Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2003-08-11Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:36:26Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 nicolino_as_me_rcla.pdf: 288008 bytes, checksum: a13fcb1bd8fa25f703edd11792d12697 (MD5) / A cultura corporal alternativa, tema deste trabalho, expressa adaptações e criações de fontes diversas, combinando vários saberes e conhecimentos de forma aberta e original. O estudo tem como problema o universo profissional alternativo direcionado para as práticas corporais alternativas, compreendendo essa formação como manifestação de uma socialização secundária, que entende essas articulações como uma crítica aos conhecimentos científicos. Os procedimentos metodológicos se valeram do referencial teórico clássico das Ciências Sociais, da observação sistemática, com a descrição dos espaços visitados, além de questionário e entrevista, direcionados para a história de vida de algumas profissionais selecionadas. Os dados revelaram uma visão mais ampla do ser humano, com formas de pensar, sentir e agir mais livres, assim como fatores que sugerem um possível encaminhamento para um processo profissionalizante no universo alternativo, apontado por uma disputa interna. Além disso, o universo atribui um papel de destaque para a experiência prática e uma linguagem inversa do processo profissional da Educação Física, pois parte de elementos ignorados pela ciência, como o conhecimento prático, para buscar seu reconhecimento. Enfim, o universo alternativo apresenta elementos que atendem as características culturais da pós-modernidade, mostrando-se uma área emergente que se vale de variáveis distantes da modernidade, como carisma, prática e subjetividade, revelando-se inovador e único. / The alternative body culture shows itself, in this study, with creations and adaptations of different sources, combining a lot of knowledge and cultures of open and original forms. Thus, the problem of this research is related to the alternative professional universe directing to alternative body practices comprehending this formation as manifest of secondary socialization, with understand these joints as critics to academic and scientific knowledge. The methodological proceedings are based on theoretical bases of Social Sciences, from systematic observation from alternative work environment, describing the places visited, besides a questionnaire and an interview, directed to the life history of some professionals selected. Data showed a greater vision of Human being, as corporeidade, as way of thinking, feel and act, showing freedom, it also showed factors that direct to a possible professional process, expressed by an internal fight in the alternative universe. The study ends its considerations pointing an important recognition of alternative universe to practical experience, ransoming values ignored by traditional knowledge, as by Physical Education, showing itself as an emergent universe that considers distant variables of modernity, as cherish, pratice and subjectivity. Lastly, the alternative professiona universe shows elements that attend the cultural characteristics of post-modernity, showing itself innovator and unique.

Connecting people to the past through thought-provoking interpretations is one of the chief aims of history museums. The submarine USS Becuna at the Independence Seaport Museum (ISM), however, has been without critical interpretation since its opening as a museum in 1976. In order to better fulfill its mission, the museum must interpret Becuna’s Cold War history. This project explores the Cold War though the history of the submarine’s service and the lives of the submariners. First by examining submarines during the early decades of the Cold War, this paper fills in the gaps in the historiography of this overlooked part of naval history and reveals the major transitions that the submarine fleet underwent during the 1940s and 1950s. Then, by studying cartoons drawn by the submariners and other naval personal, this paper showcases their unfiltered attitudes about Cold War Era military life. Analyzing the naval cartoons reveals a number of themes, including tensions between enlisted crew and officers, hyper-sexualization of women, and underlying racism. These themes allow us to understand the Navy’s culture during those years since they reflect accepted social norms. Finally, this thesis details how the interpretation of the cartoons along with the submarine’s Cold War history can be integrated into a new app-based tour on the USS Becuna so that visitors can explore and interact with this socially important and forgotten history. / History

