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Female gametes, or oocytes grow and mature in a niche environment maintained by the somatic cells of the ovarian follicle. At ovulation ovarian follicle cells respond to the luteinising hormone (LH) surge coordinating the final maturation, meiotic resumption and release of oocytes. Simultaneously, production of a unique “mucified” extracellular matrix surrounding the oocyte through synthesis of Hyaluronan (HA) and HA cross-linking proteins produces an “expanded” and stabilised cumulus oocyte matrix with a specific composition, structure and function. In vitro maturation (IVM) of oocytes is a procedure by which cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) are stimulated to produce cumulus matrix and undergo oocyte maturation ex vivo. In vitro maturation is a useful procedure for studying oocyte competence as well as offering health benefits for patients undergoing assisted reproduction. Oocytes derived from IVM have much lower developmental competence than in vivo matured oocytes, likely as a result of altered environmental conditions and gene expression leading to suboptimal maturation and/or inappropriate metabolic control in oocytes. Cumulus matrix expansion is widely used as an indicator of good oocyte developmental potential, however, the mechanism(s) that endow oocyte quality and how these may be influenced by the cumulus matrix are poorly understood. To better understand the process by which cumulus matrix is linked to the final stages of oocyte maturation, I undertook investigation of mouse COC matrix composition and function after in vivo maturation in comparison to IVM. The gene responsible for Hyaluronan synthesis, Has2, was not impaired under IVM conditions. In contrast, two key extracellular matrix proteins; Versican and Adamts1, which are normally selectively incorporated into periovulatory COCs in vivo, were greater than 10-fold reduced in IVM whether stimulated with Egf and/or FSH. This work is the first to show that commonly used IVM conditions result in altered gene expression in cumulus cells. Furthermore, the absence of Adamts1 and Versican suggest that COC matrix may be functionally insufficient. Although associated with good developmental potential, the function of the COC matrix in oocyte maturation is unknown. I assessed the properties of COC matrix that control metabolite supply to oocytes by examining transport of fluorescently labelled glucose and cholesterol across mouse COCs. Profound differences in the control of metabolite supply to oocytes in IVM were observed. In vivo matured complexes were capable of excluding glucose from the entire COC and cholesterol was excluded from oocytes. Conversely IVM COCs were more permissive to rapid equilibration of glucose and cholesterol concentrations across the complex and in oocytes. In fact both metabolites accumulated rapidly in IVM oocytes resulting in inverse gradient patterns of glucose and cholesterol abundance with highest concentrations accumulating in the oocyte after IVM vs highest concentrations surrounding the COC after in vivo maturation conditions. As oocytes are highly sensitive to high glucose my results indicate that metabolic balance in IVM may be disrupted due to impaired molecular filtration properties of the mucified COC matrix that controls supply of hydrophilic and lipophylic substrates. Importantly these novel findings can explain the glucose sensitivity of IVM oocytes and identifies a mechanism by which IVM may lead to poorer oocyte developmental competence. To translate these findings into the improvement of IVM I generated recombinant expression plasmid constructs for several Adamts1 and Versican functional domains. The efficacy of Versican as an IVM supplement that activates cumulus cell signal transduction was proved in principle, by showing enhanced COC matrix expansion when added to mouse IVM cultures. Similar mechanisms are likely to be functional in human COCs since I demonstrated VERSICAN and ADAMTS1 expression in human in vivo matured cumulus and granulosa cells. This work has advanced our understanding of oocyte maturation and will lead to improvements in IVM and healthier outcomes from reproductive therapies. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1342419 / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, 2008

