Two thallium scorpionate complexes: dihydrobis (3-phenyl-4-cyanopyrazolyl) boratothallium(I) (TlBp Ph,4CN), C 20H 14BN 6Tl and dihydrobis(3-tert-butyl-4-cyanopyrazolyl) boratothallium(I) (TlBp t-Bu,4CN), C 16H 22BN 6Tl have been prepared and characterized by X-ray diffraction. Both compounds crystallize in monoclinic space groups, TlBp Ph,4CN in P2 1/n with a = 4.2039(3) Å, b = 26.2211(17) Å, c = 16.611(1) Å, β = 90.199(3)°, and TlBp t-Bu,4CN in P2 1/c with a = 13.8578(5) Å, b = 9.6741(4) Å, c = 14.2790(5) Å, β 95.141(2)°. The two complexes show similar structures with elongated metal-ligand bonds and intermolecular interactions between the metal ion and cyano substituents, allowing the potential construction of cyanobridged coordination polymers.

Th.--Sci.--Bordeaux 1, 1979. N°: 632.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Chemistry / Christer B. Aakeröy / Co-crystallization allows the manipulation of physical properties of a given compound without affecting its chemical behavior. The ability to predict hydrogen bonding interactions, provides means to the rational design of supramolecular architectures. It also makes it possible to select with a degree of accuracy, a few co-formers that have a high probability of forming co-crystals with a compound of interest, instead of blindly screening against a large number of candidates. To study the effects of changing electronic environment on the ability to form co-crystals, five symmetric dioximes of different hydrogen bond donating ability were synthesized with different functional groups on the carbon α to the oxime moiety. It was shown that the supramolecular yield increase with the positive MEP value on the donor site. In order to further explore this relationship between calculated MEP values and supramolecular selectivity three asymmetric ditopic donors containing phenol carboxylic acid and aldoxime groups were screened against a series of asymmetric ditopic acceptors. Nine crystal structures show that the supramolecular outcome can be predicted according to Etter’s rules by ranking donors and acceptors according to calculated MEP values. To explore the possibility of using the same approach with other hydrogen bond donors, three asymmetric ditopic donor ligands containing cyanooxime groups were synthesized and screened against a series of asymmetric ditopic acceptors. Nine out of ten times the supramolecular outcome could be predicted by MEP calculations 1-deazapurine exists in two tautomeric forms (1H and 3H) in aqueous solution, which have very different hydrogen bonding environments. The 3H tautomer forms a self-complementary dimer involving a donor and an acceptor site leaving a second acceptor site vacant. In order to stabilize this tautomer the molecule was screened against a of series hydrogen and halogen bond donors. Four out of five structures obtained showed 3H tautomer. The 1H tautomer is the geometric complement of urea. Therefore the molecule was screened against a series of N,N-diphenylureas and all five structures showed the 1H tautomer.

The synthesis and insecticidal activity of a series of 2,2-dicyano cyclopropane carboxylic acids, (3-phenoxyphenyl)- methyl esters were investigated. Synthesis of the compounds was accomplished by reaction of a dimethyl sulfonium carbethoxy ylide with propanedinitrile alkylidene compounds. Final products were formed in one step by use of the (3-phenoxyphenyl)-methyl ester of the ylide. Insecticidal activity was determined at 500 ppm application with Permethrin as the standard against houseflies, mexican bean beetles, and southern army worms.

An Ab Initio/RRKM study of the reaction mechanism and product branching ratios of neutral-radical ethynyl (C2H) and cyano (CN) radical species with unsaturated hydrocarbons is performed. The reactions studied apply to cold conditions such as planetary atmospheres including Titan, the Interstellar Medium (ISM), icy bodies and molecular clouds. The reactions of C2H and CN additions to gaseous unsaturated hydrocarbons are an active area of study. NASA’s Cassini/Huygens mission found a high concentration of C2H and CN from photolysis of ethyne (C2H2) and hydrogen cyanide (HCN), respectively, in the organic haze layers of the atmosphere of Titan. The reactions involved in the atmospheric chemistry of Titan lead to a vast array of larger, more complex intermediates and products and may also serve as a chemical model of Earth’s primordial atmospheric conditions. The C2H and CN additions are rapid and exothermic, and often occur barrierlessly to various carbon sites of unsaturated hydrocarbons. The reaction mechanism is proposed on the basis of the resulting potential energy surface (PES) that includes all the possible intermediates and transition states that can occur, and all the products that lie on the surface. The B3LYP/6-311g(d,p) level of theory is employed to determine optimized electronic structures, moments of inertia, vibrational frequencies, and zero-point energy. They are followed by single point higher-level CCSD(T)/cc-vtz calculations, including extrapolations to complete basis sets (CBS) of the reactants and products. A microcanonical RRKM study predicts single-collision (zero-pressure limit) rate constants of all reaction paths on the potential energy surface, which is then used to compute the branching ratios of the products that result. These theoretical calculations are conducted either jointly or in parallel to experimental work to elucidate the chemical composition of Titan’s atmosphere, the ISM, and cold celestial bodies.