O aproveitamento de células vivas de leveduras - Saccharomyces cerevisiae - como probiótico, e, componentes extraídos da parede celular desta levedura, como aditivos, para desejadas funções, têm sido objeto de interesse cada vez maior, pelos resultados promissores até então obtidos e, concomitantemente, pelo excedente de biomassa de leveduras gerado pela indústria de etanol e cerveja no Brasil. Por estes motivos, foram conduzidos dois experimentos, um com o objetivo de investigar a possibilidade de utilizar o milho como um veículo alternativo para a levedura S. cerevisiae - como probiótico, e outro, com o propósito de estudar a capacidade de reduzir danos promovidos pelas aflatoxinas, das leveduras vivas, das termolisadas e mananoligossacarídeos. O primeiro experimento foi montando em um arranjo fatorial 2x2x5, constituído de duas concentrações de leveduras (1 e 2%), grãos de milho com dois teores de umidade (16 e 20%) e 5 períodos de armazenamento (0, 15, 30, 90 e 110 dias), distribuído ao acaso, com 4 repetições. O outro estudo, foi um bioensaio, conduzido durante 28 dias, com ratos Wistar, em um experimento com delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com 7 tratamentos e 5 repetições. A concentração de células aplicadas nos grãos de milho não influenciou a viabilidade das leveduras durante o armazenamento. A umidade do substrato interferiu no desenvolvimento da viabilidade, e que, em substratos com maiores teores de umidade foram observadas menores médias de viabilidade durante o armazenamento. A viabilidade das células de leveduras permaneceu constante por 30 dias e aos 90 dias em armazenamento foram observadas reduções no número de células viáveis. As leveduras apresentaram viabilidade de 70% aos 110 dias em armazenamento. A inoculação de leveduras vivas em grãos de milho, visando a sua utilização como probiótico, é uma técnica viável. Os tratamentos com levedura termolisada e mananoligossacarídeos não foram capazes de reduzir os danos promovidos pelas aflatoxinas em nível de hepatócitos. As leveduras vivas foram capazes de reduzir os danos promovidos pelas aflatoxinas em nível celular. / The utilization of live cells of yeasts - Saccharomyces cerevisiae - as probiotic, and, extracted components of the cellular wall of this yeast, as addictive, to desired functions, have been object of interest, due the promising results until then obtained and, simultaneously, for the excess of biomass of yeasts generated by the etanol and beer industry in Brazil. For these reasons, two experiments were led, one with the objective of investigate the possibility to use the corn as an alternative vehicle for the yeast S. cerevisiae - as probiotic, and other, with the purpose of studying the capacity to reduce damages promoted by the aflatoxins of the live yeasts, termoliseds and mananoligossacarides. The first experiment was mounted in a factorial arrangement 2x2x5, constituted of two concentrations of yeasts (1 and 2%), corn grains with two moisture contents (16 and 20%) and 5 storage periods (0, 15, 30, 90 and 110 days), random arrangement, with 4 replications. The other study, was a bioassay, led during 28 days, with rats Wistar, in completely randomzed desing, with 7 treatments and 5 repetitions. The concentration of applied cells in the corn grains did not influence the viability of the yeasts during the storage. The moisture of the substrate interfered in the development of the viability, and that in substrate with bigger moisture contents smaller viability averages were observed during the storage. The viability of the cells of yeasts remains constant for 30 days and to the 90 days in storage reductions were observed in the number of viable cells. The yeasts presented viability from 70% to the 110 days in storage. The inoculation of live yeasts in corn grains, aiming its use as probiotic, is a viable technique. The treatments with yeast termolised and mananoligossacarídes were not capable of reducing the damages promoted by the aflatoxins in hepatocites level. The live yeasts were capable to reduce the damages caused by the aflatoxins in cellular level.

