Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T16:11:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_Patricia.pdf: 625432 bytes, checksum: 32e620a502dea70144fc4ce6a16d4bd3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-22 / This study evaluated the mechanisms of relaxation of two nitric oxide (NO) donors, ruthenium complex [Ru(terpy)(bdq)NO+]3+ (Terpy) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) in isolated trachea of rats. The isolated trachea was sectioned into rings and contracted with carbachol in an organ chamber. The relaxing effect of Terpy and SNP was evaluated at increasing concentrations from 10 nM to 100 μM. Thus, we verified the contribution of the different types of K+ channels, the importance of sGC/cGMP pathway, the inhibition of COX and PDEs, the influence of the extra and intracellular Ca2+ sources and the influence of the epithelium on the relaxing response. The synergism between NO-donor and β-adrenoceptor agonist terbutaline was also verified. Additionally, we have used confocal microscopy in order to analyze the effect of the donors on cytosolic Ca2+ concentration. We have verified that both compounds led to the relaxation of tracheal smooth muscle preparations in a dependent-concentration mode. However, the maximum effect (Emax) induced by Terpy was higher than the effect of SNP. However, the Terpy effects were significantly reduced by pre-contraction with 75 mM KCl. K+ channel blockers like the tetraethylammonium, glybenclamide, BaCl2 and 4-aminopyridine reduced the relaxation to Terpy, while iberiotoxin and apamin did not modify this response. SNP- induced relaxation was significantly reduced by pretreatment with ODQ (sGC inhibitor). On the IBMX (non-selective PDEs inhibitor) increased the relaxation only to SNP. The response to both NO-donors was not altered by indomethacin, thapsigargin (reticular Ca2+-ATPase inhibitor) or ruthenium red (a mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter inhibitor). The epithelium removal reduced the relaxation only to SNP, and it had no effects on Terpy. In relation to synergic effect of the association of NO-donors and terbutaline, we did not observe any additive effect in the relaxation induced by terbutaline. Terpy was more effective than SNP in reducing the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration measured by confocal microscopy. In conclusion, these results have shown that Terpy induces airway smooth muscle relaxation by cGMP-independent mechanisms. It involves Ca2+ and K+ fluxes (mainly via Kv, Kir and KATP channels) across the membrane, and it is more effective in reducing cytosolic Ca2+ concentration and inducing relaxation in the rat trachea than the SNP. In relation to SNP, the most important relaxation pathway seems to be related to sGC/cGMP pathway and activation of Kir and SKCa channels. / O presente trabalho avaliou os mecanismos de relaxamento de dois doadores de óxido nítrico (NO), o complexo de rutênio [Ru(terpy)(bdq)NO+]3+ (Terpy) e o nitroprussiato de sódio (NPS) em traquéias isoladas de ratos. A traquéia isolada foi montada em banho para órgãos isolados e contraída com carbacol para estudo do relaxamento. O efeito relaxante do Terpy e do NPS foi avaliado em concentrações crescentes e cumulativas (10 nM a 100 μM). Foi verificada a participação dos diferentes tipos de canais de K+, a participação da via GCs/GMPc, a inibição da COX (pela indometacina) e das PDEs (pelo IBMX), a influência do epitélio, a participação dos estoques internos de Ca2+ assim como a participação do influxo deste íon e o potencial sinergismo dos doadores com terbutalina. Foram feitas análises de microscopia confocal para quantificação da concentração citosólica de Ca2+ mobilizada pelos doadores de NO. Como resultados, verificamos que os dois compostos levaram ao relaxamento do músculo liso traqueal de forma concentração-dependente. Entretanto o efeito máximo (Emax) do Terpy foi maior do que o NPS. O relaxamento