No description available.

No description available.

Les travaux présentés concernent dans une première partie la synthèse biomimétique d’un alcaloïde indolomonoterpénique : la bipléiophylline. La bipléiophylline est le résultat de l’assemblage complexe de deux unités indoliques identiques ancrées sur une plateforme aromatique. Une stratégie générale de synthèse biomimétique de la bipléiophylline consistant i) à la synthèse de l’unité indolique pléiocarpamine et ii) à l’oxydation de l’acide 2,3-dihydroxybenzoïque a été envisagée. L’accès au squelette complexe de la pléiocarpamine a été étudié selon plusieurs stratégies de synthèse totale mais également par hémisynthèse. Parallèlement une étude des conditions d’oxydation notamment par électrochimie de l’acide 2,3-dihydroxybenzoïque ont permis de déterminer et caractériser son potentiel d’oxydation et de mettre au point les conditions de formation de sa forme oxydée. La seconde partie est consacrée à la synthèse biomimétique d’un modèle du cœur central de l’haliclonine A, un alcaloïde de la famille des manzamines. La synthèse de plusieurs précurseurs a été réalisée ainsi que l’étude de l’étape clé de double addition nucléophile sur un 5,6-dihydropyridinium. / Our work deals in the first part with a biomimetic synthesis of bipleiophyllin, an indolomonoterpenic alkaloid. The bipleiophyllin is the result of a complex anchorage of two identical indolic subunits on an aromatic platform. A general strategy for the biomimetic synthesis of bipleiophyllin consisting of i) the synthesis of the indolic unit pleiocarpamin and ii) the oxidation of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid; was considered. Access to the complex skeleton of pleiocarpamin has been studied by different total synthesis strategies but also by hemisynthesis. Meanwhile this work, a study of the oxidation conditions of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid including by electrochemistry, helped identify and characterize its oxidation potential and develop the required conditions to obtain its oxidized form. The second part is devoted to the biomimetic synthesis of a model compound, mimic of the central core of haliclonin A, an alkaloid of the family of manzamins. The synthesis of several precursors and the study of the key step consisting in a double nucleophilic addition to a 5,6-dihydropyridinium were done.