Orientador: Leila Marrach Basto de Albuquerque / Banca: / A cultura corporal alternativa, tema deste trabalho, expressa adaptações e criações de fontes diversas, combinando vários saberes e conhecimentos de forma aberta e original. O estudo tem como problema o universo profissional alternativo direcionado para as práticas corporais alternativas, compreendendo essa formação como manifestação de uma socialização secundária, que entende essas articulações como uma crítica aos conhecimentos científicos. Os procedimentos metodológicos se valeram do referencial teórico clássico das Ciências Sociais, da observação sistemática, com a descrição dos espaços visitados, além de questionário e entrevista, direcionados para a história de vida de algumas profissionais selecionadas. Os dados revelaram uma visão mais ampla do ser humano, com formas de pensar, sentir e agir mais livres, assim como fatores que sugerem um possível encaminhamento para um processo profissionalizante no universo alternativo, apontado por uma disputa interna. Além disso, o universo atribui um papel de destaque para a experiência prática e uma linguagem inversa do processo profissional da Educação Física, pois parte de elementos ignorados pela ciência, como o conhecimento prático, para buscar seu reconhecimento. Enfim, o universo alternativo apresenta elementos que atendem as características culturais da pós-modernidade, mostrando-se uma área emergente que se vale de variáveis distantes da modernidade, como carisma, prática e subjetividade, revelando-se inovador e único. / The alternative body culture shows itself, in this study, with creations and adaptations of different sources, combining a lot of knowledge and cultures of open and original forms. Thus, the problem of this research is related to the alternative professional universe directing to alternative body practices comprehending this formation as manifest of secondary socialization, with understand these joints as critics to academic and scientific knowledge. The methodological proceedings are based on theoretical bases of Social Sciences, from systematic observation from alternative work environment, describing the places visited, besides a questionnaire and an interview, directed to the life history of some professionals selected. Data showed a greater vision of Human being, as "corporeidade", as way of thinking, feel and act, showing freedom, it also showed factors that direct to a possible professional process, expressed by an internal fight in the alternative universe. The study ends its considerations pointing an important recognition of alternative universe to practical experience, ransoming values ignored by traditional knowledge, as by Physical Education, showing itself as an emergent universe that considers distant variables of modernity, as cherish, pratice and subjectivity. Lastly, the alternative professiona universe shows elements that attend the cultural characteristics of post-modernity, showing itself innovator and unique. / Mestre

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between consumer behavior and the business (B2C and C2C) in the sharing economy. Research questions: What factors of Consumer behaviour effect C2C business in sharing economy? What factors of Consumer behaviour effect B2C business in sharing economy? Methodology: A descriptive research design with a quantitative approach was conducted, utilizing an online questionnaire with a total of 120 respondents in China. Conclusion: the finding from the study demonstrates that all of the adopted variables (psychological, personal, social and culture) had a close link and impact on the B2C business based on a shared economy. the findings indicated that with the exception of the ‘social’ variable, the others had a considerable impacts on the business strategy, despite the existing variability. The research shows that most of the elements of the consumer behavior affect both B2C and C2C.The applicability of the model is essential to the multinational firms.

O aproveitamento de células vivas de leveduras – Saccharomyces cerevisiae – como probiótico, e, componentes extraídos da parede celular desta levedura, como aditivos, para desejadas funções, têm sido objeto de interesse cada vez maior, pelos resultados promissores até então obtidos e, concomitantemente, pelo excedente de biomassa de leveduras gerado pela indústria de etanol e cerveja no Brasil. Por estes motivos, foram conduzidos dois experimentos, um com o objetivo de investigar a possibilidade de utilizar o milho como um veículo alternativo para a levedura S. cerevisiae – como probiótico, e outro, com o propósito de estudar a capacidade de reduzir danos promovidos pelas aflatoxinas, das leveduras vivas, das termolisadas e mananoligossacarídeos. O primeiro experimento foi montando em um arranjo fatorial 2x2x5, constituído de duas concentrações de leveduras (1 e 2%), grãos de milho com dois teores de umidade (16 e 20%) e 5 períodos de armazenamento (0, 15, 30, 90 e 110 