estimulado pelo Terpy foi reduzido significativamente sob a pré-contração com KCl 75 mM. Bloqueadores de canais de K+ como tetraetilamônio, BaCl2, glibenclamida e 4-aminopiridina reduziram significativamente o relaxamento estimulado pelo Terpy, apesar da iberiotoxina e apamina não alterarem a resposta. O ODQ (inibidor da GCs) somente reduziu o efeito relaxante do NPS e o IBMX aumentou seu Emax, sendo que ambos inibidores não apresentaram efeito para o Terpy. A indometacina não alterou o padrão de resposta para ambos doadores. A retirada do epitélio reduziu o efeito relaxante somente para o NPS, não alterando o padrão de relaxamento para o Terpy. A inibição da Ca2+-ATPase reticular (pela tapsigargina) e da captação de Ca2+ mitocondrial (pelo ruthenium red) não modificaram o perfil de relaxamento para ambos doadores testados. Em relação ao efeito sinérgico estudado, não foi observado benefício com a adição dos doadores sobre o efeito relaxante da terbutalina. A medida da concentração intracelular de Ca2+ revelou que o Terpy é capaz de reduzir a concentração intracelular de Ca2+ de forma mais pronunciada que o NPS. Os resultados apresentados neste trabalho levam a concluir que o mecanismo pelo qual o Terpy leva ao relaxamento do músculo liso traqueal de ratos está associado à diminuição da concentração intracelular de Ca2+, e este mecanismo pode estar relacionado à ativação dos canais de K+ do tipo Kv, KIR e KATP e ao influxo de Ca2+. Para o NPS, o mecanismo mais importante que leva ao relaxamento parece ser através da ativação da via GCs/GMPc, além do envolvimento dos canais para K+ do tipo KIR e SKCa.

Orientador: Fabíola Taufic Monica Iglesias / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T16:27:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Faria_WagnerMendes_M.pdf: 1252281 bytes, checksum: ad80513967190699e0001046decc7731 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Duas classes de medicamentos denominadas estimuladores e ativadores da guanilato ciclase solúvel (GCs) foram desenvolvidas para uso terapêutico em situações patológicas onde há menor formação ou biodisponibilidade NO ou tolerância farmacológica. A GCs é uma enzima heterodímera, composta pelas subunidades alfa (?) e beta (?), nas quais há a presença do grupo prostético heme e que catalisa a conversão da guanosina trifosfato (GTP) em guanosina monofosfato cíclico (GMPc) pela ação do NO. Em situações patológicas o átomo de ferro pode encontrar-se na sua forma oxidada (Fe3+), diminuindo assim a resposta máxima do óxido nítrico (NO). A principal diferença entre os moduladores da GCs é que os ativadores (BAY 58-2667, HMR 1766, BAY 60-2770) atuam de maneira mais eficaz mesmo quando a enzima encontra-se no estado oxidado. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi caracterizar funcionalmente o relaxamento induzido pelo BAY 60-2770 em artéria pulmonar isolada de coelho. O BAY 60-2770 (0,0001-100 ?M) relaxou de maneira potente (10,1 ± 0.04) e eficaz (105 ± 0,9 %) a artéria pulmonar, sendo este efeito significativamente potencializado na presença dos inibidores da GCs (ODQ, 10 ?M, 4,9 vezes), da fosfodiesterase tipo 5 (tadalafil, 100 ?M, 5,6 vezes) ou da sintase de óxido nítrico (LNAME, 100 ?M, 3,0 vezes). A presença do sequestrador de NO, do doador de NO, da indometacina, do bloqueador do canal de potássio ou a remoção endotelial não interferiram no relaxamento induzido pelo BAY 60-2770. A fenilefrina (0,00001-3 mM) e a estimulação elétrica (4-16 Hz) produziram contração dependente da concentração e frequência, respectivamente. Na presença de tetrodotoxina (TTX, 1 ?M) e fentolamina (1 ?M) houve abolição da resposta contrátil a estimulação elétrica, mostrando a liberação neurogênica de catecolamina. Na presença de BAY 60-2770 co-incubado com ODQ uma redução significativa na contração induzida pela estimulação elétrica foi observada. Apesar desta mesma redução ter sido observada na presença do L-NAME, a mesma não foi