Ftalocianina de alumínio-cloro (AlClPc) é um fotossensibilizador de segunda geração em terapia fotodinâmica (TFD) caracterizado por seu caráter anfifílico e tendência de auto-agregação em meio aquoso, o que prejudica seu potencial de aplicação. O aCHC é um substrato de transportadores de monocarboxilato (MCT) superexpresso em células de MCF-7. Objetivando a solubilização da AlClPc e aumento de internalização em tecidos neoplásicos nos propomos aqui o uso de DSPC e DOPC em diferentes proporções para formar vesículas lipidicas mistas (LV) na presença de aCHC como sistemas veiculadores de fármaco. Lv foi preparado pelo método de injeção etanólica e formou vesículas de dimensões nanométricas (aproximadamente 100 nm) com bom índice de polidispersão, valores negativos de potencial zeta e estáveis em meio aquoso por mais de 50 dias. AlClPc se complexou com o fosfato das LV o que conferiu uma localização interfacial às moléculas de AlClPc como demonstrado pelos resultados de supressão de fluorescência. Medidas de anisotropia, fluorescência estática e resolvida no tempo corroboram com estes resultados e demonstram que a auto-agregação da AlClPc ocorre mesmo em lipossomas. Entretanto, a veiculação da AlClPc por LV em carcinoma de células escamosas oral (OSCC) levou a um processo de desagregação demonstrado por (FLIM). Este incrível comportamento é novo e aumenta o conhecimento científico sobre o mecanismo intracelular de ação de fotossensibilizadores em TFD. Em TFD, ambos os sistemas LVIII+AlClPc e LVIII+AlClPc+aCHC não apresentaram toxicidade no escuro no período de incubação de 3 h com as concentrações de lipídios, AlClPc e aCHC iguais a 0,15 mmol/L, 0,5 umol/L e 10,0 umol/L, respectivamente. De maneira inesperada, o sistema LVIII+AlClPc foi mais eficiente em TFD que o sistema LVIII+AlClPc+aCHC, devido ao caráter antioxidante do aCHC. Estes resultados abrem uma nova perspectiva do potencial uso de LV-AlClPc para o tratamento fotodinâmico. / Aluminum phthalocyanine chloride (AlClPc) is a second-generation photodynamic therapy (PDT) photosensitizer characterized for its high hydrophobicity and self-aggregation tendency in aqueous media, which hampers its potential application. The aCHC is a monocarboxylate transporter substrate (MCT) overexpressed in MCF-7 line cell. Aiming at AlClPc solubilization and uptake increase we proposed here the use of 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC) and 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) at different proportions to form mixed lipid vesicles (LV) in presence of aCHC as a drug delivery system. LV were prepared by ethanol injection method and formed nano-sized vesicles (about 100 nm) with suitable polydispersity index, negative zeta potential, and stable in aqueous medium for at least 50 days. AlClPc strongly interacts with LV (high binding constant values), especially due to aluminum-phosphate specific interactions, which gives a surface localization to AlClPc molecules as demonstrated by fluorescence quenching data. Anisotropy, static and time-resolved fluorescence measurements corroborated with these results and demonstrated that AlClPc self-aggregation occurred even in the liposomes. However, formulation uptake by oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) the AlClPc suffered a disaggregation process demonstrated by fluorescence life-time imaging microscopy. This amazing behavior is new and increases the scientific knowledge about the intracellular mechanism of action of PDT photosensitizers. In PDT, both systems LVIII+AlClPc e LVIII+AlClPc+aCHC did not show toxicity in the dark at 3 h incubation period with lipid, AlClPc, and aCHC concentrations equal at 0,15 mmol/L, 0,5 umol/L, and 10,0 umol/L, respectively. Unexpectedly, the system LVIII+AlClPc was more effective in PDT that the LVIII+AlClPc+aCHC, devido ao caráter antioxidante do aCHC due to the antioxidant character of aCHC. These results open a new perspective to the potential use of ALClPc-LV formulations for photodynamic treatment.

