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Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-29T15:08:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_9093_Dissertação versão final para UFES.pdf: 1064236 bytes, checksum: 7b1d593ecb284432921bd70e03dc507a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-27 / Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre o argumento ontológico desenvolvido por René Descartes e encontrado no texto da Meditação Quinta, das Meditações Metafísicas obra publicada em 1641 e que representa um marco dentro do universo filosófico por exercer grande influência nos pensadores de sua época e naqueles que lhes sucederam. Nosso estudo pretende apresentar a noção cartesiana do argumento ontológico e suas implicações na demonstração da existência das coisas materiais, e ainda, as objeções que foram realizadas contra essas ideias. Almejamos concluir que Deus é o fundamento de toda a filosofia proposta por René Descartes, visto que, para ele, a veracidade divina é condição sine qua non para validar toda e qualquer certeza que se possa adquirir. Palavras-chave: Argumento ontológico. René Descartes. Meditações Metafísicas. Deus.

Denna uppsats analyserar Selma Lagerlöfs debutroman Gösta Berlings saga utifrån teorierna zookritik och ekokritik. Analysen ämnar visa hur naturen framställs och hur den påverkar romanens karaktärer samt analysera hur det hierarkiska förhållandet mellan människa och natur artar sig i romanen. Analysen utgår även ifrån de filosofiska och teologiska tankegångar som ligger till grund för tudelningen mellan kultur och natur i det moderna samhället. Uppsatsens analys bygger på ett närläsningsstudium av tre kapitel i romanen. De kapitel som analyseras är första kapitlet ”Landskapet”, nittonde kapitlet ”Dovres häxa” och tjugotredje kapitlet ”Patron Julius”. Resultatet av studien visar på att naturbeskrivningarna i Gösta Berlings saga är mångfacetterade och att denna mångfald av naturbeskrivningar leder till att romankaraktärerna påverkas olika av naturen beroende på naturens skiftande framtoning samt att den hierarkiska ordningen mellan människa och natur ter sig mer jämbördigt i romanen än vad som åberopas i den första Moseboken och av cartesianismen. Analysen visar också på att beroendeförhållandet mellan människa och djur är mer problematiskt att fastslå i romanen eftersom tamdjur och vilddjur porträtteras olika och där de senare beskrivs som mer jämbördiga gentemot människan än vad de tidigare gör.

De la Méthode, le VIème et dernier livre de la Recherche de la Vérité, a été consacré par Malebranche à l’exposition de sa méthode. Ce traité est toutefois demeuré en dehors des cercles d’intérêt des études malebranchistes. Le premier objectif de notre travail consiste donc à tenter de suppléer à ce manque en proposant une étude de la méthode qui mette en lumière ses aspects fondamentaux, dont, en premier lieu, le rapport qu’elle entretient avec la doctrine cartésienne des Regulae ad directionem ingenii. L’hypothèse a été soulevée que Clerselier ait pu transmettre à Malebranche le manuscrit cartésien, encore non publié à l’époque de la rédaction de la Recherche. Pour approfondir cette question, nous avons reconstruit et analysé toutes les correspondances avec les Regulae présentes dans l’œuvre. Ce dossier montre que l’hypothèse mentionnée ci-dessus est fondée : Malebranche s’inspire profondément du texte cartésien dans l’élaboration de sa méthode. Un autre aspect nous ayant semblé digne d’intérêt est le rapport entre la méthode et le problème de l’erreur, auquel Malebranche consacre les cinq premiers livres de la Recherche. L’incidence de la doctrine cartésienne de la IVème Méditation n’émerge pas sans révéler l’originalité de certaines thèses et traités du parcours de l’oratorien. Apparaît également le thème de la science universelle, ou la question de l’ordre, des questions essentielles exigeant une comparaison avec Descartes. Une comparaison qui reste toujours en toile de fond : il ne pourrait pas en être autrement puisque Descartes n’est pas seulement à l’origine de la vocation philosophique de Malebranche, mais aussi de la constitution de sa méthode. / Malebranche dedicates the sixth and final book of the Recherche de la Vérité, entitled De la Méthode, to presenting his method. This treatise has been left outside of the sphere of interest for studies on Malebranche. The primary goal of my work is to fill this gap and provide a study on the method by highlighting some of its key aspects. The first of these concerns its relationship with the Cartesian doctrine of Regulae ad directionem ingenii. Clerselier is assumed to have notified Malebranche of the Cartesian manuscript, which had not yet been published at the time of writing the Recherche. To examine this very question, I have reconstructed and analysed all correlations with the Regulae found within the work. This dossier demonstrates the validity of the above assumption: that his knowledge of this Cartesian text greatly inspired Malebranche as he developed his method. Another noteworthy aspect I have explored is the method’s relationship with the issue of error, which is addressed by Malebranche in the first five books of the Recherche. The influence of the Cartesian doctrine of the fourth Meditation does not emerge without revealing the originality of certain arguments and certain parts of Malebranche's development. There is also the topic of universal science and that of order – essential issues that naturally allude to the comparison with Descartes. This comparison always and inevitably remains in the background: Descartes is found not only at the origin of Malebranche’s philosophical calling, but also in the construction of his method.