estatisticamente significante em comparação aos anéis incubados somente com BAY 60-2770 (1 ?M). Nossos resultados mostraram que a oxidação do grupamento heme, a inibição da fosfodiesterase e a ausência do NO favoreceram a resposta relaxante do BAY 60-2770 / Abstract: Soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) stimulators and activators have been developed for use in pathophysiological condition when NO formation or bioavailability are impaired or when NO tolerance gas developed. Soluble guanylate cyclase is a heterodimer enzyme composed by alpha (?) and beta (?) subunits and a prostetic heme group. Soluble guanylate cyclase converts guanosine triphosphate (GTP) into cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMPc) after nitric oxide (NO) activaton. Under pathophysiological conditions heme can be oxidized (Fe3+), thus reduzing NO efficacy. The main difference between stimulators and activators (BAY 58-2667, BAY 60-2770 and HMR 1766) is that the latter class of drugs is more efficacious when heme is oxidized. The aim of the present study is to characterize the relaxation induced by BAY 60-2770 in isolated pulmonary artery from rabbit. BAY 60-2770 (0.0001-100 ?M) produced concentration dependent relaxation with potency and maxima response values of 10,1 ± 0.04 and 105 ± 0.9%, respectively. The inhibition of sGC (ODQ, 10 ?M) or phosphodiesterase type 5 (tadalafil, 100 ?M) or the nitric oxide synthase (L-NAME, 100 ?M) produced significantly leftward shifts by, approximately, 4.9, 5.4 and 3.0, respectively. The NO-scavenger, the NO-donor, the cyclooxygenase inhibition, the potassium channel blocker or endothelial removal did not interfere on the pharmacological parameters of BAY 60-2770. Phenylephrine (PE, 0.0001- 3 mM) and electrical field stimulation (EFS, 4-16 Hz) induced concentration and frequency dependent-contraction, respectively. Phentolamine (1 ?M) and tetrodotoxin (TTX, 1 ??) practically abolished EFS-induced contraction, showing the neurogenic source of catecholamines. Co-treatment with BAY 60-2770 with ODQ reduced significantly the EFS-induced contraction in comparison with BAY 60- 2770 (1 ?M) alone. Although we have observed a tendency of reduction in the amplitude of contraction when BAY 60-2770 was co-incubated with L-NAME, it was not statistically significant. Therefore, our results showed that the oxidation of heme group, the inhibition of phosphodiesterase and lower levels of NO favoured the relaxing response of BAY 60- 2770 in isolated rabbit pulmonary artery / Mestrado / Farmacologia / Mestre em Farmacologia

The adenylate cyclase toxin (CyaA) plays a key role in the virulence of Bordetella pertussis. CyaA penetrates CR3-expressing phagocytes and catalyzes the uncontrolled conversion of cytosolic ATP to the key second messenger molecule cAMP. This paralyzes the capacity of neutrophils and macrophages to kill bacteria by oxidative burst and opsonophagocytic mechanisms. Here we show that CyaA suppresses the production of bactericidal reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in neutrophils and macrophages, respectively. The inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production is most-likely achieved by the combined PKA-dependent inhibition of PLC and Epac-dependent dysregulation of NADPH oxidase assembly. Activation of PKA or Epac interfered with fMLP-induced ROS production and the inhibition of PKA partially reversed the CyaA-mediated inhibition of ROS production. CyaA/cAMP signaling then inhibited DAG formation, while the PIP3 formation was not influenced. These results suggest that cAMP produced by CyaA influences the composition of target membranes. We further show here that cAMP signaling through the PKA pathway activates the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 and suppresses the production of reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in macrophages. Selective activation of PKA interfered with LPS- induced iNOS expression...