Neste trabalho investigamos a influência de alquiltio grupos sobre a basicidade e frequência de estiramento do ciano grupo de nitrilas alifáticas. Com esta finalidade foi estudada uma grande série de nitrilas alquiltio-substituidas em posição α, β γ, e δ, além de nitrilas não substituídas, incluídas para efeito de comparação. A série completa compõe-se dos seguintes compostos: acetonitrila, propionitrila, butironitrila, valeronitrila, hexanonitrila, heptanonitrila, octanonitrila, isobutironitrila, 2-metilvaleronitrila, pivalonitrila, 2,2\'-dimetilvaleronitrila, metiltioacetonitrila, α-metiltiopropionitrila, etiltioacetonitrila, α-etiltiopropionitrila, α-etiltioisobutironitrila, α-terc-butiltioacetonitrila, β-etiltiopropionitrila, β-etiltiobutironitrila, γ-etiltiobutironitrila e δ-etiltiovaleronitrila. É apresentada uma revisão bibliográfica na qual são abordados aspectos de estrutura, características espectrais e habilidade de formação de ponte de hidrogênio do ciano grupo de nitrilas, além de serem relatados trabalhos concernentes à auto-associação e momento dipolar de tais compostos. São fornecidos os dados de medidas de deslocamentos da frequência do grupo hidroxila do fenol e p-clorofenol (Δvo(OH)) em complexo 1:1 com as nitrilas estudadas, em tetracloreto de carbono, pelo emprego da espectroscopia no infravermelho. São apresentadas as frequências de estiramento do ciano grupo (vo (CN)) das mesmas nitrilas, em tetracloreto de carbono. São descritas as sínteses de algumas das nitrilas da série estudada, a saber: hexanonitrila, heptanonitrila, 2-metilvaleronitrila, 2,2\'-dimetilvaleronitrila, etiltioacetonitrila, α-etiltioisobutironitrila e γ-etiltiobutironitrila. Feita uma análise dos resultados das medidas realizadas, conclue-se que: 1) as nitrilas α-alquiltio-substituídas apresentam uma diminuição da basicidade e uma diminuição da frequência de estiramento do ciano grupo, com relação aos compostos análogos não substituídos; 2) as nitrilas &#946-etiltio-substituídas apresentam uma ligeira diminuição de basicidade em comparação com os compostos não substituídos correspondentes; 3) a introdução de um etiltio grupo nas posições γ e δ não produz qualquer alteração na basicidade do ciano grupo. Urna discussão é apresentada, focalizando-se a validade dos resultados de basicidade obtidos, assim como a sua atribuição. É eliminada a possibilidade da competição do átomo de enxofre na medida de basicidade do ciano grupo. São excluídas, também, as hipóteses de o impedimento estérico e o efeito indutivo do enxofre serem os únicos efeitos responsáveis pela diminuição de basicidade do ciano grupo, observada em β-alquiltio-nitrilas. Os resultados relatados para as α-, β-, γ-e δ-alquiltio-nitrilas, investigadas pelo emprego de sistema ternário, são comparados com os anteriormente obtidos por B.Wladislaw e col, em sistema ternário. Observa-se concordância no caso de nitrilas α-alquiltio-substituídas, mas não no de nitrilas com enxofre em posições mais afastadas, para as quais, em sistema binário, foi relatado um aumento de basicidade. Discutem-se as divergências observadas, sugerindo-se a possibilidade da ocorrência, no caso de sistema binário, de uma associação intra ou intermolecular envolvendo o enxofre e o ciano-grupo. Finalmente, é sugerida a interação entre enxofre e ciano grupo como provável causa da diminuição de basicidade em α-alquiltio-nitrilas. É aventada a hipótese de que a ligeira diminuição de basicidade em β-etiltio-nitrilas, observada em sistema ternário, seja proveniente do efeito indutivo do enxofre. / This thesis investigates the influence of alkylthio-groups on the basicities and stretching frequencies of the cyano-group of aliphatic nitriles. A large series of alkylthio- and unsubstituted nitriles was studied, including the following compounds: acetonitrile, propionitrile, butyronitrile, valeronitrile, capronitrile, heptanenitrile, octanenitrile, isobutyronitrile, 2-methylvaleronitrile, trimethylacetonitrile, 2,2\'-dimethylvaleronitrile, methylthioacetonitrile, α-methylthiopropionitrile, ethylthioacetonitrile, α-ethyl-thiopropionitrile, α-ethylthioisobutyronitrile, α-tert-butylthioacetonitrile, β.ethylthiopropionitrile, β-ethylthiobutyronitrile, γ-ethylthiobutyronitrile and &#948-ethylthiovaleronitrile. The thesis contains: A literature review on the structure, polarity and hydrogen bonding ability of the cyano-group of aliphatic nitriles, as well as self-association and dipolar moments of the same compounds. The data of relative basicities (Δvo(OH)) of the cyano-group as measured by i.r. shifts of OH stretching vibration of phenol and p-chlorophenol associated to the above mentioned nitriles (1:1), in carbon tetrachloride. The stretching frequencies (vo (CN)) of the cyano-group for the same nitriles, in carbon tetrachloride. The syntheses of the following compounds: capronitrile, heptanenitrile, 2-methylvaleronitrile, 2,2\'-dimethylvaleronitrile, ethylthioacetonitrile, α-ethlthioisobutyronitrile and γ-ethylthiobutyronitrile. The Δvo(OH) measurements show that: 1) the α-alkylthio-nitriles are less basic than the corresponding unsubstituted nitriles; 2) there is a slight decrease of the cyano-group basicity when the β-methylene-group is replaced by a sulphur atom; 3) the nitriles, in which sulphur atom and cyano-group are apart by three or four methylene-groups, do not undergo any change in the basicity. Several aspects are discussed in the light of the obtained data. Thus, evidences are provided that the decrease of basicity observed is a measure of the cyano-group basicity, without any competition of the sulphur atom. The hypotheses of steric hindrance and inductive effect as responsible for the decrease of the cyano-group basicity in the α-alkylthio-nitriles are excluded. The basicity data obtained for α-, β-, γ- and δ-alkylthio-nitriles, in ternary system, are compared with those reported, previously, by B.Wladislaw et al., for binary system. While our results for the &#945-derivatives are in accord with the previous ones, those for the nitriles with sulphur further removed from the cyano-group are contrasting. The increase of basicity for the latter compounds, observed previously, is tentatively explained by intra- or intermolecular association involving the cyano-group and sulphur atom. Finally, an interaction between cyano-group and sulphur is suggested as responsible for the decrease of basicity in the α-alkylthio-nitriles. The slight decrease of basicity, observed for the β-derivatives, is suggested to be best explained as due to the inductive effect of sulphur atom.