O presente estudo analisa os saberes e técnicas patrimoniais utilizadas pela população dos pescadores caiçaras que atuam na região da Ilha Anchieta e Enseada do Flamengo, em Ubatuba, litoral norte do Estado de São Paulo. Este corpo cumulativo de habilidades especiais, transmitidas oralmente, compõe o conhecimento tradicional pesqueiro local, patrimônio imaterial sobre o qual fundamentam sua reprodução sociocultural e o manejo de seus pesqueiros2 tradicionais. Abordamos através de pesquisa qualitativa não dirigida, as relações entre a apropriação social do ambiente marinho e os conflitos decorrentes do embate entre essa noção ancestral de propriedade por parte dos pescadores artesanais locais frente às questões legais do gerenciamento territorial desses pesqueiros pelos órgãos oficiais, utilizando uma abordagem etnográfica em nosso trabalho de campo, seguindo preceitos etnocientíficos, aspectos da etno-oceanografia e da socioantropologia marítima. Hoje, a disputa pelo domínio sobre esses recursos pesqueiros comuns (seja por órgãos governamentais conservacionistas ou de fomento à pesca, seja pela pressão política da pesca capitalista de escala industrial e da pesca esportiva amadora) cria frágeis mecanismos de regulação do acesso a esses pesqueiros tradicionais e aos recursos que neles ocorrem, quase sempre excluindo o pequeno pescador artesanal do processo de tomada de decisão e governança. Concluímos que esta regulação pesqueira, federal ou estadual, feita de cima para baixo ignorando deliberadamente as peculiaridades locais e os processos e mecanismos pelos quais os pescadores estabelecem, mantêm e defendem o usufruto ou a posse de espaços marítimos, confirma a hipótese de que este sistemático des-respeito atropela as regras tradicionais baseadas no direito consuetudinário e põe em risco a característica fundamental que rege e sustenta todo o universo sociocultural e simbólico dessas populações tradicionais locais: a sua liberdade e autonomia, ou seja, a capacidade de governarem a si próprios. / The present study aims to investigate the traditional knowledge and the patrimonial techniques used by the caiçaras fishermen population at the Anchieta Island and Flamengos Bay areas, at Ubatuba city, north shore of São Paulo state. This cumulative body of skills, orally transmitted, compound the traditional fishermen knowledge, an immaterial patrimony in which they underlay local sociocultural reproduction and customary management of the traditional pesqueiros3 (fishing grounds). We investigate through qualitative research the relationships between sea tenure, customary laws, social appropriation of the marine environment and the many conflicts that arise from the clash between this ancient local fisherfolk notion of ownership and the legal matters of territorial management of these pesqueiros by official agencies, using an ethnographic approach in our fieldwork, following ethnocientific precepts and also aspects of ethno-oceanography and maritime socio-anthropology. Today, the struggle for dominance over these common fishery resources (either by fomenting fishing or conservationists government agencies, either by capitalist industrial scale politics and amateur sport fishing lobbying), creates weak regulatory mechanisms for these fishing grounds and the resources from within, often excluding small fishermen from the decision-making process and governance. We conclude, confirming our hypothesis, that this federal or state fishing policies made top-down deliberately ignoring the local peculiarities and the processes and mechanisms by which groups establish, maintain and defend usufruct or possession of maritime spaces, run over and endangers the key feature that rules and sustains, by customary laws, all socio-cultural and symbolic universe of these traditional fisherfolk populations: their freedom and autonomy, the natural aptitude to govern themselves.

In Canada and New Zealand there are increasing calls for recognition of aboriginal rights which previously were ignored or denied because of the application of English law to concepts of property rights and ownership. English legal principles are vitally important in Canadian and New Zealand society, but there has always been room for local adaptations which could have recognised the existing practices and rights of the indigenous peoples. The English law makes various assumptions about ownership of rivers, dividing them into bed, banks and water, and applying various tests of adjoining occupation, tidalness and navigability to determine rights. Aboriginal property rights have been guaranteed and protected by various mechanisms such as government policy, treaty, and the courts, but there is uncertainty about the status of rivers. The form of the survey definition of reserves and rivers is also fundamental to how property rights may be determined. This thesis examines the situation of rivers in Canada and New Zealand through common law, treaty provisions and through what is now, a developing body of applicable and recognised customary/Aboriginal law. From these three legal foundations, a case study approach focuses on the practical situation of the Siksika people on the Bow River in southern Alberta, and the Kai Tahu on the Taieri River in Otago. This investigation concludes that there are various legal mechanisms by which indigenous people may claim rights to the rivers with which they have a relationship; by resorting to English common law principles; by applying new and developing conceptualisations of customary and aboriginal rights doctrines; by appealing to tribunals examining treaty agreements; or by direct negotiation with the Crown. All of these processes require evidence of past and current relationships, use and occupation of rivers by the indigenous claimants. Current undisputed possession and control may be a satisfactory outcome, but ultimately an acknowledgement of ownership may depend on politically negotiated settlements.