The adenylate cyclase toxin-hemolysin (CyaA) plays a key role in virulence of the whooping cough agent Bordetella pertussis. It translocates an AC enzyme into cytosol of CD11b+ phagocytes and subverts their bactericidal functions by unregulated conversion of ATP to cAMP. In parallel, CyaA permeabilizes cellular membrane by forming cation-selective pores. The goal of my diploma thesis was an analysis of the mechanism of interaction of the segment linking the invasive adenylate cyclase domain and the RTX hemolysin moiety of CyaA with target membrane. Our data show that the segment linking the AC to the hydrophobic domain of CyaA is directly involved in the interaction of the toxin with the membrane and controls the formation of small cationt-selective pores. Our results generate new knowledge that will be of relevance to the entire field of toxin biology and will enable the design of improved CyaA- based vaccines. Keywords: Bordetella pertussis, adenylate cyclase toxin, membrane translocation, pore- forming activity, black lipid bilayers, liposomes

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第22333号 / 医博第4574号 / 新制||医||1041(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 朝長 啓造, 教授 萩原 正敏, 教授 齊藤 博英 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Der cGMP-Signalweg ist als einer der Hauptregulatoren von diversen Funktionen in Eukaryoten bekannt; allerdings ist seine Funktionsweise in Protozoen wenig verstanden. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde eine Guanylatcyclase, gekoppelt mit N-terminalen P4-ATPase, in intrazellulären Parasiten Toxoplasma gondii gemeldet. Eine in silico-Analyse wies auf eine Aktivierung der Guanylatcyclase durch Heterodimerisierung ihrer Cyclasedomänen hin und ermöglichte wertvolle Einsichten in mögliche Funktionen ihrer ATPase-Domäne. Dieses Protein (477-kDa) bezeichnet als TgATPaseP-GC in dieser Studie, lokalisiert in der Plasmamembran am apikalen Pol des Parasiten. TgATPaseP-GC ist unempfänglich gegenüber genetischer Deletion und seine CRISPR/Cas9 unterstützte Spaltung beendet den lytischen Zyklus von T. gondii vorzeitig. Darüber hinaus reduzierte ein Cre/loxP-vermittelter Knockdown von TgATPaseP-GC die Synthese von cGMP im Tachyzoiten und inhibierte das Parasitenwachstum aufgrund von Beeinträchtigungen Motilitäts-abhängiger Prozesse des Austretens und Eindringens. Trotz seiner zeitlich beschränkten Funktion ist TgATPaseP-GC konstitutiv während des ganzen lytischen Zyklus exprimiert, welches eine post-translationale Regulierung des cGMP-Signalweges bedingt. Nicht zuletzt impliziert das Vorhandensein von TgATPaseP-GC-Orthologen in anderen Alveolata eine divergente Umfunktionierung der cGMP-Signalwege in Protozoen. Darüber hinaus wurde ein optogenetischer Ansatz verwendet, um den cGMP-Weg durch eine photo-aktivierte Rhodopsin-Guanylat-Cyclase (RhoGC) in T. gondii zu exprimiert. Dieses System erlaubte eine kontrollierte Erhöhung von cGMP durch Licht in einer schnellen und reversiblen Weise. Die Anregung von RhoGC stimulierte signifikant die Parasitenmotilität, deren Auswirkung auch mit erhöhten Eindringen und Austreten überwacht wurde; im Gegensatz zum genetischen Knockdown von TgATPaseP-GC. Das System ermöglicht die Vermittler des cGMP-Signalwegs durch Phosphoproteomics zu identifizieren. / cGMP signaling is known as one of the master regulators of diverse functions in eukaryotes; however, its architecture and functioning in protozoans remain poorly understood. In the scope of this thesis, an exclusive guanylate cyclase coupled with N-terminal P4-ATPase was reported in an obligate intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii. In silico analysis indicated an activation of the guanylate cyclase by heterodimerization of its two cyclase domains and offered valuable insights into possible functions of its ATPase domain. This bulky protein (477-kDa), termed in this study as TgATPaseP-GC to reflect its envisaged multifunctionality, localizes in the plasma membrane at the apical pole of the parasite. TgATPaseP-GC is refractory to genetic deletion, and its CRISPR/Cas9-assisted disruption aborts the lytic cycle of T. gondii. Besides, Cre/loxP-mediated knockdown of TgATPaseP-GC reduced the synthesis of cGMP in tachyzoites and inhibited the parasite growth due to impairments of motility-dependent egress and invasion events. Notably, despite its temporally restricted function, TgATPaseP-GC is expressed constitutively throughout the lytic cycle, entailing a post-translational regulation of cGMP signaling. Not least, the occurrence of TgATPaseP-GC orthologs in several other alveolates implies a divergent functional repurposing of cGMP signaling in protozoans. Furthermore, an optogenetic approach was utilized to induce cGMP pathway by a photo-activated rhodopsin-guanylate cyclase (RhoGC) in T. gondii. The system enabled a light-control of cGMP elevation on crucial steps of lytic cycle in a fast, spatial and reversible manner. Excitation of RhoGC significantly stimulated the parasite motility of which impact was also monitored with an increased host-cell invasion and egress; as opposed to the genetic knockdown of TgATPaseP-GC. Having an established optogenetic system in the parasite allows to identify downstream targets of cGMP signaling via phosphoproteomic analysis.

