Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2003. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 67-80).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2001. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 118-135).

published_or_final_version / abstract / toc / Zoology / Master / Master of Philosophy

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1997. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [115]-133).

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Nitric Oxide (NO) influences a wide range of physiological processes in plants including growth and development, responses to abiotic and biotic stress and pathogen responses. NO binds to the heme group of the mammalian soluble guanylyl cyclase, which activates the enzyme to convert guanosine 5’ triphosphate (GTP) to a second messenger guanosine 3’, 5’ cyclic monophosphate (cGMP). Cyclic GMP further activates other signalling cascades including the regulation of protein kinases, ion gated channels and phosphodiesterases. In plants, a few GCs have been identified and these include AtGC1, AtBRI1, AtWAKL10, and AtPSKR1, however, a GC that contains a heme binding motif that senses NO has yet to be identified. In order to identify such molecules, a search motif based on conserved HNOX domains and the conserved and functionally assigned amino acid residues in the catalytic centres of annotated GCs was designed and used to search the Arabidopsis thaliana proteome. Several candidate molecules were identified including a flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO)-like protein and the At5g57690 which is currently annotated as a diacylglycerol kinase. FMOs found in bacteria, yeast, and animals are the most important monooxygenases since they are involved in xenobiotic metabolism and variability in drug response. FMOs in plants are implicated in catalysing specific steps in auxin biosynthesis,metabolism of glucosinolates and pathogen defense mechanisms. The human diacylglycerol kinase acts as a lipid kinase that mediates a wide range of biological processes which include cell proliferation, differentiation and turmogenesis. In prokaryotes, the structure of Escherichia coli lipid kinase has been solved however, its function has not yet been demonstrated. So far, the occurrence of the diacylglycerol kinases in plants has not yet been reported, and their structure and function also remain elusive. The domain architecture of the 2 molecules (AtNOGC1 and At5g57690) identified by the HNOX-based search strategy revealed that these molecules contain a GC and a heme-binding motif that is conserved among all known heme-binding proteins.In this study, the role of AtNOGC1, a novel NO binding protein in higher plants was investigated and the results showed that this molecule contains an NO-dependant active GC domain. The sequence was first analysed and the location of the HNOX and the GC motifs highlighted. The protein was then recombinatly expressed as a His-SUMO fusion protein and the purification optimised by a second step of ion exchange chromatography. Electrochemical techniques such as cyclic voltammetry and square wave voltammetry were used to demonstrate the binding of NO and O2 to the AtNOGC1. Electrochemical data revealed that AtNOGC1 has a lower affinity for O2 and a higher affinity for NO, an important signalling molecule in plants.The presence of the GC activity in AtNOGC1 was investigated by conducting GC activity assays in vitro in the presence or absence of NO. The GC activity assays demonstrated that AtNOGC1 can synthesize cGMP from GTP in vitro. It was also noted that NO was required for the maximum activation of AtNOGC1 catalytic activity. NO-activated catalysis resulted in a >2 fold excess of cGMP production compared to an NO-independent GC activity assay. The effect of calcium in regulating the GC activity was also investigated and an increase in cGMP levels was observed however, this was just a preliminary finding that requires further experimentation.3 Homology models for both the FMO-like (AtNOGC1) and the diacylglycerol kinase(At5g57690) were built using Modeller program, and important amino acid residues underlying the heme-binding and GC motifs were identified. Residues corresponding to the motifs, which give signature to AtNOGC1 as an FMO, were also noted. In addition,computational functional prediction also suggested the role of AtNOGC1 in a number of processes which include ion binding and functioning as an FMO.Taken together, these findings suggest that AtNOGC1 is a novel Arabidopsis thaliana hemebinding protein that senses NO with higher affinity than for O2. Though AtNOGC1 is currently annotated as a FMO-like protein, it contains a NO-sensitive GC activity and shares limited sequence similarities with mammalian sGC and the recently identified HNOX domains. Homology modelling strongly suggests that AtNOGC1 and At5g57690 belong to the families of FMOs and diacylglycerol kinases respectively. The domain organisation of AtNOGC1 suggests that more of its functions still remain to be identified. The cloning and characterisation of the At5g57690 gene will provide possible means for further experimentation as well as affording more insights into the exact functions of lipid kinases in plants.

The thesis focuses on regulation of the chlorophyll biosynthetic pathway and its coordination with synthesis of chlorophyll-binding proteins in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. One of the aims was to analyze correlation between syntheses of photosystems and chlorophyll in Synechocystis cells using radioactive labeling of proteins and chlorophyll by 35S and 14C, respectively. I also investigated the role of enzymes catalyzing protochlorophyllide reduction step in the chlorophyll biosynthesis by analyzing the synthesis and accumulation of photosynthetic proteins in Synechocystis mutants lacking one of the enzymes. Further, roles of Ycf54 and Psb27 proteins in stability and assembly of oxidative cyclase and CP43, respectively, are also described.

