La compétence au développement de l'ovocyte consiste en sa capacité à réussir les étapes successives de maturation, de fécondation pour atteindre le stade blastocyste et donner une progéniture en santé. Facteur limitant du développement embryonnaire, la maturation de l'ovule est le fruit d'interactions optimales avec son environnement somatique et hormonal notamment les cellules de cumulus. Ces dernières étant essentielles pour la maturation de l'ovule et considérées comme un miroir pouvant renseigner sur sa qualité. L'apparence de ces cellules figure parmi les principaux critères morphologiques utilisés lors de la sélection du complexe cumulus-ovocyte. Comme de tels critères sont subjectifs et qualitatifs, on envisage ici d'identifier des biomarqueurs exprimés dans le cumulus et permettant une sélection efficace et objective d'ovocytes compétents via une approche génomique. Par conséquent, les cellules du cumulus d'un ovocyte compétent sont considérées comme étant le site privilégié d'événements spécifiques dont l'activation des voies de signalisation et des cascades d'expression génique reflétant la qualité de l'ovule. En faisant recours aux technologies de pointe utilisées en biologie moléculaire telles que les biopuces et la PCR quantitative, et en se servant de logiciels performants pour l'analyse des voies de signalisation, nous nous sommes concentrés sur l'étude des profils d'expression des cellules du cumulus en relation avec la compétence au développement des ovocytes. Le premier objectif de cette thèse était de trouver des gènes exprimés différentiellement dans des conditions de culture qui influencent la compétence et donc associés à de taux de blastocystes élevés. Outre la confirmation de la voie PKC comme principal acteur impliqué dans la compétence ovocytaire, on rapporte ici une liste de candidats communément surexprimés entre les trois traitements de MIV (FSH, PMA, FSH+PMA) et donc ayant de meilleures chances d'être associés au processus moléculaires de l'acquisition de compétence. Le deuxième objectif était l'analyse des gènes exprimés dans les cellules du cumulus suite à l'action du pic de LH in vivo. Comme la LH est essentielle pour la maturation finale in vivo et à la production d'ovocytes de qualité, on s'est intéressé aux gènes différentiellement exprimés dans les cellules de cumulus et associés à la compétence ovocytaire à 6 heures après le pic de LH. Par la suite, l'expression des gènes à ce stade (GVBD) a été comparée à son homologue in vitro (objectif #1) pour générer une liste commune des marqueurs potentiels de compétence des Ill ovocytes à la fois in vivo et in vitro. L'identification de ces biomarqueurs pourrait accroître les connaissances sur les profils d'expression génique dans les cellules du cumulus et servira de préambule à comprendre des séquences d'événements cruciaux du processus moléculaire d'acquisition de la compétence au développement de l'ovocyte. Ces résultats pourraient être un outil précieux pour accroître les rendements de fécondation in vitro et pourraient permettre d'optimiser la stimulation ovarienne in vivo aussi bien chez le bovin que l'humain. Par la suite, on a procédé à une analyse comparative des effets génomiques des deux gonadotrophines autour de la GVBD: FSH in vitro versus LH in vivo. Nous avons mis en évidence, pour la première fois chez le bovin, une possibilité de compensation ou de substitution de la LH par la FSH in vitro. La troisième partie de cette thèse a été l'analyse de l'expression des gènes dans les cellules du cumulus humains collectés juste avant l'ICSI (intracytoplasmic sperm injection) afin d'identifier des biomarqueurs génomiques fiables permettant de prédire de façon précise et non invasive la compétence au développement des ovocytes et de renforcer les critères morphologiques existants. Pour des cellules de cumulus associés à des ovocytes de morphologies similaires et ayant la même biréfringence de la zona pellucida, on a identifié 7 gènes différentiellement associés à des ovules ayant mené à une grossesse. Ces biomarqueurs pourraient devenir un outil quantitatif et non-invasif permettant de distinguer le bon embryon à transférer parmi d'autres ayant des propriétés morphologiques similaires. Un tel embryon devrait faciliter la pratique du transfert mono-embryonnaire, évitant ainsi les grossesses multiples. Finalement, la présente étude a permis d'identifier plusieurs gènes marqueurs et d'explorer leurs voies de signalisation potentielles aussi bien chez le bovin que l'humain. Ces résultats devraient contribuer à enrichir les connaissances actuelles des profils d'expression génique des cellules du cumulus en plus de donner un aperçu des voies moléculaires qui régissent la compétence au développement des ovocytes. Ils pourraient aussi servir à l'identification et la compréhension des voies moléculaires reliés aux subséquents événements de fécondation et de développement embryonnaire précoce dont les mécanismes demeurent encore méconnus.