dias), distribuído ao acaso, com 4 repetições. O outro estudo, foi um bioensaio, conduzido durante 28 dias, com ratos Wistar, em um experimento com delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com 7 tratamentos e 5 repetições. A concentração de células aplicadas nos grãos de milho não influenciou a viabilidade das leveduras durante o armazenamento. A umidade do substrato interferiu no desenvolvimento da viabilidade, e que, em substratos com maiores teores de umidade foram observadas menores médias de viabilidade durante o armazenamento. A viabilidade das células de leveduras permaneceu constante por 30 dias e aos 90 dias em armazenamento foram observadas reduções no número de células viáveis. As leveduras apresentaram viabilidade de 70% aos 110 dias em armazenamento. A inoculação de leveduras vivas em grãos de milho, visando a sua utilização como probiótico, é uma técnica viável. Os tratamentos com levedura termolisada e mananoligossacarídeos não foram capazes de reduzir os danos promovidos pelas aflatoxinas em nível de hepatócitos. As leveduras vivas foram capazes de reduzir os danos promovidos pelas aflatoxinas em nível celular. / The utilization of live cells of yeasts - Saccharomyces cerevisiae - as probiotic, and, extracted components of the cellular wall of this yeast, as addictive, to desired functions, have been object of interest, due the promising results until then obtained and, simultaneously, for the excess of biomass of yeasts generated by the etanol and beer industry in Brazil. For these reasons, two experiments were led, one with the objective of investigate the possibility to use the corn as an alternative vehicle for the yeast S. cerevisiae - as probiotic, and other, with the purpose of studying the capacity to reduce damages promoted by the aflatoxins of the live yeasts, termoliseds and mananoligossacarides. The first experiment was mounted in a factorial arrangement 2x2x5, constituted of two concentrations of yeasts (1 and 2%), corn grains with two moisture contents (16 and 20%) and 5 storage periods (0, 15, 30, 90 and 110 days), random arrangement, with 4 replications. The other study, was a bioassay, led during 28 days, with rats Wistar, in completely randomzed desing, with 7 treatments and 5 repetitions. The concentration of applied cells in the corn grains did not influence the viability of the yeasts during the storage. The moisture of the substrate interfered in the development of the viability, and that in substrate with bigger moisture contents smaller viability averages were observed during the storage. The viability of the cells of yeasts remains constant for 30 days and to the 90 days in storage reductions were observed in the number of viable cells. The yeasts presented viability from 70% to the 110 days in storage. The inoculation of live yeasts in corn grains, aiming its use as probiotic, is a viable technique. The treatments with yeast termolised and mananoligossacarídes were not capable of reducing the damages promoted by the aflatoxins in hepatocites level. The live yeasts were capable to reduce the damages caused by the aflatoxins in cellular level.

La culture de sécurité s'impose à l'agenda des entreprises. Cette notion n'est pas nouvelle puisque le terme est apparu dès la fin des années 80 suite à l'accident de Tchernobyl. L'existence d'une culture de sûreté défaillante a été la principale cause expliquant la catastrophe.L'usage du terme s'est très largement répandu et les définitions sont nombreuses. En croisant différents travaux, trois grands facteurs explicatifs se révèlent prédominants dans la culture de sécurité : les facteurs " organisationnel ", " comportemental " et " psychologique ".L'objectif de ce travail de thèse est de concevoir un " système " de modèles permettant de décrire et d'évaluer sur le terrain chacun des trois facteurs. Pour ce faire, des " raccourcis " (ou " réductions " théorique et méthodologique), qui seront discutées et justifiées, ont été explorés.Ainsi, le facteur " organisationnel " est traduit selon le processus de l'analyse des conformités légales (le rapport au prescrit). ". Le facteur " comportemental " quant à lui assimilé au processus de maîtrise des risques (le rapport au réel). Enfin, le facteur " psychologique " est directement relié au processus d'évaluation du " climat de sécurité ".Chaque processus a fait l'objet d'un effort de modélisation. Chacun des modèles a permis de repérer des variables descriptives et explicatives. Certaines ont été reliées dans le but de traduire la relation entre les trois facteurs.Le " système " de modèles ainsi constitué a fait l'objet d'une expérimentation à grande échelle conduite en partenariat avec une entreprise française de rang mondial. Deux sites ont été impliqués. La thèse détaille le cadre théorique et méthodologique. Elle présente la démarche de modélisation mise en œuvre et discute amplement des résultats de l'expérimentation. Elle propose enfin des pistes de généralisation du dispositif constitué.