La drépanocytose résulte d’une mutation du gène β-globine entrainant la synthèse d’une hémoglobine anormale, l’HBS, qui polymérise en condition désoxygénée. Le globule rouge deviendra plus rigide et plus fragile, donnant lieu a deux conséquences majeures : l’hémolyse accrue et l’occlusion vasculaire.Récemment, un nouvel acteur moléculaire, l’adénosine, a été identifie. Ce nucléoside présente des effets bénéfiques sur les atteintes pulmonaires en inhibant l’activation des cellules « tueur naturel t inductibles », mais aussi délétères en favorisant la polymérisation de l’HBS et la survenue du priapisme, une des complications drépanocytaires.Les travaux menés ont pour objectifs d’étudier les effets délétères potentiels de l’adénosine, à travers l’étude de l’implication des enzymes de la voie métabolique de l’adénosine dans l’hémolyse ainsi que dans la survenue du priapisme chez des patients drépanocytaires. Pour ce faire, une cohorte composée d’adultes et d’enfants SS a été étudiée. Les résultats obtenus ont permis de préciser le rôle du métabolisme de l’adénosine dans les mécanismes physiopathologiques de la drépanocytose. Nos résultats n’ont pas permis de mettre en évidence de différence d’expression (ARN, protéine) des enzymes du métabolisme de l’adénosine entre les patients présentant des antécédents priapiques et ceux indemnes de cette complication. Néanmoins, nos recherches ont permis d’identifier l’adénylate cyclasse 6 comme gène modulateur de l’hémolyse et d’apporter de nouveaux éléments en accord avec la classification du priapisme comme appartenant au sous-phénotype hyperhémolytique à travers notamment l’étude des caractéristiques hemorhéologiques. / Sickle-cell disease is caused by a mutation in the β-globin gene leading to an abnormal hemoglobin, hbs. This change allows polymerization of HBS when deoxygenated. Erythrocytes become more rigid and fragile, leading to the two major manifestations of the disease: hemolysis and vaso-occlusion.Recently, adenosine has been identified as a new molecular actor of this disease. This nucleoside may have beneficial effects by preventing inkt cells activation and pulmonary inflammation. But it may also exhibit deleterious effects by activing a signalling pathway leading to erythrocyte sickling and the occurrence of priapism, a sickle cell disease complication.The purpose of our work, based on the potential deleterious effects induced by adenosine was to precise the involvement of adenosine metabolic pathway enzymes in hemolysis and the occurrence of priapism. Two cohorts of children and adult ss patients and men ss have been studied respectively.Our results had clarified the role of metabolism of adenosine in the pathophysiological mechanisms of sickle cell disease. Our results did not allow detecting evidence of differential expression (rna, protein levels) of adenosine metabolism enzymes between ss adult patients exhibiting priapic events and those who had never experienced this complication. Nevertheless, our work has led to the identification of adenylate cyclase as modifier gene of hemolysis and has bring new elements on the priapism classification to the hyper hemolytic sub-phenotype with the description of the hemorheological features associated with this complication.

Les cellules ganglionnaires de la rétine (CGR) projettent dans le corps genouillé latéral dorsal (CGLd) et le colliculus supérieur (CS). Initialement, les projections établissent des connexions imprécises avec les cibles puis elles se raffinent grâce à des mécanismes activité-dépendant. D’abord, j’ai cherché à déterminer la contribution de la libération synaptique dans le raffinement des cartes visuelles en utilisant un modèle où Rim 1 et 2, protéines essentielles à la libération synaptique calcium-dépendante, sont délétées dans les CGRs. J’ai montré que la libération synaptique était nécessaire à la ségrégation œil spécifique dans le CGLd mais pas dans le CS, qu’elle était impliquée dans le raffinement de la topographie de la projection ipsilatérale mais qu’elle n’était pas impliquée dans la rétinotopie des projections controlatérales dans le CS. Ensuite, j’ai cherché à identifier un microdomaine de signalisation AMPc au niveau des cônes de croissance impliqué dans le raffinement des projections rétiniennes. La compartimentation spatiale des signaux AMPc pourrait expliquer qu’ils soient capables de réguler des voies de signalisation distinctes de façon spécifique. J’ai montré que la perturbation des signaux AMPc dans les radeaux lipidiques entraine des défauts de raffinement des projections dans le CS tandis que leur perturbation à la membrane mais en dehors des radeaux lipidiques n’entraine pas de défauts. J’ai aussi montré que la perturbation de la signalisation AMPc dans une petite fraction de CGRs d’un œil suffit à perturber largement la carte œil spécifique, suggérant une coopération entre les projections nécessaire à leur raffinement. / Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) project to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) and to the superior colliculus (SC). Initially, retinal projections establish imprecise connections with the target cells then refine through activity-dependent mechanisms.First, I studied the role of synaptic release in the visual maps refinement, using a mouse model where Rim 1 and 2, which are proteins important for calcium-dependent synaptic release, are deleted in the RGCs. I found that synaptic release is important for eye specific segregation in the dLGN but not in the SC, that it is involved in the refinement of the ipsilateral projection topography but that it is not involved in the contralateral projection retinotopy in the SC.Second, I identified a microdomain of cAMP signaling in growth cones involved in the refinement of retinal projections. The spatial compartmentation of cAMP signals could explain the fact that cAMP signals are able to regulate specifically different signaling pathways. I found that cAMP signals perturbation within the lipid rafts of the RGCs induces defects in the refinement of retinal projections in the SC while their perturbation at the membrane level but outside the lipid rafts does not induce defects.I also showed that cAMP signaling perturbation only in a fraction of RGCs in one eye is sufficient to extensively disturb the eye specific map, suggesting that a cooperation between the projections is necessary for their refinement.