Submitted by Michele Mologni (mologni@unoeste.br) on 2018-08-30T12:23:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Alan Brunholi Giroto.pdf: 1342184 bytes, checksum: eec4738d5199b553c1a6ae446589328b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-30T12:23:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alan Brunholi Giroto.pdf: 1342184 bytes, checksum: eec4738d5199b553c1a6ae446589328b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-05-25 / In this study we aimed to evaluate how PAPP-A addition during in vitro maturation affected the IGF-1 quantification, transcript abundance related to cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) and blastocysts quality, embryonic yield, as well as post-warming survival. We matured COCs through a 24 h treatment of TCM199 serum-free medium, either with PAPP-A supplementation (100 ng/mL; PAPP-A group) or without (control). Maturation medium was collected for IGF-1 quantification, and matured COCs were used for in vitro fertilization and culturing. The PAPP-A group exhibited 1.27 times higher IGF-1 concentrations than control. A comparison of in vitro embryo production across the groups found no difference in cleavage rate, embryonic yield, and survival, 3 and 24 h post-cryopreservation. In PAPP-A oocytes, only TXNRD1 was up-regulated. However, in PAPP-A cumulus cells, VNN1 and HDAC2 were up-regulated, while AGPAT1, AGPAT9, FASN, CASP3, EGFR, HAS2, IMPDH1, and MTIF3 were down-regulated. Finally, in PAPP-A blastocysts, CPT2, CASP9, DNMT3A, TFAM, and KRT8 were up-regulated, while ATF4, CASP3, and IFITM3 were down-regulated. We concluded that PAPP-A addition increased IGF-1 but did not influence embryonic yield and survival. Nevertheless, elevated IGF-1 could improve embryo competence through modulating expression of genes involved with lipid metabolism, oocyte competence and apoptosis in COCs and blastocysts. / A protéina sérica associada à prenhez (PAPP-A) é capaz de modular a biodisponibilidade do IGF-1 (fator de crescimento semelhante à insulina tipo 1) pela quebra das ligação com as proteínas de ligação do IGF (IGFBPs). O objetivo foi avaliar como a adição da PAPP-A durante a maturação in vitro (MIV) afetou a biodisponibilidade de IGF-1, a abundância de transcritos nos oócitos e células do cumulus e blastocistos, a produção embrionária e a sobrevivência pós aquecimento. Foi realizada a MIV de 24 h em complexos cumulus oócitos (CCOs – 20/grupo) oriundos de abatedouro, em meio TCM199 livre de soro, com adição de PAPP-A (100 ng/mL; grupo PAPP-A) ou sem (controle). O IGF-1 foi quantificado no meio de maturação e os CCOs maturados foram utilizados na fertilização e cultivo in vitro. Oócitos e células do cúmulus foram separados; e blastocistos foram congelados para a realização da expressão gênica. Taxa de clivagem e produção de blastocistos foram calculados como porcentagem e transformados para arco seno. Dados de expressão gênica foram normalizados com a média do grupo de controle. Os resultados foram analisados por test t, porém a criopreservação embrionária foi testada por Qui-quadrado (JMP software, SAS). Diferenças foram consideradas significativas quando p ≤ 0,05. O grupo PAPP-A apresentou 27% mais concentração de IGF-1 biodisponível. Na produção in vitro de embriões, não encontrou-se diferença na taxa de clivagem, produção e sobrevivência embrionária. Apenas o gene TXNRD1 mostrou maior expressão nos oócitos do grupo PAPP-A. No entanto, nas células do cumulus PAPP-A, o VNN1 e HDAC2 apresentaram maior expressão, enquanto os genes AGPAT1, AGPAT9, FASN, CASP3, EGFR, HAS2, IMPDH1 e MTIF3 apresentaram menor expressão. Nos blastocistos PAPP-A, os genes CPT2, CASP9, DNMT3A, TFAM e KRT8 apresentaram maior expressão, enquanto os genes ATF4, CASP3 e IFITM3 apresentaram menor expressão. Em conclusão, a adição de PAPP-A durante a MIV aumentou o IGF-1 biodisponível, mas não influenciou a produção e a sobrevivência embrionária após desvitrificação. No entanto, o aumento do IGF-1 biodisponível pode melhorar a competência embrionária através da modulação da expressão gênica em oócitos, células do cúmulus e blastocistos.