<p>In this full thesis, I explore the impact that HIV and AIDS pandemic is having in the livelihood strategies of rural women in Mozambique. My intention in this work is to highlight the navigation of Mozambican women through this harsh era. I establish a discussion about land as major asset in a poor and mainly agricultural country like Mozambique. And the fact that many scholars and policy makers are concerned about the escalating number of young widows that have had their land and other assets expropriated after the deaths of their husbands, mainly due to the HIV and AIDS pandemic. The convergence of the colonization process, the civil war (that took over 16 years in Mozambique) and the modernization/development process have been systematically trapping women in the interface between traditional and modern social organization. Now, with the spread of HIV and AIDS, young women and children whose only source of subsistence is their land have been losing their traditional rights, and they face the cultural changes brought about by a new social order that does not support them and their children after the death of a husband or father.</p>

No description available.

Dvidešimtas amžius atnešė žmogaus teises ir jų apsaugos idėją, kaip jas būtų galima puoselėti. 2001 metais Tarptautinė komisija dėl intervencijos ir valstybės suverenumo parengė projektą “Pareiga ginti” (Responsability to protect). Ši doktrina paremta valstybės pareiga saugoti ir gerbti jos piliečių žmogaus teises bei tarptautinės bendruomenės pareiga įsikišti, jeigu valstybė padaro didelio masto žmogaus teisių pažeidimus. Šis darbas siekia atsakyti į klausimą, ar doktrina “Pareiga ginti” yra tarptautinės paprotinės teisės norma. Tuo remiantis, pirmoje baigiamojo darbo dalyje analizuojama, kas yra tarptautinė paprotinė teisė ir kaip ji gali būti pritaikyta realioje situacijoje. Antroje dalyje pateikiamas doktrinos “Pareiga ginti” aprašymas, bei nurodomi pagrindiniai šios doktrinos elementai. Trečioje ir ketvirtoje dalyse analizuojami jėgos panaudojimo prieš valstybę teisiniai aspektai ir pateikiamas naujausias doktrinos pritaikymo atvejis Libijoje. Išvados darbo pabaigoje pateikia atsakymą į darbo pradžioje išsikeltą hipotezę, jog doktrina “Pareiga ginti” dar nėra tarptautinės paprotinės teisės norma, nors toks statusas padėtų išvengti politinio akligatvio ir Jungtinių Tautų Saugumo tarybos veiksmams suteiktų lankstumo. Pažymėtina, kad baigiamajame darbe taipogi pateikiama idėja, kad pirmasis doktrinos elementas, t.y. valstybės atsakomybė saugoti ir gerbti žmogaus teises yra tarptautinė paprotinė teisė. Tačiau antrasis elementas – tarptautinės bendruomenės įsikišimas į... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The rise of human rights in 20th century brought the idea of minimal international standard to ensure and protect those rights. In 2001 the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty made a report which suggested the doctrine of Responsibility to Protect based on the state’s duty to respect its own citizens’ rights and the duty of international community to step in if a state commits mass scale human rights violations. This final paper focuses on answering the question whether R2P has gained the status of customary law. For this reason the first chapter analyzes what defines international customary law and how can it be applied in particular cases. The second part of the paper focuses on presenting the R2P doctrine and its elements. The third and fourth chapters analyze the legal justification of use of force and the most recant example of R2P application in Libya. The conclusions bring the answer to the hypothesis that R2P is not yet an international customary law. Although the status of being one could be very beneficial in order to avoid political dead-end in the United Nations Security Council actions. In addition to this, this paper argues that state’s duty to protect its own people is already an international customary law, on the contrary international community, if needed to cope with failed states, still waits for the UNSC authorization. This leads to the conclusion that the second element of R2P (the actions of international community) is not an... [to full text]

In 1966, the High Court of Uganda legitimised the new nation's first coup d'etat. After two decades of civil war, Ugandans enacted their first popular constitution in 1995. However, the judiciary's dominant positivist ideology, Matovu's ghost, still haunts the new legal order. The author sets out this ideology's presumptions and then critiques them against an alternative, pluralist map of laws in Uganda. / The constructive analysis of recent case law (or lack thereof) that follows shows how this ideology undermines the constitution's promises of equality and freedom. This pluralist methodology is also essential to explain contemporary crises like the Lord's Resistance Army, arms proliferation in Karamoja and Museveni's "no-party" rule. In conclusion, exorcising Matovu's ghost is a priority for Ugandans and the process deserves considered thought for legal scholars advocating the "rule of law" or interventions by the International Criminal Court.