Between Figure and Line: Visual Transformations of Cartesian Physics, 1620-1690 is the first sustained examination of the diagrams and illustrations that constituted the seventeenth century's new physics. When René Descartes introduced natural philosophy to the graphic techniques of geometry, mixed mathematics, cartography, and master engravers, subsequent interpreters of the new science were encouraged to respond in kind. But none of their pictures - neither the outlines of barometric tubes employed by Parisian salon impresario Jacques Rohault, nor the still lifes and landscapes into which Leiden university professor Wolferd Senguerd etched Cartesian matter, and certainly not the copies of Descartes's figures with which Jesuit priest Gabriel Daniel refuted the new philosophy - agreed on a single visual idiom for revealing nature's laws. Such pictorial diversity, I argue, marked the natural philosophical figure as a critical, and contested, apparatus for grasping at truth amidst the slow disintegration of Aristotelian certainty. / History of Science

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a health problem throughout the world. In 2010, there were nearly 230 million individuals with diabetes worldwide and it is estimated that in the economically advanced countries the cases will increase about 50% in the next twenty years. Insulin resistance is one of major features in T2D, which is also a risk factor for metabolic and cardiovascular complications. Epidemiological and animal studies have shown that the consumption of vegetables and fruits can delay or prevent the development of the disease, although the underlying mechanisms of these effects are still unclear. Brassica species such as broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) and nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus) possess high content of bioactive phytochemicals, e.g. nitrogen sulfur compounds (glucosinolates and isothiocyanates) and polyphenols largely associated with the prevention of cancer. Isothiocyanates (ITCs) display their anti-carcinogenic potential by inducing detoxicating phase II enzymes and increasing glutathione (GSH) levels in tissues. In T2D diabetes an increase in gluconeogenesis and triglyceride synthesis, and a reduction in fatty acid oxidation accompanied by the presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are observed; altogether is the result of an inappropriate response to insulin. Forkhead box O (FOXO) transcription factors play a crucial role in the regulation of insulin effects on gene expression and metabolism, and alterations in FOXO function could contribute to metabolic disorders in diabetes. In this study using stably transfected human osteosarcoma cells (U-2 OS) with constitutive expression of FOXO1 protein labeled with GFP (green fluorescent protein) and human hepatoma cells HepG2 cell cultures, the ability of benzylisothiocyanate (BITC) deriving from benzylglucosinolate, extracted from nasturtium to modulate, i) the insulin-signaling pathway, ii) the intracellular localization of FOXO1 and iii) the expression of proteins involved in glucose metabolism, ROS detoxification, cell cycle arrest and DNA repair was evaluated. BITC promoted oxidative stress and in response to that induced FOXO1 translocation from cytoplasm into the nucleus antagonizing the insulin effect. BITC stimulus was able to down-regulate gluconeogenic enzymes, which can be considered as an anti-diabetic effect; to promote antioxidant resistance expressed by the up-regulation in manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and detoxification enzymes; to modulate autophagy by induction of BECLIN1 and down-regulation of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway; and to promote cell cycle arrest and DNA damage repair by up-regulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (p21CIP) and Growth Arrest / DNA Damage Repair (GADD45). Except for the nuclear factor (erythroid derived)-like2 (NRF2) and its influence in the detoxification enzymes gene expression, all the observed effects were independent from FOXO1, protein kinase B (AKT/PKB) and NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin-1 (SIRT1). The current study provides evidence that besides of the anticarcinogenic potential, isothiocyanates might have a role in T2D prevention. BITC stimulus mimics the fasting state, in which insulin signaling is not triggered and FOXO proteins remain in