A time dependent model of the shallow, tropical convective boundary layer is developed and tested. To simplify the treatment of thermodynamic processes and return to first principles of physics, conserved quantities of entropy and total water density are used as primary model variables. In addition, a new shallow cumulus parameterization scheme is developed and is based on the use of a time dependent cloud kinetic energy equation combining local concepts of cloud processes with the use of a special buoyancy length scale. Two model simulations are performed in an attempt to assess the model's performance and the effectiveness of the parameterization scheme. Results indicate that the model does a reasonable job in both representing the equilibrium structure of a shallow convective boundary layer and in generating a realistic boundary layer structure from an initial state consisting of a shallow moist layer with dry air aloft. The cumulus parameterization scheme appears to adequately represent the transport of thermodynamic quantities associated with convective activity and the use of conserved variables provides an effective way of representing the boundary layer structure and treating the mixing processes associated with cloud processes. This work illustrates the usefulness of generalized conserved variables, particularly entropy and total water density, and indicates that the general approach of using a time dependent cloud kinetic energy equation may be effective for representing thermodynamic processes in the tropical boundary layer. / Graduation date: 1992

Les nucléotides cycliques possèdent un rôle indéniablement important dans les diverses facettes de la physiologie du follicule ovarien. Les nucléotides cycliques servent d’intermédiaires pour la transmission des signaux extracellulaires à l’intérieur de la cellule. Ces seconds messagers sont synthétisés à l’intérieur de la cellule suite à l’activation des récepteurs couplés à des cyclases. La durée et l’intensité de ces signaux sont non seulement modulées par la synthèse via les adénylyl et guanylyl cyclases, mais par l’action des membres de la famille des phosphodiestérases (PDE) qui inactivent les nucléotides cycliques en hydrolysant le lien phosphodiestère entre le groupement phosphate et la position 3’ du désoxyribose. Malgré le partage d’une fonction commune, les 11 types connus de PDE permettent d’obtenir une finesse de régulation des signaux externes par les variations spatio-temporelles du profil d’expression, par les modes de régulation de l’activité et par leur distribution intracellulaire. Ainsi, pour faire avancer notre compréhension de la modulation des signaux utilisant les nucléotides cycliques dans le follicule ovarien, la caractérisation des PDE dans le complexe ovocyte-cumulus dans un contexte de maturation in vitro (MIV) a été entreprise. Dans un premier temps, nous avons entrepris de caractériser la nature des PDE présentes dans l’ovocyte afin d’illustrer leur rôle de dégradation de l’adénosine monophosphate 3’5’-cyclique (AMPc) dans le déroulement de la maturation nucléaire. Tout d’abord, la presque totalité de l’activité de dégradation d’AMPc présente dans l’ovocyte a été attribuée à PDE3A, quoiqu’aucune variation n’ait été mesurée au cours de la MIV. L’utilisation d’un inhibiteur spécifique à la famille des PDE3 pendant la MIV nous a permis de définir une période se situant entre 15 à 21 heures de MIV où l’ovocyte s’engage irréversiblement dans sa maturation nucléaire. L’inhibition de PDE3 nous a également montré son implication dans le déroulement de la méiose stimulée par un inhibiteur de protéine phosphatase 1/2A. Ces résultats ont démontré le rôle fonctionnel de PDE3A dans la gestion de l’AMPc dans l’ovocyte porcin tout au long de sa MIV. Dans un deuxième temps, la caractérisation des PDE dans les cellules du cumulus pendant la MIV a été réalisée. Nos résultats démontrent que PDE3A subit une augmentation d’expression de l’ARNm et d’activité pendant les 10 premières heures de MIV, soit 5 heures avant l’engagement irréversible de l’ovocyte dans sa maturation nucléaire. De plus, cette augmentation d’expression est dépendante de la présence de choriogonadotrophines équines. L’augmentation a été reproduite par deux facteurs stimulant la production d’AMPc ; la forskoline, et la prostaglandine E2. Cette augmentation a été empêchée par un inhibiteur de la protéine kinase dépendante de l’AMPc (PKA). Ces résultats démontrent la présence d’une voie d’autorégulation de l’AMPc présente dans les cellules du cumulus pendant la MIV qui serait dépendante de la voie de signalisation de l’AMPc et de PKA. Dans un troisième temps, la communication intercellulaire entre les cellules du complexe ovocyte-cumulus (COC) pendant la MIV a été étudiée pour avancer notre compréhension de l’influence mutuelle que les deux types cellulaires exercent un sur l’autre. En outre, la communication intercellulaire utilisant les jonctions communicantes serait augmentée dans le COC par une augmentation d’expression de connexine 43 (Cx43) indépendante des gonadotrophines et stimulée par la rupture du contact entre le COC et les cellules de la granulosa murale. Après une période plateau de haute communication, il se produirait une coupure dramatique de la communication