This research aimed to undertake an investigation into the question of whether after divorce, in the matrilineal customary law marriage in Malawi, women's rights are severely violated. The study showed causes of divorce, how proceedings are done, how issues of property are handled, how the issue of custody of children and maintenance are also handled. All this was weighed against the constitutional provisions and international law.

<p>In this full thesis, I explore the impact that HIV and AIDS pandemic is having in the livelihood strategies of rural women in Mozambique. My intention in this work is to highlight the navigation of Mozambican women through this harsh era. I establish a discussion about land as major asset in a poor and mainly agricultural country like Mozambique. And the fact that many scholars and policy makers are concerned about the escalating number of young widows that have had their land and other assets expropriated after the deaths of their husbands, mainly due to the HIV and AIDS pandemic. The convergence of the colonization process, the civil war (that took over 16 years in Mozambique) and the modernization/development process have been systematically trapping women in the interface between traditional and modern social organization. Now, with the spread of HIV and AIDS, young women and children whose only source of subsistence is their land have been losing their traditional rights, and they face the cultural changes brought about by a new social order that does not support them and their children after the death of a husband or father.</p>

No abstract available. / Thesis (LL.M)-University of Natal, Durban, 1999.

The topic studied in this thesis is the right of public access as a legal institution. In that connection, several questions which are different from each other are raised. The thesis focuses to a great extent on the interaction between questions of a practical-legal nature and those whose character is more connected to legal theory. The point of departure of the discussion in the thesis is that some of the legal norms that are incorporated in the institution of the right of public access are customary law. Thus, the concept customary law is particularly considered, and the question of in what way the customary law can be filled with content raises special interest. A hypothesis is put forward in the thesis, which is that the right of public access constitutes part of those regulations whose purpose is that land should be used appropriately - seen from the societal perspective that land is a limited natural resource which should be used expediently, for the husbanding of resources. What is advocated in this thesis, is that in both the jurisprudential discussion about the right of public access and in the argumentation that is conducted in the practical legal application, the three subjects, the Actual User, the Canalizer and the Actual User in the Collective and their different use of the land, are separated. Further, it is advocated that the discussion as to which activities are allowed by the right of public access should be based on a consciousness that the activities can concern “everyday use” or “recreation” and that, depending on whether the activities are considered to concern the one or the other, different conclusions regarding the permissibility of the activities will be drawn. Furthermore, it is shown in the thesis that in conflicts between different means of using land, the courts seem to presume that all land is covered by the right of public access - a presumption that does not hold if the land is a part of somebody’s zone of home privacy, is needed for certain business or constitute biologically sensitive land. / I denna avhandling studeras allemansrätten som rättsinstitut. Därvid aktualiseras flera sinsemellan olikartade frågeställningar. Avhandlingen fokuserar i stor utsträckning på samspelet mellan frågor av praktisk-juridiskt slag och sådana av mer rättsteoretiskt slag. Diskussionen i avhandlingen utgår från att vissa av de i institutet allemansrätten ingående rättsliga normerna är sedvanerätt. Därför diskuteras sedvanerättsbegreppet särskilt, varvid frågan hur sedvanerätt kan fyllas med ett innehåll väcker särskilt intresse. I avhandlingen uppställs en hypotes om att allemansrätten är en del av en reglering syftande till lämplig markanvändning - sett ur den samhälleliga synvinkeln att mark är en begränsad naturresurs som bör nyttjas ändamålsenligt, för hushållning med resurser. I avhandlingen förespråkas att man i såväl den rättsvetenskapliga diskussionen om allemansrätten, som i den argumentation som förs i den praktiska rättstillämpningen, särskiljer de tre subjekten utövaren, kanalisatören och utövaren i kollektivet och deras skilda nyttjande. Vidare förespråkas att diskussionen, om vilka aktiviteter som är allemansrättsligt tillåtna, sker utifrån en medvetenhet om att aktiviteterna kan avse ”vardagsnytta” eller ”rekreation” och att, beroende av om aktiviteterna antas avse det ena eller det andra, olika slutsatser angående aktiviteternas tillåtlighet kommer att dras. Därtill visas i avhandlingen att domstolen, i konflikter mellan olika sätt att nyttja marken, tycks presumera att all mark är allemansrättsligt tillgänglig - en presumtion som bryts om marken ingår i någons hemfridszon, behövs för vissa näringar eller utgör biologiskt känslig mark.