Female gametes, or oocytes grow and mature in a niche environment maintained by the somatic cells of the ovarian follicle. At ovulation ovarian follicle cells respond to the luteinising hormone (LH) surge coordinating the final maturation, meiotic resumption and release of oocytes. Simultaneously, production of a unique “mucified” extracellular matrix surrounding the oocyte through synthesis of Hyaluronan (HA) and HA cross-linking proteins produces an “expanded” and stabilised cumulus oocyte matrix with a specific composition, structure and function. In vitro maturation (IVM) of oocytes is a procedure by which cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) are stimulated to produce cumulus matrix and undergo oocyte maturation ex vivo. In vitro maturation is a useful procedure for studying oocyte competence as well as offering health benefits for patients undergoing assisted reproduction. Oocytes derived from IVM have much lower developmental competence than in vivo matured oocytes, likely as a result of altered environmental conditions and gene expression leading to suboptimal maturation and/or inappropriate metabolic control in oocytes. Cumulus matrix expansion is widely used as an indicator of good oocyte developmental potential, however, the mechanism(s) that endow oocyte quality and how these may be influenced by the cumulus matrix are poorly understood. To better understand the process by which cumulus matrix is linked to the final stages of oocyte maturation, I undertook investigation of mouse COC matrix composition and function after in vivo maturation in comparison to IVM. The gene responsible for Hyaluronan synthesis, Has2, was not impaired under IVM conditions. In contrast, two key extracellular matrix proteins; Versican and Adamts1, which are normally selectively incorporated into periovulatory COCs in vivo, were greater than 10-fold reduced in IVM whether stimulated with Egf and/or FSH. This work is the first to show that commonly used IVM conditions result in altered gene expression in cumulus cells. Furthermore, the absence of Adamts1 and Versican suggest that COC matrix may be functionally insufficient. Although associated with good developmental potential, the function of the COC matrix in oocyte maturation is unknown. I assessed the properties of COC matrix that control metabolite supply to oocytes by examining transport of fluorescently labelled glucose and cholesterol across mouse COCs. Profound differences in the control of metabolite supply to oocytes in IVM were observed. In vivo matured complexes were capable of excluding glucose from the entire COC and cholesterol was excluded from oocytes. Conversely IVM COCs were more permissive to rapid equilibration of glucose and cholesterol concentrations across the complex and in oocytes. In fact both metabolites accumulated rapidly in IVM oocytes resulting in inverse gradient patterns of glucose and cholesterol abundance with highest concentrations accumulating in the oocyte after IVM vs highest concentrations surrounding the COC after in vivo maturation conditions. As oocytes are highly sensitive to high glucose my results indicate that metabolic balance in IVM may be disrupted due to impaired molecular filtration properties of the mucified COC matrix that controls supply of hydrophilic and lipophylic substrates. Importantly these novel findings can explain the glucose sensitivity of IVM oocytes and identifies a mechanism by which IVM may lead to poorer oocyte developmental competence. To translate these findings into the improvement of IVM I generated recombinant expression plasmid constructs for several Adamts1 and Versican functional domains. The efficacy of Versican as an IVM supplement that activates cumulus cell signal transduction was proved in principle, by showing enhanced COC matrix expansion when added to mouse IVM cultures. Similar mechanisms are likely to be functional in human COCs since I demonstrated VERSICAN and ADAMTS1 expression in human in vivo matured cumulus and granulosa cells. This work has advanced our understanding of oocyte maturation and will lead to improvements in IVM and healthier outcomes from reproductive therapies. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1342419 / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, 2008