intercellulaire simultanément avec la maturation nucléaire de l’ovocyte. Cette coupure serait stimulée par les gonadotrophines et accompagnée par le recrutement de la Cx43 dans des microdomaines lipidiques de la membrane cellulaire. Dans un dernier temps, la dégradation de la guanosine monophosphate 3’5’-cyclique (GMPc) a été étudiée dans le COC pendant la MIV. Les résultats suggèrent la présence d’une PDE hydrolysant le GMPc sensible à Zaprinast et à Sildenafil, deux inhibiteurs spécifiques aux PDE de la famille 5 et 6. Cette activité est augmentée après 24 heures de maturation in vitro et demeure élevée jusqu’à 48 heures. En conclusion, nos études démontrent un profil d’expression de phosphodiestérases ainsi qu’une variation de la communication intercellulaire particulièrement intéressante dans le COC porcin. Ce portrait permet une avancée fondamentale dans notre vision de la gestion des nucléotides cycliques pendant la MIV. Le meilleur contrôle des niveaux de nucléotides cycliques pendant la MIV pourrait nous permettre d’améliorer les techniques de reproduction assistée en permettant un meilleur support de la maturation in vitro des ovocytes chez les espèces domestiques. / Cyclic nucleotides are of paramount importance in diverse aspects of the physiological functions of the ovarian follicle. These secondary messengers are the intracellular intermediates of extracellular signals transmitted by the central nervous system, other endocrine tissues and the ovary itself. The length and intensity of these signals are modulated by the members of the phosphodiesterases (PDE) family, that inactivate cyclic nucleotides by hydrolysing the phosphodiester bond linking the phosphate group to the 3’ position of the desoxyribose moiety. Although they share a common function, the 11 types of PDE are achieving the delicate interpretation of external signals by their spatio-temporal variations of their expression patterns, by their unique activity modulation mecanisms and unique intracellular targeting. To further understand the modulation of cyclic nucleotides-mediated signals in the ovarian follicle, the functional characterization of PDE in the cumulus-oocyte complex (COC) was carried out in a well defined in vitro maturation (IVM) system. First, the PDE expressed in the oocyte were characterized to illustrate their potential role in 3’5’ cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) degradation during IVM. Nearly all cAMP degradation activity present in the oocyte was attributed to PDE3A, although no variation was measured during IVM. By delaying PDE3-specific inhibitor addition to the media, an oocyte meiotic resumption commitment period was determined from 15 to 21 hours. It has also demonstrated that PDE3A could be implicated in protein phosphatase 1/2A inhibitor-stimulated meiosis progression. These results have allowed us to precise the role of PDE3A in modulating cAMP in porcine oocyte during IVM. However, the absence of PDE3A activity variation in the oocyte during IVM has led us to believe to an active participation of the cumulus cells in the modulation of cAMP in the period preceding oocyte meiotic resumption. Second, the characterization of PDE in cumulus cells during IVM was undertaken. Our results demonstrate that PDE3A undergoes an upregulation after the first 10 hours of IVM, which is 5 hours before oocyte meiotic resumption commitment. Moreover, this upregulation was dependant of pregnant mare serum gonadotropins. The upregulation was also mimicked by cAMP-stimulation agents forskolin and prostaglandin E2 and has been inhibited by a cAMP-dependant protein kinase (PKA). These results suggest the presence of an autoregulatory loop of cAMP in cumulus cells that is activated following the stimulation of the cAMP/PKA signalling pathway during IVM. Third, intercellular communication between the cells of the cumulus-oocyte complex (COC) during IVM was studied to improve our understanding of the influence that the two cell types exert on each other. Gap-junction-mediated intercellular communication is increased in the COC by a gonadotropins-independent connexin 43 (Cx43) upregulation that is triggered by the rupture between cumulus cells and mural granulosa cells. After a sustained high level of communication, it dramatically drops simultaneously with oocyte meiotic resumption between 18 and 22 hours. This communication breakdown is stimulated by gonadotropins and accompanied by Cx43 recruitment to membrane lipid raft microdomains Finally, the degradation activity of 3’5’ cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) was studied in the COC during IVM. Our results revealed that a cGMP-hydrolysing PDE is present in the COC and it is sensitive to zaprinast and sildenafil, two PDE5- and PDE6-specific inhibitors. This activity was increased after 24 hours of IVM and remained high up to 48 hours. In conclusion, our studies have demonstrated a PDE profile and intercellular communication variations in the COC that is unique to the pig. This portrait brings further the edge of our fundamental knowledge of cyclic nucleotides modulation and transit during IVM. A better control of cyclic nucleotides during IVM could allow the improvement of assisted reproduction technologies and their efficacy in domestic mammals.