Dans "Les passions de l’âme", Descartes fait de l’admiration « la première de toutes les passions ». L’admiration n’est plus, comme dans la tradition antique du Thaumazein, la passion distinctive du philosophe, elle devient le premier moment de la vie affective de l’homme dans son rapport aux choses extérieures. Passion de la première rencontre, l’admiration ne serait finalement que la passion de l’enfance – condamnée à se dissoudre dans la connaissance à laquelle elle donne lieu. Une telle disparition est-elle pour autant inéluctable ? Qu’est-ce qui doit être supposé de la nature de l’admiration pour qu’il soit acceptable de la faire durer dans le temps ? L’admiration est-elle une passion dynamique qui incite à penser ou au contraire un affect statique qui empêche l’exercice de la raison ? L’analyse cherche à mettre au jour la manière dont l’admiration est devenue un problème central de l’anthropologie classique. La promotion cartésienne de l’admiration, loin d’être un geste singulier, se trouve ainsi réinscrite dans son contexte théorique. À partir de textes philosophiques, médicaux, moraux et esthétiques du XVIIe siècle, il s’agit de se demander si,loin d’être seulement subie, comme le corrélat affectif d’une ignorance inaugurale,l’admiration peut également faire l’objet d’une maîtrise technique susceptible de la produire et de la reproduire indéfiniment à des fins stratégiques ou récréatives. Dès lors qu’elle est soustraite à la stricte exigence épistémique, l’admiration peut en effet se présenter comme la finalité spécifique de l’existence mondaine aussi bien que des productions artistiques du grand siècle, que l’on peut alors considérer comme le siècle de l’admiration. / In The Passions of the Soul, Descartes presents wonder as «the first of all passions». Wonderis no longer, as it used to be in the antic tradition of thaumazein, the philosopher’s distinctive passion, but the first moment in a man’s emotional life, regarding his relationship to external items. As the passion of the first encounter, wonder appears reducible to the childhood’s passion - condemned to dissolve itself in the knowledge it enables. Is such a disappearence unavoidable ? How must one think the nature of wonder to make admissible its duration intime ? Is wonder a dynamic passion spuring one to start thinking or on the contrary, a static effect preventing the exercice of reason ?The analysis tries to uncover the way wonder became a central problem in classic anthropology. Cartesian’s promotion of wonder, far from being a singular act, is fully put inits theoretical context. Based on philosophical, medical, moral and aesthetics texts from the17th century, we ought to ask if, far from being only suffered - as the emotional correlate ofan inaugural ignorance -, wonder can be technically masterd and likely to be produced andreproduced endlessly, for strategic or recreational purposes. When substracted from the strict epistemic requirement, wonder can actually present itself as the specific end of the social existence or of the artistic productions of the Great Century - which can be now regarded asthe century of wonder.