L'angiopathie amyloïde cérébrale (AAC) est caractérisée par des dépôts amyloïdes au sein des parois cérébrovasculaires, associés à des altérations vasculaires et des troubles cognitifs. L'inflammation étant un processus délétère au cours de l'AAC, je me suis intéressée à l'effet inflammatoire sur les cellules musculaires lisses (CML) vasculaires du peptide amyloïde principalement accumulé au sein des parois artérielles, le peptide A 1-40. Cette étude met en évidence que le peptide A 1-40 n'induit pas directement de réponse inflammatoire de la part des CML, mais les sensibilise aux stimuli pro-inflammatoires. Aussi, cette sensibilisation cellulaire résulte d'une pré-activation des voies PI3K/Akt et NF- B, insuffisante à elle-seule pour induire une réponse inflammatoire. Dans une seconde partie de ma thèse, je me suis intéressée aux mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans la migration des CML au cours de la re-sténose post-angioplastie. Lorsque l'athérosclérose conduit à une sténose artérielle, l'angioplastie est l'opération chirurgicale rétablissant le flux sanguin. Cependant, dans les 6 mois postopératoires, 10 à 20% des patients présentent une re-sténose post-angioplastie. Un des principaux facteurs impliqué dans ce processus est la migration des CML de la paroi vers la lumière artérielle. Dans ce contexte, j'ai pu démontrer que la re-sténose post-angioplastie chez le rat est dépendante du niveau d'expression de l'adénylyl cyclase 8 (AC8). Dans cette étude, nous avons également montré que l'expression de l'AC8 induit la migration des CML et l'activation de la métalloprotéinase matricielle-2, en stimulant les voies Epac2/Rap1 et PI3K/Akt. / Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is defined by amyloid deposits within cerebral vasculature associated with vascular damages and cognitive impairment. As inflammation is a deleterious event during CAA, I explored the inflammatory effect in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) of the amyloid peptide which is mainly accumulated in arterial wall, the peptide A1-40. This study evidenced that A1-40 does not directly induce inflammatory response of VSMC but sensitizes these cells to pro-inflammatory stimuli. Furthermore, this sensitization results from a pre-activation of PI3K/Akt and NF-B pathways, insufficient alone to induce inflammatory response.In the second part of my thesis, I studied the molecular mechanisms involved in VSMC migration occurring in post-angioplasty restenosis. When atherosclerosis leads to arterial stenosis, angioplasty is the surgery practiced to restore blood flow. However, during the 6 month post-surgery, 10 to 20% of patients display post-angioplasty restenosis. One of the main components of this event is the migration of VSMC from the wall to arterial lumen. In this context, I demonstrated that the severity of rat post-angioplasty restenosis is dependent to the level of adenylyl cyclase 8 (AC8) expression. In this study, we have also shown that AC8 expression promotes VSMC migration and matrix metalloproteinase-2 activation through Epac2/Rap1 and PI3K/Akt pathways.