No description available.

Ce travail a pour objectif d'étudier les effets d’une supplémentation en acides gras polyinsaturés (AGPI) n-3 à longues chaines sur la production d’embryons chez les vaches laitières. Le régime enrichi en AGPI n-3 a eu tendance à augmenter le nombre moyen des complexes ovocyte-cumulus récupérés par vache par session d’OPU par rapport au groupe témoin AGPI n-6. Une tendance à augmenter le nombre moyen par vache par session d’OPU de blastocystes et de blastocystes expansés avec une augmentation significative de blastocystes de qualité 1 et 2 ont été notés dans le groupe n-3. De même, les taux de blastocystes, de blastocystes expansés et de blastocystes de qualité 1 et 2 ont été significativement augmentés dans le groupe n-3. Nous avons aussi montré que l’addition d’acide docosahexaénoïque (DHA, C22:6 n-3) à une faible concentration (1μM) pendant la maturation in vitro des ovocytes bovins augmente significativement le taux de clivage et le taux et la qualité de blastocyste. La stimulation de FFAR4 (free fatty acid receptor 4), au cours de la MIV, par un agoniste spécifique (TUG 891), a entrainé des effets bénéfiques similaires à ceux du DHA (1μM) sur la compétence ovocytaire. Cela suggère que l’effet bénéfique du DHA pourrait passer, au moins partiellement, par l’activation du FFAR4. / We aimed to investigate whether dietary n-3 PUFA, in Prim‘Holstein dairy cattle in lactation, could influence reproductive performance in terms of embryo production. We showed that n-3 PUFA-enriched diet had a tendency to increase the average number of oocyte-cumulus complexes recovered per cow per OPU session. A tendency to increase the average numbers per cow per OPU session of blastocysts and expanded blastocysts with significantly increase of blastocysts of quality 1 and 2 were noted in the n-3 group compared to the n-6 group. Similarly, the rate of blastocysts, expanded blastocysts and blastocysts of quality 1 and 2 were significantly increased in the n-3 group compared to the n-6 group. We also showed that the addition of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6 n-3) at low concentration (1μM) during IVM of bovine oocytes increased cleavage rate, blastocyst rate and embryo quality. DHA and free fatty acid receptor 4 (FFAR4) agonist TUG- 891 (1 or 5 μM) supplied during IVM similarly improved in vitro embryo development, suggesting that FFAR4 may, at least partially, mediate DHA beneficial effects on OCC, through activation of signaling pathways.