It has recently been discovered that the effect of morphine can significantly reduce the tissue damage that occurs during myocardial ischemia. The molecular mechanisms by which morphine acts on the heart are still little understood. The aim of this thesis was to monitor the effect of chronic 27-day and 10-day administration of low (1 mg/kg/day) and high (10 mg/kg/ day) doses of morphine on the expression of selected G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) and on the expression and activity of adenylyl cyclase (AC). Chronic (27 days) morphine treatment reduced the expression of к-opioids receptors, but 10-day morphine exposure did not influence the expression of these receptors. Assessment of β1- and β2-AR by immunoblot technique did not show any significant change in the expression, but the more accurate determination of β-AR expression using the saturation binding studies revealed that 27-day treatment with high doses of morphine appreciable increased the total number of these receptors. Administration of high doses of morphine led to marked up-regulation of adenylyl cyclase (AC) isoforms V/VI, and the amount of AC decreased proportionally with the time of discontinuation of morphine administration. Low doses of morphine up- regulated AC only during 27-day administration. Chronic morphine exposure did...

Adenylate cyclase (CyaA, ACT) toxin is one of the major virulence factors of Bordetella pertussis. Although CyaA binds to many types of membranes, it is assumed that the integrin CD11b/CD18 is its receptor which is expressed on the surface of myeloid cells. CyaA belongs to the family of RTX toxin-hemolysins. CyaA acts on the host cells by two independent activities. One of them is the conversion of ATP to cyclic AMP, which is catalyzed by adenylate cyclase (AC) domain after its translocation into the cytosol of the host cell, which leads to the entry of calcium cations into the host cell. Translocation is probably initiated by interaction of CyaA monomer with the target membrane. The second activity is the formation of CyaA channel selective for cations, which probably causes colloid osmotic lysis of target cells. The channel forming activity is provided by RTX hemolysin domain which most probably forms oligomers, although it was found that CyaA as a monomer causes leakage of potassium cations from the host cell. It is also not clear whether the oligomerization of CyaA would occur in solution, or after interaction with the host membrane. The aim of this study was to examine the flow of sodium ions on the membrane of murine macrophages J774A.1, which express integrin CD11b/CD18 on their surface....

Acute and chronic morphine administration can significantly reduce ischemia- reperfusion injury of the rat heart. However, the molecular mechanisms mediating the protective effect of morphine are not yet fully elucidated. Concurrently, there is a lack of information about the effects of the long-term action of morphine on heart tissue. Therefore, in the first part of the project, we studied the effect of long-term administration of high doses of morphine (10 mg/kg/day, 10 days) on rat heart tissue. In the second part of the project, we investigated the effect of 1 mM morphine on viability and redox state of rat cardiomyoblast cell line H9c2 that was influenced by oxidative stress elicited by exposure to 300 μM tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP). Our experiments have shown that long-term morphine administration affected neither the amount nor the affinity of myocardial β-adrenergic receptors (β-AR), but almost doubled the number of the dominant isoforms of myocardial adenylyl cyclase (AC) V/VI and led to supersensitization of AC. At the same time, proteomic analyses revealed that long-term morphine administration was associated with significant changes in the left ventricular proteome. In particular, there was an increase in the expression of heat shock proteins (HSP). Increased expression of HSP27...