INTRODUÇÃO. O termo Lesão Pulmonar Aguda (LPA) é usado para descrever a resposta pulmonar à lesão que ocorre diretamente ou indiretamente nos pulmões. A quebra da barreira alvéolo-capilar determina o influxo de líquido rico em proteínas para dentro dos espaços alveolares, sendo necessária a reabsorção desse líquido no processo de resolução da LPA. A infusão intravenosa de Ácido Oleico (AO) em ratos provoca agudamente edema alveolar difuso e focos hemorrágicos intra-alveolares, sendo um bom modelo de indução. Estudos relatam que o Azul de Metileno (AM) atenua tais lesões, com efeito protetor, no tecido pulmonar, e reduz o edema presente na LPA em animais com sepse através da inibição da guanilato ciclase solúvel (GCs), uma enzima ativadora da via NO-GMPc. OBJETIVO. Estudar a repercussão da inibição da GCs pelo AM na permeabilidade capilar pulmonar ministrando-o antes e após a indução da lesão pulmonar por AO. MÉTODO. Ratos Wistar foram divididos em 5 grupos: Sham com infusão de salina em bolus; AM com infusão de AM por 2h; AO com infusão de AO em bolus, AM/AO com infusão de AM por 2h, sendo que, após 5 min do início, recebeu AO simultaneamente em bolus e AO/AM com infusão de AO em bolus e, após 2h, infusão de AM por mais 2h. Após 4h foi realizada a coleta de materiais (sangue, lavado bronco-alveolar e tecido pulmonar) para análise do NO plasmático e tecidual, gasometria arterial, cálculo do peso úmido/peso seco (PU/PS) e histologia do tecido pulmonar de todos os grupos. A estatística utilizada foi a análise de variância (one-way ANOVA) com p<0.05. RESULTADO. Não foi encontrado hipoxemia grave após 4h de lesão. O grupo AO apresenta um aumento no número de proteínas no lavado bronco-alveolar e na relação PU/PS comparado aos grupos controle: Sham e AM, confirmando a presença de lesão e alteração de permeabilidade pulmonar. Os grupos tratados com AM apresentaram melhora na permeabilidade pulmonar, porém, apenas o grupo pré-tratamento (AM/AO) apresentou diferença estatística na redução do extravasamento de proteínas no lavado. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas no NO plasmático e tecidual. Na microscopia, a congestão capilar foi intensa, acompanhada de múltiplos focos de edema alveolar, exsudato intra-alveolar proteico, áreas de hemorragia e infiltrado inflamatório neutrofílico, tanto no interstício quanto nos septos alveolares.Os grupos tratados com AM apresentaram diminuição das áreas de edema, exsudação e hemorragia, porém, com maior evidência no grupo AM/AO. CONCLUSÃO. O AM diminui a permeabilidade pulmonar quando administrado de maneira precoce amenizando os danos causados pela LPA induzida por AO. / BACKGROUND. The term Acute Lung Injury (ALI) is used to describe the response to lung injury that occurs directly or indirectly in the lungs. The rupture of the alveolar - capillary barrier determines the influx of protein-rich fluid into the alveolar spaces, the reabsorption of this fluid in the process of resolving the ALI is required. Intravenous infusion of oleic acid (OA) in rats acutely causes diffuse alveolar edema and intra-alveolar hemorrhagic foci, being a good role model induction. Studies have reported that Methylene Blue (MB) attenuates such injuries, with a protective effect in lung tissue and reduce edema present in the ALI present in with sepsis by inhibition of soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), an activator of the enzyme NO- cGMP pathway. OBJECTIVE. To study the effect of inhibition of sGC by MB in pulmonary capillary permeability ministering to the before and after induction of lung injury by OA. METHOD. Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups: Sham infused with saline bolus, MB infused with MB for 2hrs, OA infused with OA bolus, MB/OA infused with MB for 2hrs, and after 5 min from the beginning, simultaneously received OA bolus and OA/MB infused with OA bolus and after 2hrs, MB infusion for 2hrs. After 4hrs the collection of materials was performed (blood, bronchoalveolar lavage and lung tissue) for analysis of plasma and tissue NO, arterial blood gases, calculation of the wet weight/dry weight (WW/DW) and histology of lung tissue from all groups. The statistic used was analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) with p<0.05. RESULTS. Not found severe hypoxemia after 4hrs of injury. The OA group shows an increase in the number of proteins in bronchoalveolar lavage and in WW/DW ratio compared to the control groups: Sham and MB, confirming the presence of injury and alterations of lung permeability. The groups treated with MB showed improvement in lung permeability, however, only the pretreatment group (MB/OA) showed statistical significance in reducing the leakage of protein in the lavage. No significant differences were found in plasma and tissue NO. In microscopy, capillary congestion was intense, accompanied by multiple foci of alveolar edema, intra-alveolar proteinaceous exudates, areas of hemorrhage and neutrophilic inflammatory infiltrate in both the interstitium and in the alveolar septa. The groups treated with MB showed reduction in areas of edema, exudation and hemorrhage, however, most obviously in MB/OA group. CONCLUSION. The MB decreases lung permeability when administered as early as possible, mitigating the damage caused by OA-induced ALI.