The tropical cyclone is a majestic, yet violent atmospheric weather system occurring over tropical waters. Their majesty evolves from the significant range of spatial scales they operate over: from the mesoscale, to the larger synoptic-scale. Their associated violent winds and seas, however, are often the cause of damage and destruction for settlements in their path. Between 10/11/07 and 16/11/07, tropical cyclone Sidr formed and intensified into a category 5 hurricane over the southeast tropical waters of the northern Indian Ocean. Sidr tracked west, then north, during the course of its life, and eventually made landfall on 15/11/07, as a category 4 cyclone near the settlement of Barguna, Bangladesh. The storm affected approximately 2.7 million people in Bangladesh, and of that number 4234 were killed. In this study, the dynamics of tropical cyclone Sidr are simulated using version 2.2.1 of Advanced Weather Research and Forecasting — a non-hydrostatic, two-way interactive, triply-nested-grid mesoscale model. Three experiments were developed examining model sensitivity to ocean-atmosphere interaction; initialisation time; and choice of convective parameterisation scheme. All experiments were verified against analysed synoptic data. The ocean-atmosphere experiment involved one simulation of a cold sea surface temperature, fixed at 10 °C; and simulated using a 15 km grid resolution. The initialisation experiment involved three simulations of different model start time: 108-, 72-, and 48-hours before landfall respectively. These were simulated using a 15 km grid resolution. The convective experiment consisted of four simulations, with three of these using a different implicit convective scheme. The three schemes used were, the Kain-Fritsch, Betts-Miller-Janjic, and Grell-Devenyi ensemble. The fourth case simulated convection explicitly. A nested domain of 5km grid spacing was used in the convective experiment, for high resolution modelling. In all experiments, the Eta-Ferrier microphysics scheme, and the Mellor-Yamada-Janjic planetary boundary layer scheme were used. As verified against available observations, the model showed considerable sensitivity in each of the experiments. The model was found to be well suited for combining ocean-atmosphere interactions: a cool sea surface caused cyclone Sidr to dissipate within 24 hours. The initialisation simulations indicated moderate model sensitivity to initialisation time: variations were found for both cyclone track and intensity. Of the three simulations, an initialisation time 108 hours prior to landfall, was found to most accurately represent cyclone Sidr’s track and intensity. Finally, the convective simulations showed that considerable differences were found in cyclone track, intensity, and structure, when using different convective schemes. The Kain-Fritsch scheme produced the most accurate cyclone track and structure, but the rainfall rate was spurious on the sub-grid-scale. The Betts-Miller-Janjic scheme resolved realistic rainfall on both domains, but cyclone intensity was poor. Of particular significance, was that explicit convection produced a similar result to the Grell-Devenyi ensemble for both model domain resolutions. Overall, the results suggest that the modelled cyclone is highly sensitive to changes in initial conditions. In particular, in the context of other studies, it appears that the combination of convective scheme, microphysics scheme, and boundary layer scheme, are most significant for accurate track and intensity prediction.

Thèse (Ph. D.)--Université Laval, 2007. / Titre de l'écran-titre (visionné le 5 mai 2008). Bibliogr.

Dentre os principais desafios que persistem no campo da biologia da reprodução está a compreensão da natureza dos processos celulares e moleculares que determinam a qualidade dos oócitos. Um dos fenômenos a serem melhor compreendidos é a aquisição da competência do oócito, e qual o papel desempenhado pelo ambiente folicular que circunda o gameta no seu potencial de desenvolvimento. As células foliculares, especialmente as células do cumulus, certamente desempenham um papel fundamental na aquisição da competência de oócitos in vivo. Durante a maturação in vitro (MIV) do oócito observa-se expansão e mucificação das células da granulosa que formam o complexo cumulus oophorus-oócito (CCO), em função da intensa síntese de componentes da matriz extracelular. Essas modificações no aspecto do cumulus são utilizadas como indicativo da ocorrência de maturação oocitária e contribuem para que ocorra a fecundação. A expressão de proteínas associadas à matriz extracelular das células do cumulus pode estar sob influência de fatores de origem oocitária, e também pode estar relacionada à composição do meio de MIV. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: 1) avaliar a expressão dos transcritos dos genes que codificam para as proteínas ácido hialurônico sintase 2 (HAS2), link protein 1 (HAPLN1), conexina 43 (GJA1) e b-actina (ACTB) em complexos cumuli-oócitos (CCOs) bovinos não maturados, e submetidos à maturação in vitro em meios com diferentes suplementações protéicas; e 2) avaliar as taxas de maturação nuclear dos oócitos submetidos às diferentes condições de MIV. Os CCOs foram obtidos a partir de ovários coletados de fêmeas bovinas logo após o abate, selecionados morfologicamente e distribuídos em três grupos experimentais: G1: CCOs não maturados; G2: CCOs submetidos à MIV em meio TCM suplementado com soro fetal bovino (SFB); G3: CCOs submetidos à MIV em meio TCM suplementado com albumina sérica bovina (BSA). A MIV foi realizada em a 39oC, 5% de CO2 e máxima umidade relativa, por 22 a 24 horas. Para a extração do RNA total das amostras de CCOs foi utilizado o reagente TRIzol®. O RNA total foi submetido à captação específica do mRNA através de separação magnética (Dynabeads® mRNATM DIRECT Micro Kit). Os mRNAs foram transcritos reversamente em cDNA utilizando-se a técnica de RT-PCR, para avaliar os padrões de expressão dos transcritos. Parte dos oócitos dos grupos G2 e G3 foi desnudada das células do cumulus, e submetida à coloração com Hoechst 33342, para avaliação da maturação nuclear. A análise dos resultados de abundância relativa dos mRNAs de interesse mostrou diferença significativa entre os diferentes grupos testados para os transcritos de HAS2 (p=0,000), link protein 1 (p=0,001), conexina 43 (p=0,007) e b-actina (p=0,011), sendo maior nos grupos de CCOs submetidos à MIV em meio suplementado com SFB. A avaliação da morfologia nuclear não mostrou diferenças significativas entre as taxas de maturação nos grupos G2 e G3. Pode-se concluir que a exposição de CCOs bovinos à diferentes condições de MIV influenciou a expressão dos transcritos de HAS2, link protein 1, conexina 43 e b-actina. Entretanto, a MIV em presença de SFB ou BSA não mostrou diferença nas taxas de retomada da meiose e de maturação nuclear. / Understanding the cellular and molecular processes that determine the oocytes quality is one of the main challenges that persist in biology of reproduction. The acquisition of oocyte competence, and the role played by the follicular environment surrounding the gamete in its development potential are phenomena to be better understood. Follicular cells, especially the cumulus cells, certainly play a role in the oocyte competence acquisition in vivo. During in vitro maturation (IVM) of oocytes was observed expansion and mucification of granulosa cells forming the cumulus-oocyte complex (COC), due to the intense synthesis of extracellular matrix components. These changes in the appearance of cumulus are used as indicative of the oocyte maturation occurrence and contribute to fertilization to occur. The expression of proteins associated with the extracellular matrix of cumulus cells may be under the influence of oocyte origin, and may also be related to the composition of the IVM medium. The aim of this work were 1) to evaluate the expression of gene transcripts coding for proteins hyaluronic acid synthase 2 (HAS2), link protein 1 (HAPLN1), connexin 43 (GJA1) and actin-b (ACTB) in bovine cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) not matured or submitted to IVM in media with different proteic supplements, and 2) assess the rates of nuclear maturation of oocytes subjected to different conditions of IVM. The COCs were obtained from ovaries collected from cows immediately after slaughter, morphologically selected and divided into three groups: G1: not matured COCs; G2: COCs submitted to IVM in TCM supplemented with fetal calf serum (FCS); and G3: COCs submitted to IVM in TCM supplemented with bovine serum albumin (BSA). IVM was performed at 39°C in 5% CO2 and maximum relative humidity for 22 to 24 hours. For extraction of total RNA of COCs samples, TRIzol® reagent was used. Total RNA was subjected to capture of specific mRNA by magnetic separation (Dynabeads® mRNATM DIRECT Micro Kit). The mRNAs were reverse-transcribed into cDNA using the RT-PCR to evaluate the expression patterns of transcripts. Some of the oocytes from G2 and G3 was stripped of cumulus cells, and subjected to staining with Hoechst 33342 to assess nuclear maturation. The analysis of relative abundance of interest mRNAs showed a significant difference between the different groups tested for transcripts of HAS2 (p = 0.000), link protein 1 (p = 0.001), connexin 43 (p = 0.007) and actin-b (p = 0.011), being higher in the groups of COCs submitted to IVM in medium supplemented with FCS. The evaluation of nuclear morphology showed no significant differences between maturation rates of G2 and G3. In conclusion, the IVM in media supplemented with FCS or BSA showed differeces in HAS2, link protein 1, connexin 43 and actin-b transcripts expression of bovine COCs. However, the nuclear maturation rates of oocytes subjected to IVM in media with different proteic supplements was not affected.