Submitted by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br) on 2014-02-07T18:17:41Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_AtivacaoPartenogeneticaOocitos.pdf: 699110 bytes, checksum: 0f6384ec24312072a53b2c2bb8417147 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Rosa Silva (arosa@ufpa.br) on 2014-02-27T12:58:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertacao_AtivacaoPartenogeneticaOocitos.pdf: 699110 bytes, checksum: 0f6384ec24312072a53b2c2bb8417147 (MD5) license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-02-27T12:58:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertacao_AtivacaoPartenogeneticaOocitos.pdf: 699110 bytes, checksum: 0f6384ec24312072a53b2c2bb8417147 (MD5) license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a maturação oocitária in vitro (MIV) na espécie C. apella, relacionando com a expansão das células do cumulus e promovendo a produção in vitro de embriões (PIVE), por meio da ativação partenogenética e fecundação in vitro (FIV). Os oócitos puncionados dos folículos antrais medindo 2-9 mm de diâmetro foram classificados em desnudos (OD), com poucas células do cumulus (PCC) e complexo cumulus-oophorus intacto (CCO intacto). A expansão das células do cumulus foi analisada nos tempos de 0, 36 e 40 h de MIV e classificada em cinco categorias de expansão. A competência meiótica nos oócitos foi verificada pela extrusão do 1º corpúsculo polar (CP) após 40 h de MIV. Os oócitos foram divididos em 3 grupos para PIVE: grupo controle (FIV), ativação partenogenética utilizando 5 μM de ionomicina em associação com 2 mM de 6-DMAP ou em associação com 50 μM de roscovitina. Para a FIV, os espermatozóides obtidos do coágulo seminal, foram diluídos em água de coco em pó (ACP-118®) e submetidos ao resfriamento para serem levados posteriormente ao cultivo in vitro com os oócitos. O aumento no tempo da MIV e a presença de várias células do cumulus associadas aos oócitos proporcionaram maior expansão das células do cumulus, pois somente os CCO intactos alcançaram a expansão total em 40 h de MIV (p < 0,005). A presença das células do cumulus nos oócitos (PCC e CCO intactos) maturados in vitro por 40 h promoveu a competência meiótica (metáfase II) significamente mais elevada que os OD (p < 0,005). Após 6 h de resfriamento em ACP-118® e separação pelo método do swin-up, os espermatozóides utilizados na FIV possuíam 80% de motilidade e vigor 4. O tratamento com ionomicina/roscovitina promoveu a extrusão do 2º CP e formação pronuclear e com ionomicina/6-DMAP formou pronúcleos, sem extrusão do 2º CP. O protocolo utilizando a ionomicina/6-DMAP e da FIV originou as primeiras divisões embrionárias, observada pela taxa de clivagem. Os resultados encontrados sugerem que em C. apella a presença e a expansão total das células do cumulus estão relacionadas com a competência oocitária. A utilização dos oócitos maturados in vitro e dos espermatozóides diluídos e resfriados em ACP-118® promoveu a PIVE por diferentes métodos nesta espécie. / The objective of this study was to evaluate in vitro maturation (IVM) of oocytes in C. apella, reporting with cumulus expansion and promoting in vitro embryo development, by means of the parthenogenetic activation and in vitro fertilization (IVF). Oocytes were recovered by antral follicles aspiration measuring 2-9 mm of diameter and had been classified in denuded oocyte (DO), poor cumulus cells (PCC) and intact cumulus-oophorus complex (intact COC). At the 0, 36 and 40 h of IVM culture, the degree of cumulus expansion was assessed and classified into five categories. Development competence oocytes were verified which includes abstriction of the first polar body after 40 h IVM. Oocytes were divided in three groups: control group (IVF); parthenogenetic activation using 5 μM of ionomycin in association with 2 mM of 6-DMAP; or with 50 μM of roscovitine. Seminal coagulum was liquefied in coconut water solution (ACP-118®) and submitted to the cooling to be taken later IVF culture. The increase in the time of the IVM and the presence of some cumulus cells associates with oocytes had provided greater cumulus expansion, therefore the intact CCO had only reached the total expansion in 40 h after IVM (p < 0.005). The presence of the cumulus cells in the in vitro matured oocytes (intact COC and PCC) for 40 h promoted meiotic competence more than DO (p < 0.005). After 6 h of cooling in ACP-118® and separation for SWIN-UP method, the spermatozoa used in the IVF obtained 80% motility and vigor 4. Exposure of oocytes to ionomycin/roscovitine induced the resumption of meiosis with extruded the second polar body and formed pronuclei. In contrast, oocytes activated with ionomycin/6-DMAP induced pronuclear formation without extrude a second polar body. IVF and ionomycin/6-DMAP treatments produced embryos that reached the cleavage stage. Our results suggest that the presence and the full cumulus expansion are correlate with the acquisition of meiotic and development competence in C. apella. Oocytes matured in vitro and the spermatozoa diluted and cooled in ACP-118® produced embryos in this specie.