The master's thesis discusses basic elements of metaphysics by René Descartes. The first part of the thesis focuses on his personal life because certain events shaped and influenced his further actions and ideas. To understand the context of time, the paper presents history knowledge that is relevant to the topic. René Descartes is still known today for his philosophical ideas which helped to develop findings in the field of metaphysics. During his lifetime, that is the first half of the 17th century, natural sciences were gaining in popularity. The thesis follows up with mathematization and geometrization of nature. Descartes' basic premise of knowledge is methodical skepticism which ultimately results in his first personal certainty of philosophy. Next part focuses on the clarification of the dualistic concept of two different substances - rez extensa and res cogitans. The largest and most important part deals with the mechanical conception of the human body. René Descartes believes that the human body is a machine operated by mechanical principles. The thesis introduces a systematic description of the body which logically justifies the primary ideas of this French philosopher. KEYWORDS René Descartes, methaphysics, dualism, mind, body, God, machine, mathematics, geometry

The aim of this thesis is to show in what way the mechanistic philosophy of René Descartes allowed him to accept William Harvey's discovery of the circulation of the blood, while at the same time prevented him from accepting his explanation of the movement of the heart. In the introductory section we mention some of the basic notions concerning the state of natural philosophy in the second half of the 16th century which are closely related to the themes of the thesis. Both authors we are concerned with are also presented. The second, historicaly oriented section focuses on Aristotle's, Galen's and Harvey's opinions on the role and motion of the heart and blood in the human body. The aim is to describe how Harvey's 1628 treatise De motu cordis allowed to resolve the proliferating problems faced by the Galenist tradition in the 16th and the early 17th century. The third section presents the exposition of the introductory chapters of Descartes' 1633 treatise Le Monde in which he introduces the basic notions of his new mechanistic philosophy. Among these are the three types of particles, the plenist conception of the world, the omnipresence of circular motions and the relationship between God, natural laws and motion in the world. The fourth section is dedicated to Descartes' a Harvey's point of...

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T17:26:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Zeneide Gomes da Costa.pdf: 1036986 bytes, checksum: 32c2eebdb29e9f2c619650e2e543fb92 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-11-10 / The aim of this research is to analyze the Theory of Knowledge presented in the book Meditations on First Philosophy written by French Philosopher Rene Descartes. The study comprehends a brief exploration of his philosophical work, followed by the analysis of the six Meditations. The Meditation IV Concerning the True and the False will be specifically explored in its epistemological and ontological aspects / O objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar a teoria do conhecimento na obra Meditações sobre Filosofia Primeira do filósofo René Descartes. O estudo compreende uma sucinta análise do conjunto da obra filosófica de Descartes. Posteriormente, procedeu-se o exame do conjunto das seis Meditações, seguido da análise específica da Meditação Quarta do verdadeiro e do falso e da causa do erro humano em seus aspectos epistemológicos e ontológicos

Between Figure and Line: Visual Transformations of Cartesian Physics, 1620-1690 is the first sustained examination of the diagrams and illustrations that constituted the seventeenth century's new physics. When René Descartes introduced natural philosophy to the graphic techniques of geometry, mixed mathematics, cartography, and master engravers, subsequent interpreters of the new science were encouraged to respond in kind. But none of their pictures - neither the outlines of barometric tubes employed by Parisian salon impresario Jacques Rohault, nor the still lifes and landscapes into which Leiden university professor Wolferd Senguerd etched Cartesian matter, and certainly not the copies of Descartes's figures with which Jesuit priest Gabriel Daniel refuted the new philosophy - agreed on a single visual idiom for revealing nature's laws. Such pictorial diversity, I argue, marked the natural philosophical figure as a critical, and contested, apparatus for grasping at truth amidst the slow disintegration of Aristotelian certainty. / History of Science

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