Apesar da obtenção de animais nascidos vivos a partir de oócitos imaturos bovinos congelados ou vitrificados, um dos grandes desafios continua sendo o desenvolvimento de um método que proporcione melhores resultados de viabilidade pós-criopreservação. Assim como a ação dos crioprotetores empregados, a eficiência no processo de maturação in vitro (MIV) influi diretamente na taxa de desenvolvimento embrionário. Durante a maturação oocitária in vitro observa-se expansão e mucificação das células da granulosa que formam o complexo cumulus oophorus-oócito (CCO), em função da intensa síntese de componentes da matriz extracelular. Essas modificações no aspecto do cumulus são utilizadas como indicativo da ocorrência de maturação oocitária e contribuem para que ocorra a fecundação. A expressão gênica de proteínas associadas à matriz extracelular das células do cumulus pode estar sob influência de fatores de origem oocitária e de composição do meio de MIV. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a expressão gênica das proteínas ácido hialurônico sintase 2 (HAS2), link protein (HAPLN1), conexina 43 (GJA1) e HSP70-1 (proteína de choque térmico) em células do cumulus oophorus de oócitos imaturos bovinos submetidos a exposição e/ou vitrificação em duas soluções crioprotetoras e, posteriormente, maturados in vitro. Foram comparadas duas soluções de vitrificação (SV): SV1 = 20% de etileno glicol (EG) + 20% de 1,2 propanediol (PRO), e SV2 = 20% de EG + 20% DMSO + 0,5M de sacarose. Os CCOs foram obtidos a partir de ovários coletados de fêmeas bovinas logo após o abate, selecionados morfologicamente e distribuídos em 6 grupos experimentais: G1 (AOC), CCOs não maturados; G2 (AMC), CCOs submetidos à MIV; G3 (B1EC), CCOs expostos à SV1 e submetidos à MIV; G4 (B2EC), CCOs expostos à SV2 e submetidos à MIV; G5 (A1VC), CCOs vitrificados com a SV1 e submetidos à MIV; G6 (A2VC), CCOs vitrificados com a SV2 e submetidos à MIV. A MIV foi realizada em TCM 199 suplementado com soro de égua em estro, à 39oC, 5% de CO2 e máxima umidade relativa, por 22 a 24 horas. Após a MIV, 5 CCOs de cada grupo (G2 a G6), foram coletados, submetidos ao desnudamento mecânico e as células do cumulus foram concentradas por centrifugação e acondicionadas em tubos cônicos de 0,5 ml em nitrogênio líquido. O restante dos CCOs destes grupos foi submetido a fecundação e cultivo in vitro sob condições semelhantes a MIV. Para a extração do RNA total das amostras de células do cumulus foi utilizado o reagente TRIzol®. O RNA total foi re-suspenso e as amostras foram submetidas à captação específica do mRNA utilizando-se um “kit” comercial de separação magnética. Os mRNAs foram transcritos reversamente em cDNA utilizando-se a técnica de RT-PCR, para avaliar os padrões de expressão dos quatro transcritos de bovinos (link protein, HAS2, conexina 43 e HSP70-1). O grupo de oócitos imaturos exposto a SV1 apresentou uma taxa de blastocistos (30,1%) semelhante ao grupo controle (38,1%) e significativamente superior ao grupo exposto a SV2, (16,9%; p=0,0013). Houve diferença significativa (p<0,0001) entre o grupo controle e os grupos vitrificados nas soluções SV1 e SV2, tanto na taxa de clivagem (respectivamente, 79,2%; 22,1% e 43,3%) quanto no desenvolvimento até o estádio de blastocisto (respectivamente, 35,6%; 0% e 4,1%). A análise dos resultados de abundância relativa obtida a partir das células do cumulus oophorus de 5 CCOs bovinos em cada um dos seis grupos experimentais, após três repetições, não mostrou diferença significativa entre os diferentes grupos testados