O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a expressão de genes envolvidos no transporte de monocarboxilatos (Mct1, Mct2, Mct3 e Mct4) e de genes específicos da oogênese (Bmp15, Gdf9 e Has2) em complexos cumulus-oócito (CCOs) selecionados pelo teste BCB. Após seleção morfológica com base no grau de compactação das células do cumulus (CCs) e no grau de homogeneidade do citoplasma, os CCOs foram corados com 26 μM BCB (azul cresil brilhante) por 90 min e divididos em dois grupos: BCB+, que apresentavam o ooplasma corado de azul, e BCB-, com ooplasma não corado. Foram utilizados dois grupos controles não expostos ao BCB: o grupo holding foi submetido às mesmas condições que os grupos corados e o outro grupo controle foi diretamente submetido à maturação in vitro (MIV), após a seleção morfológica dos CCOs. A expressão gênica relativa foi determinada por RT-PCR em CCOs coletados antes e ao final da maturação. A expressão também foi avaliada, separadamente, em oócitos desnudos (ODs) e células do cumulus (CCs) antes e após a maturação. A análise dos transcritos demonstrou que houve aumento significativo (p < 0,05) na expressão relativa de Gdf9 e Bmp15 nos grupos BCB+, BCB- e holding antes da MIV, enquanto Has2 teve aumento significativo (p < 0,01) após a MIV apenas no grupo controle. Os outros genes analisados (Mct1, Mct2 e Mct4) mantiveram-se estáveis durante a maturação. O aumento na abundância relativa de alguns transcritos durante a MIV pode ser atribuído as condições de incubações durante o teste BCB. Nossos resultados demonstraram, pela primeira vez, a expressão de Mct1, 2 e 4 em CCOs bovinos. Enquanto o mRNA de Mct1 e Mct4 estava presente em ODs e em CC, o Mct2 foi detectado somente em CCs. Não detectamos a expressão de transcritos de Mct3 em CCOs. As diferenças na expressão dessas três isoformas sugerem um papel único para esses transportadores durante a maturação. / The aim of this study was to determine the relative expression of genes involved in transport of monocarboxylates (Mct1, Mct2, Mct3 e Mct4) and oogenesis specific genes (Bmp15, Gdf9 and Has2) in immature and mature bovine cumulus-oocyte complexes (COC) after selection by BCB. Immature COCs underwent morphological selection and were stained with 26 mM BCB for 90 min. Based on ooplasm staining, oocytes were distributed in two groups BCB+ (blue color) and BCB- (non-stained). The holding control group was exposed to the same incubation conditions as stained COCs, but without BCB. Control group was submitted to in vitro maturation (IVM) immediately after morphological selection. mRNA expression was investigated by RT-PCR in COCs before and after IVM. No relationship was observed in the relative expression of Has2, Gdf9, Bmp15 or Mct1, 2 and 4 transcripts between BCB- and BCB+ COCs. Transcripts analysis showed that Gdf9 and Bmp15 in BCB+, BCB- and holding groups were upregulated (p < 0.05) before IVM, while Has2 was up-regulated (p < 0.01) after IVM in the control group. Others genes remained stable during maturation (Mct1, 2 and 4). The increase in relative abundance of some transcripts during IVM may be attributed to incubation conditions during the BCB test. Our results showed, for the first time, Mct1, 2 and 4 expression in bovine COCs. Mct1 and Mct4 transcripts were present in denuded oocytes and cumulus cell, while Mct2 was detected only in cumulus cells. These differences between the three isoforms in localization suggest unique roles for each in monocarboxylate transport during maturation.

On January 29-30, 2008 a squall line of thunderstorms moved through the Ohio Valley resulting in four deaths and one injury. Such events highlight the importance of accurate forecasting for public safety. Mesoscale Modeling plays an important role in any forecast of a potential squall line. The focus of this study was to examine the performance of several parameterization scheme combinations in the Weather Research and Forecasting Model version three (WRF) as they related to this event. These examinations included cloud microphysics (WRF Single-Moment 3-class, 6-class, and Goddard), cumulus parameterization (Kain-Fritsch and Bets-Miller-Janjic) and planetary boundary layer schemes (Yonsei-University and Mellor-Yamada-Janjic). A total of 12 WRF simulations were conducted for all potential scheme combinations. Data from the WRF simulations for several locations in south central Kentucky were analyzed and compared using Kentucky Mesonet observations for four locations: Bowling Green, Russellville, Murray and Liberty, KY. A fine model resolution of 1 km was used over these locations. Coarser resolutions of 3 km and 9 km were used on the outer two domains, which encompassed the Ohio and Tennessee Valleys. The model simulation performance was assessed using established statistical measures for the above four locations and by visually comparing the North American Regional Reanalysis dataset (NARR) along with modeled simulations. The most satisfactory scheme combination was the WRF Single-Moment 3-class Microphysics scheme, Kain-Fritsch cumulus parameterization scheme and Yonsei University scheme for the planetary boundary layer. The planetary boundary layer schemes were noted to have the greatest influence in determining the most satisfactory model simulations. There was limited influence from different selections of microphysics and cumulus parameterization schemes. The preferred physics parameters from these simulations were then used in six additional simulations to analyze the affect different initialization data sets have with regards to model output. Data sets used in these simulations were the Final Operational Analysis global data, North American Regional Reanalysis (3 and 6 hour) and the North American Mesoscale Model at 1, 3 and 6 hour timesteps, for a total of six simulations. More timesteps or an increase in model resolution did not materially improve the model performance.

