups studied from two comunications perspectives: digital marketing and public relations. One of the main characteristics of these artists is self-management, that is why social networks and streaming services are two relevant tools for the diffusion of their songs, reason why it is interesting to know how they manage to do it with few resources, many of them, free and available to most people. Thus, this article will seek to describe the strategies that independent cumbia groups use for communicating their music on the internet and thus be able to understand how the digital media have contributed to the promotion of their songs. For this, as a methodology, the naturalistic interpretive paradigm was used, which is based on obtaining information through the actors involved in their natural context; the approach was qualitative and because a phenomenon is studied, a phenomenological design was used. Finally, interviews were conducted with members of the independent Lima and Arequipa cumbia groups. / Trabajo de investigación

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