para os transcritos de link protein (p=0,738), HAS2 (p=0,772), conexina 43 (p=0,130) e HSP70-1 (p=0,333). / The major challenge in the cryopreservation of bovine immature oocytes is still developing a method that provides adequate results of survival and viability after vitrification. As the action of cryoprotectants employed, the efficiency of in vitro maturation (IVM) process directly influences the embryonic development. The mucification and expansion of the granulosa cells from the cumulus oophorus-oocyte complex (COC), caused by copious synthesis and deposition of extracellular matrix components, is observed during oocyte maturation in vitro. Such changes in the cumulus appearance are used as indicative of the oocyte maturation occurrence and contribute to fertilization. The gene expression of proteins associated with the extracellular matrix of the cumulus cells could be on the oocyte and/or IVM medium composition influences. The aim of this study was to evaluate, through the RT-PCR technique, the gene expression of hyaluronic acid synthase protein 2 (HAS2), link protein (HAPLN1), connexin 43 (GJA1) and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70-1) in the cumulus oophorus cells of bovine immature oocytes exposed and/or vitrified in cryoprotectant solutions and then matured in vitro. We compared two vitrification solutions (VS): VS1 = 20% ethylene glycol (EG) + 20% 1,2 propanediol (PRO), and VS2 = 20% EG + 20% DMSO + 0.5 M sucrose. The COCs were obtained from cow ovaries, collected right after slaughter. After the morphological selection, the COCs were allocated into six experimental groups: G1- imature COCs; G2- COCs subjected to IVM; G3- COCs exposed to VS1 and subjected to IVM; G4- imature COCs exposed to VS2 and submitted to IVM; G5- COCs vitrified with VS1 and subjected to IVM; and G6- COCs vitrified with VS2 and submitted to IVM. The IVM was performed in TCM 199 supplemented with oestrus mare serum, at 39°C, under 5% of CO2 and maximum relative humidity, for 22 to 24 hours. After IVM, five COCs in each group (G2 to G6) were collected, the oocytes were stripped of cumulus cells by vortexing and the cells were concentrated by centrifugation and placed in conical tubes of 0.5 ml in liquid nitrogen. In each group COCs were subjected to in vitro fertilization and culture under similar conditions from used in MIV. The RNA extraction from samples containing the cumulus cells was performed by using TRIzol® reagent protocol. Total RNA was re-suspended and the samples were subjected to the specific capture of mRNA using a commercial kit for magnetic separation. The mRNAs were reverse transcribed into cDNA using the RT-PCR technique to evaluate patterns of expression of the four bovine transcripts (link protein, HAS2, connexin 43 and HSP70-1). The immature oocytes group exposed to VS1 showed a blastocyst rate (30.1%) similar to the control group (38.1%) and significantly higher than the group exposed to VS2, (16.9%, p = 0.0013). Significant difference (p <0.0001) was observed between the control group and groups vitrified in the VS1 and VS2, both in the rate of cleavage (respectively, 79.2%, 22.1% and 43.3%) and the development to the blastocyst stage (respectively, 35.6%, 0% and 4.1%). The results of relative abundance obtained from the cumulus cells of the five bovine COCs in each experimental group, after three repetitions, showed no significant difference between the groups tested for the transcripts of link protein (p = 0.738 ), HAS2 (p = 0.772), connexin 43 (p = 0.130) and HSP70-1 (p = 0.333).