the nucleus modulating gene expression of their target genes, with the advantage of a down-regulation of gluconeogenesis instead of its increase. These effects suggest that BITC might be considered as a promising substance in the prevention or treatment of T2D, therefore the factors behind of its modulatory effects need further investigation. / Diabetes mellitus Typ 2 stellt auf der ganzen Welt ein Gesundheitsproblem dar. Im Jahr 2010 waren annähernd 230 Millionen Personen weltweit an Diabetes erkrankt und innerhalb der nächsten 20 Jahre wird in industrialisierten Ländern eine Steigerung der Fälle um 50% erwartet. Eines der Hauptmerkmale des Typ 2 Diabetes ist die Insulinresistenz, die auch als Risikofaktor für metabolische und kardio-vaskuläre Komplikationen gilt. Epidemiologische Studien und Tierversuche haben ergeben, dass durch Verzehr von Gemüse und Obst eine Prävention oder Verzögerung der Entwicklung dieser Krankheit erreicht werden kann, jedoch sind die zugrunde liegenden Mechanismen dieser Effekte noch nicht aufgeklärt. Brassica Spezies wie Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) und Nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus) enthalten einen hohen Anteil an bioaktiven Pflanzen-inhaltsstoffen, wie z. B. stickstoff- und schwefelhaltige Verbindungen (Glukosinolate und Isothiocyanate) und Polyphenole, die bisher hauptsächlich mit der Prävention von Krebs assoziiert wurden. Isothiocyanate (ITCs) erreichen ihr antikanzerogenes Potential durch die Induktion von entgiftenden Phase II Enzymen und eine Anhebung der Glutathion (GSH)-Spiegel im Gewebe. Diabetes Typ2 geht einher mit einem Anstieg der Glukoneogenese und Triglycerid-Synthese, sowie einer Reduktion der Fettsäure-Oxidation in Verbindung mit erhöhten Spiegeln an reaktiven Sauerstoffspezies (ROS) insgesamt als Resultat einer unangemessenen Insulinantwort. Forkhead box O (FOXO) Transkriptionsfaktoren spielen eine wesentliche Rolle in der Regulation der Insulineffekte in Bezug auf die vermittelte Genexpression und den Metabolismus, wobei Veränderungen in der Funktion von FOXO zu metabolischen Entgleisungen im Diabetes beitragen können. In dieser Studie wurde unter Verwendung von stabil transfizierten humanen Osteosarkoma-Zellen (U-2 OS) mit konstitutiver Expression von GFP (grün fluoreszierendes Protein)-markiertem FOXO1 und humanen Hepatoma-Zellen (HepG2) die Wirkung von Benzylisothiocyanat (BITC), dessen Vorstufe Benzylglukosinolat aus Nasturtium isoliert wurde, in Zellkulturen evaluiert wie Modulationen der i) Insulin-Signal-Kaskade, ii) intrazellulären Lokalisation von FOXO1 und iii) Expression beteiligter Proteine am Glucose Metabolismus, der ROS Detoxifikation, Zellzyklus-Fixierung und DNA-Reparatur. BITC erzeugte oxidativen Stress und induzierte als Antwort darauf eine Translokation von FOXO1 aus dem Zytoplasma in den Zellkern antagonisierend zum Insulin-Effekt. Eine Stimultion mit BITC war in der Lage, die Expression von Enzymen der Gluconeogenese herunter zu regulieren, was als antidiabetogener Effekt betrachtet werden kann, eine antioxidative Resistenz durch Induktion der Mangan-Superoxid-Dismutase (MnSOD) und entgiftender Enzyme zu erzeugen, Autophagie zu modulieren durch Induktion von BECLIN1 und Herunterregulation des „mammalian target of rapamycin complex1 (mTORC1)-Stoffwechselwegs, den Zellzyklus zu fixieren und DNA-Reparatur zu induzieren durch Hochregulation des Cyclin- abhängigen Kinase- Inhibitors p21CIP und GADD45 (growth arrest and DNA damage repair). Mit Ausnahme des nuklearen Faktors (erythroid derived)-like2 (NRF2) und dessen Einfluss auf die Genexpression von Entgiftungsenzymen waren alle beobachteten Effekte unabhängig von FOXO1, Proteinkinase B (PKB/AKT) und der NAD-abhängigen Deacetylase Sirtuin-1 (SIRT1). Die gegenwärtige Studie liefert Anhaltspunkte dafür, dass Isothiocayanate neben dem antikanzerogenen Potential eine Rolle bei der Prävention von Typ 2 Diabetes spielen könnten. BITC-Stimulationen ahmen einen Fastenzustand nach, in dem kein Insulin-Signal ausgelöst wird, FOXO Proteine im Zellkern verbleiben und die Expression von Target-Genen modulieren, mit dem Vorteil einer Herunterregulation der Glukoneogenese anstelle seiner Zunahme. Diese Effekte legen nahe, dass BITC als vielversprechende Substanz zur Prävention und Behandlung von Typ 2 Diabetes angesehen werden könnte. Deshalb benötigen die Faktoren, die dessen modulatorische Effekte hervorrufen, weitere Untersuchungen.