O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a expressão de genes envolvidos no transporte de monocarboxilatos (Mct1, Mct2, Mct3 e Mct4) e de genes específicos da oogênese (Bmp15, Gdf9 e Has2) em complexos cumulus-oócito (CCOs) selecionados pelo teste BCB. Após seleção morfológica com base no grau de compactação das células do cumulus (CCs) e no grau de homogeneidade do citoplasma, os CCOs foram corados com 26 μM BCB (azul cresil brilhante) por 90 min e divididos em dois grupos: BCB+, que apresentavam o ooplasma corado de azul, e BCB-, com ooplasma não corado. Foram utilizados dois grupos controles não expostos ao BCB: o grupo holding foi submetido às mesmas condições que os grupos corados e o outro grupo controle foi diretamente submetido à maturação in vitro (MIV), após a seleção morfológica dos CCOs. A expressão gênica relativa foi determinada por RT-PCR em CCOs coletados antes e ao final da maturação. A expressão também foi avaliada, separadamente, em oócitos desnudos (ODs) e células do cumulus (CCs) antes e após a maturação. A análise dos transcritos demonstrou que houve aumento significativo (p < 0,05) na expressão relativa de Gdf9 e Bmp15 nos grupos BCB+, BCB- e holding antes da MIV, enquanto Has2 teve aumento significativo (p < 0,01) após a MIV apenas no grupo controle. Os outros genes analisados (Mct1, Mct2 e Mct4) mantiveram-se estáveis durante a maturação. O aumento na abundância relativa de alguns transcritos durante a MIV pode ser atribuído as condições de incubações durante o teste BCB. Nossos resultados demonstraram, pela primeira vez, a expressão de Mct1, 2 e 4 em CCOs bovinos. Enquanto o mRNA de Mct1 e Mct4 estava presente em ODs e em CC, o Mct2 foi detectado somente em CCs. Não detectamos a expressão de transcritos de Mct3 em CCOs. As diferenças na expressão dessas três isoformas sugerem um papel único para esses transportadores durante a maturação. / The aim of this study was to determine the relative expression of genes involved in transport of monocarboxylates (Mct1, Mct2, Mct3 e Mct4) and oogenesis specific genes (Bmp15, Gdf9 and Has2) in immature and mature bovine cumulus-oocyte complexes (COC) after selection by BCB. Immature COCs underwent morphological selection and were stained with 26 mM BCB for 90 min. Based on ooplasm staining, oocytes were distributed in two groups BCB+ (blue color) and BCB- (non-stained). The holding control group was exposed to the same incubation conditions as stained COCs, but without BCB. Control group was submitted to in vitro maturation (IVM) immediately after morphological selection. mRNA expression was investigated by RT-PCR in COCs before and after IVM. No relationship was observed in the relative expression of Has2, Gdf9, Bmp15 or Mct1, 2 and 4 transcripts between BCB- and BCB+ COCs. Transcripts analysis showed that Gdf9 and Bmp15 in BCB+, BCB- and holding groups were upregulated (p < 0.05) before IVM, while Has2 was up-regulated (p < 0.01) after IVM in the control group. Others genes remained stable during maturation (Mct1, 2 and 4). The increase in relative abundance of some transcripts during IVM may be attributed to incubation conditions during the BCB test. Our results showed, for the first time, Mct1, 2 and 4 expression in bovine COCs. Mct1 and Mct4 transcripts were present in denuded oocytes and cumulus cell, while Mct2 was detected only in cumulus cells. These differences between the three isoforms in localization suggest unique roles for each in monocarboxylate transport during maturation.