Uma das maiores dificuldades das terapias de reprodução assistida é a seleção de células germinativas de boa qualidade para posterior fertilização e implantação. Atualmente, a seleção de oócitos se dá basicamente por avaliação morfológica, que não reflete satisfatoriamente a competência oocitária. Assim, a busca por bioindicadores da qualidade oocitária é necessária. O cumulus oophorus forma um conjunto de células somáticas que circundam o oócito no folículo antral,mantendo uma relação íntima com a célula germinativa, com comunicação direta via junções tipo GAP. As células do cumulus oophorus são descartadas após técnicas de fertilização in vitro, o que as torna um material de fácil acesso, livre de conflitos éticos. Uma série de metodologias de análise das células do cumulus foram propostas para identificação de anormalidades no oócito. Porém, nenhuma delas é rotineiramente utilizada na clínica. Os processos celulares das células do cumulus refletem as condições do microambiente folicular, e podem, assim, trazer evidências das condições oocitárias. Nosso grupo analisou as células do cumulus primeiramente por meio de abordagens de bioinformática, que revelaram processos celulares relacionados ao desenvolvimento de embriões até o estágio de blastocisto. Com base nestes resultados, análises de parâmetros bioquímicos e expressão gênica das células do cumulus foram realizadas e permitiram a identificação de possíveis biomarcadores da qualidade do oócito que levam em consideração as características clínicas das pacientes. Estas análises indicaram que expressão do gene PTGS2 e a atividade da enzima Glutationa-S-Transferase como indicadores da formação de blastocistos em pacientes com diferentes variáveis clínicas (backgrounds) analisados. Se confirmados, estes parâmetros poderão ser utilizados como biomarcadores no ambiente clínico, elevando as taxas de sucesso em técnicas de reprodução assistida. / One of the great challenges in assisted reproduction techniques is the selection of appropriate germ cells for fertilization and implantation. Nowadays, oocyte selection occurs basically through morphological evaluation, which does not reflect satisfactorily the oocyte competence. Therefore, the search for bioindicators of oocyte quality is necessary. The cumulus oophorus forms a set of somatic cells that surround the oocyte in the antral follicle, participating in the processes of oocyte maturation and folliculogenesis. These cells maintain an intimate relationship with the germ cell, with direct communication via GAP junctions. Cumulus oophorus cells are discarded in in vitro fertilization techniques, which makes them an easy-access material that can be collected in a free-of-ethicalissues way. A series of cumulus cell analysis methodologies were proposed to identify abnormalities in the oocyte. However, none of them is routinely used in clinical environment. The cellular processes of cumulus cells reflect the conditions of the follicular microenvironment, and may thus bring evidences of oocyte conditions. Our group analyzed cumulus cells in search of predictors of oocyte quality primarily through bioinformatics approaches, which revealed cellular processes related to the development of embryos up to the blastocyst stage. Based on these results, analyzes of biochemical parameters and gene expression of cumulus cells were performed and allowed the identification of possible biomarkers of oocyte quality that takes into consideration patients clinical variables. These analysis indicated PTGS2 expression and Glutathione-S-Transferase activity as indicators of blastocyst formation in all patient profiles (backgrounds) analyzed. If confirmed, these parameters may be used as biomarkers in clinical environment, improving assisted reproduction success rates.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi modificar os procedimentos da maturação in vitro (MIV) para induzir a competência de oócitos bovinos com intensa atividade da enzima glicose 6-fosfato desidrogenase (G6PDH), determinada pelo emprego do corante vital Azul de Cresil Brilhante (BCB). Foram realizados dois experimentos; no primeiro trabalho foi realizada a MIV de oócitos após a identificação da atividade da G6PDH, empregando-se a seguinte proporção: competentes (sem atividade enzimática)/não competentes - 10:01, respectivamente. Os resultados revelaram um efeito negativo dos oócitos não competentes sobre a capacidade dos competentes em realizarem a MIV, a FIV e a CIV. Os resultados sugerem que para aumentar a produção de embriões deve-se realizar a MIV de oócitos competentes e não competentes, separadamente. O objetivo do segundo experimento foi verificar se a prolongação do tempo de MIV (30h) afetaria as taxas de MIV, FIV e CIV obtidas a partir de oócitos não competentes. Os oócitos não competentes não foram afetados, positiva ou negativamente, pelo prolongamento do tempo de MIV, no entanto, os oócitos competentes sofreram decréscimo na capacidade de serem fecundados e desenvolverem-se até o estágio de blastocistos. Podemos concluir que as modificações realizadas no procedimento da MIV não foram capazes de induzir competência em oócitos com intensa atividade da enzima G6PDH. / The present work aimed modify the in vitro maturation (IVM) procedure to induce competence of bovine oocytes with high glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) activity. Two experiments were carried out; the first non-competent oocytes (with high enzymatic activity) were matured with competent oocyte (lower G6PDH activity) on proportion of 1:10, respectively. The second experiment aimed observe the effect of prolonged IVM (from 24 to 30h) on the cleavage and development rates in oocytes with higher enzymatic activity. Our data showed that oocytes with lower enzymatic activity did not induce competence of higher G6PDH activity oocyte. However, we observed a negatively effect on the cleavage and development rates on oocytes competent, then, to increase the number of embryos in vitro produced we need to mature oocytes competent and non-competent separately. In the second experiment, the non-competent gametes submitted to prolonged IVM were not affected, however, competent oocytes were negatively affect by prolonged IVM. We can concluded that the IVM modifications did not able to induce the competence in the oocytes with high G6PDH activity.