<p><strong>Syfte:</strong> Studien avser ta reda på:</p><ul><li>Om det finns ett internationellt gångbart ledarskap </li><li>Eller om det krävs nationella anpassningar </li><li>Vad eventuella anpassningar beror på</li><li>Vad som kännetecknar en respekterad internationell ledare</li></ul><p><strong>Metod: </strong>Studien är baserad på sju kvalitativa djupintervjuer, som analyserats med hjälp av kulturdimensions- och ledarskapsteorier. Intervjuerna har sammanställts i en matris, för att bli överskådligare. Nyckelord och samband har därefter markerats för att hitta gemensamma teman.</p><p><strong>Resultat & slutsats: </strong>Fyra huvudresultat har framkommit:</p><ul><li>Det internationella ledarskapet finns</li><li>Dock krävs vissa kulturella anpassningar</li><li>De mest utmärkande skillnaderna mellan Sverige och Singapore är, hur personer motiveras, hur man kommunicerar effektivast och hur problem löses och arbetet struktureras</li><li>Den effektiva ledaren är bl a målfokuserad, en bra kommunikatör och lyhörd</li></ul><p><strong>Förslag till fortsatt forskning:</strong></p><ul><li>Utöka studien med att innefatta enkäter, fler djupintervjuer eller observationer, för att få ett bättre statistiskt underlag </li><li>Studien kan göras på fler länder</li><li>Studera flera stora internationella ledares egenskaper </li><li>Intervjua ledarnas medarbetare för att få ett bredare material i ämnet</li></ul><p><strong>Uppsatsens bidrag: </strong>Uppsatsen visar på att nationella anpassningar behöver göras, för att bli en framgångsrik internationell ledare. Den visar på vilka anpassningar som behöver göras i Singapore, men för övriga länder krävs att kunskap inhämtas. Studien bör därmed kunna användas som diskussionsunderlag för svenska företag som ska skicka ledare utomlands.</p> / <p><strong>Aim: </strong>The aim of the study is to find out:</p><ul><li>If the international leadership exists</li><li>If the leadership has to be adjusted to cultural needs</li><li>What is the reason behind the adjustments of the leadership</li><li>What distinguish a respected international leader from a none respected </li></ul><p><strong>Method:</strong> I have interviewed seven Swedish leaders in Singapore to find the answers to the above questions. The material has then been concluded by using a matrix. Connections between the interviews have been found by studying the matrix. The analysis is based on these connections and the leadership and culture difference theories.</p><p><strong>Result & Conclusions: </strong>The result of the thesis are:</p><ul><li>The international leadership exists, but cultural adjustments have to be done of the leadership</li><li>The largest differences between Sweden and Singapore are, the way people are motivated, how they communicate and how the work is organised </li><li>The differences come of large differences in Hofstede's culture dimensions, Power distance index and Masculinity </li></ul><p><strong>Suggestions for future research:</strong></p><ul><li>The study could be based on more interviews, a survey or on observations, to get a better statistical material</li><li>It could be done on more countries</li><li>More great international leaders can be studied to find their qualifications </li><li>Interview the employees to get their opinion on the thesis’ subject</li></ul><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Contribution of the thesis: </strong>The study shows that adjustments have to be made. It can therefore be of interest to be used by Swedish companies that are sending leaders abroad.</p>