Die Entwicklung des grampositiven Bodenbakteriums Streptomyces ist in einem komplexen Lebenszyklus koordiniert, bestehend aus drei Stufen: vegetativem Hyphenwachstum, Luftmycelbildung und Sporulation. C-di-GMP kontrolliert die Enwicklung über zwei Effektorproteine: dem Masterregulator BldD und dem Anti-Sigmafaktor RsiG. In dieser Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass das membranständige GGDEF-EAL Protein CdgC eine wichtige aktive Diguanylatzyklase (DGC) in S. venezuelae ist. Chromosomale Deletion von cdgC führte zu einer flachen, gräulichen Koloniemorphologie mit radialen Stegen und hydrophiler Oberfläche sowie zu frühzeitiger Sporulation ohne Lufthyphenbildung. Phänotypische Analysen zeigten, dass die DGC-Aktivität von CdgC essentiell ist für dessen biologische Rolle und deuten auf einen zusätzlichen Protein-spezifischen morphologischen Effekt von CdgC hin. CdgC-FLAG akkumuliert im Laufe des Lebenszyklus und scheint BldD-abhängig über eine c-di-GMP vermittelte Feedbackschleife reguliert zu werden. Frühere RNA-seq Daten, verifiziert für repräsentative Gene mittels qRT-PCR, deuten eine differentielle Expression der Bestandteile des hydrophoben Mantels als Ursache der Lufthyphendefizienz an. Konfokalmikroskopische Aufnahmen des bakteriellen Tubulin-Homologons FtsZ deuten einen c-di-GMP-sensitiven Einfluss von CdgC auf die Koordination der Zellteilung an. Zudem konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass CdgC mit sich selbst sowie drei potentiellen Membranproteinen interagiert. Demnach trägt CdgC zur Koordination von Zellteilungs- und hydrophoben Zelloberflächenproteinen bei und beeinflusst damit c-di-GMP-abhängig den Zeitpunkt der Sporenbildung. Insgesamt führt diese Studie CdgC als GGDEF-EAL-Tandemprotein mit spezifischem Knockout- Phänotyp ein, der von seiner DGC-Aktivität sowie seinem Membrananker bestimmt wird. Zudem ist CdgC, als Reaktion auf eine noch unbekannte Signalübertragungskaskade, an der Koordinierung von Zeitpunkt und Verlauf der Sporulation ausschlaggebend beteiligt. / The proliferation of Gram-positive soil bacteria Streptomyces is temporally and genetically coordinated with a complex developmental life cycle, including three main stages of differentiation: vegetative hyphal growth, formation of aerial mycelium and sporulation. The key factor of Streptomyces developmental control is c-di-GMP with to-date two identified effector proteins: the master regulator BldD and the anti-sigma factor RsiG. In this thesis, the membrane-associated GGDEF-EAL protein CdgC, was identified as a major active diguanylate cyclase (DGC) in S. venezuelae. Deletion of cdgC results in the unique flat gray colony morphology with radial wrinkles and a hydrophilic surface, that shows enhanced sporulation without forming aerial hyphae. Phenotypic analyses suggest, that the DGC activity is essential for its biological role, but hint to an additional protein specific role. The protein levels of CdgC-FLAG were found to accumulate during the life cycle of S. venezuelae. Further investigation of CdgC-FLAG in a strain carrying a DNA-binding deficient BldD_D116A allele indicated, that BldD represses the expression of CdgC in a regulatory feedback loop along with the DGCs CdgA, CdgB and CdgE. RNA‐sequencing data indicated that reduced expression levels of the major compounds of the hydrophobic sheath result in the initiation of sporulation out of the vegetative mycelium and were verified for representative examples via qRT-PCR. Confocal microscopic imaging of the bacterial tubulin homolog FtsZ indicated a contribution of CdgC via its DGC activity in coordination of the cell division. In addition, BTH screenings revealed self-interaction and identified three membrane associated interaction partners. In conclusion, this study introduces the GGDEF-EAL tandem protein CdgC, whose specific knockout phenotype is governed by its DGC activity and membrane association. CdgC seems to drive timing and mode of sporulation in response to an unknown signal to a major extend.