Submitted by FELIPE MORALES DALANEZI null (fmdalanezi@gmail.com) on 2016-03-01T17:52:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_EV_MIV_Felipe_Dalanezi.pdf: 987917 bytes, checksum: 4a81200cfc32872f02a3c22702235ec4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Sandra Manzano de Almeida (smanzano@marilia.unesp.br) on 2016-03-01T19:24:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dalanezi_fm_me_bot.pdf: 987917 bytes, checksum: 4a81200cfc32872f02a3c22702235ec4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-01T19:24:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dalanezi_fm_me_bot.pdf: 987917 bytes, checksum: 4a81200cfc32872f02a3c22702235ec4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Vários são os componentes que tem a capacidade de interferir no metabolismo e desenvolvimento do oócito no interior do folículos, dentre esses fatores estão As EVs. Sendo assim o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a modulação da maturação oocitária in vitro pelas EVs extraídos de vacas submetidas ao estresse térmico (ET) ou não. Para tanto 12 vacas da raça holandesa foram submetidas ao ET e 12 vacas foram mantidas em condições de termo-neutralidade, em seguida tiveram seus folículos aspirados em dois momentos do ciclo estral (pré-ovulação e desvio). Após a separação das EVs do fluido folicular, e visualizados pela microscopia eletrônica. Então As EVs foram colocados em meio de maturação para avaliação da ação destas vesículas durante a maturação oocitária. Após 22 horas de maturação, os oócitos e as células do cummulus foram recuperados para posterior análise de progressão da maturação e também para expressão de genes de interesse. Não foi observada diferença estatística entre os grupos na análise de progressão meiótica nem na integridade do DNA. Indicando que As EVs não interferiram na morfologia oocitária. A expressão gênica no entanto demonstrou que genes relacionados a expansão do cummulus (BMP15, HAS2, GDF9, PTX3), metabolismo energético (BMP15,CPT1B, PFKP), IGF (IGFBP2 e 4) e apoptose (BCL2 e STAT3), apresentaram expressão diminuída no grupo termo-neutro. Os dados do nosso estudo indicam que o ambiente termo-neutro levou a uma sinalização intrafolicular das EVs com a finalidade de indicar uma situação favorável para o oócito. / There are several components that have the ability to interfere with the metabolism and development of the oocyte in side of follicles, among these factors are the EVs. Thus the aim of this study was to evaluate the modulation of oocyte maturation in vitro by EVs extracted from cows under heat stress or not. For that, 12 Holstein cows were subjected to heat stress and 12 cows were kept in a thermo-neutral conditions, then had their follicles aspirated in two stages of the estrous cycle (pre-ovulation and deviation). After separation of the EVs from follicular fluid, and visualized by electron microscopy. The EVs were placed in maturation medium for evaluation of the action of these vesicles during oocyte maturation. After 22 hours of maturation, oocytes and cummulus cells were recovered for further analysis of meiotic progression and for expression of genes of interest. There was no statistical difference between the groups in meiotic progression analysis or the DNA integrity. Indicating that the EVs not interfere in oocyte morphology. Gene expression however demonstrated that genes related to the expansion of the cumulus (BMP15, HAS2, GDF9, PTX3), energy metabolism (BMP15, CPT1B, PFKP), IGF (IGFBP2 and 4) and apoptosis (BCL2 and STAT3) showed decreased expression the thermo-neutral group. The data from our study indicate that the thermo-neutral environment led to a intrafollicular signaling EVs in order to indicate a favorable situation for the oocyte.