As we age, our ability to cope with a variety of stresses significantly decreases. One of the features of an ageing organism is the dramatic increase in the number of cells arrested in the G1 phase, a process known as senescence. It is well established that the senescence phenotype leads to a change in the way cells respond to stress. However, the molecular mechanisms by which these cells cope and/or respond to a variety of environmental challenges remain unknown. In general, cells respond to stress by engaging a variety of mechanisms; one of them is the assembly of cytoplasmic foci known as stress granules (SGs). These entities are considered as part of the survival pathways that are activated at the beginning of any stress to protect key cellular elements which allow a quick recovery if the stress is rapidly removed. However, we do not know whether SGs formation is activated during senescence. In this study, we investigated the formation and the role of SGs in senescent cells exposed to various stresses. We demonstrated that while SGs can assemble in response to oxidative stress (OS) during all the steps leading to senescence activation, their number significantly increases at late stage of senescence. This increase correlates with a rapid decrease in the expression of the cyclin kinase inhibitor p21, one of the main players in the activation of the senescence phenotype. Although the OS-induced recruitment of p21 mRNA to SGs correlates with a significant increase in its half-life, this translocation interferes with p21 translation only at late senescence. This translation inhibition could be explained by the co-recruitment of CUGBP1, a known translation activator during senescence of p21, and p21 mRNA to SGs. Therefore, our data suggest that SGs formation and the reduction in p21 protein levels represent two main events through which senescent cells respond to stress conditions.

No description available.

No description available.

Poly-(ADP-ribsoyl) Polymerases (PARPs) are a superfamily of enzymes comprised of 17 known isoforms. PARP inhibitors (PARPi) have shown success in clinical trials for the treatment of homologous recombination-deficient cancers. Though proven effective initially, tumors treated with PARPi eventually develop resistance. Combinatorial therapeutics targeting PARP and other pathways that may re-sensitize tumors to PARP inhibition, including PI3K/AKT/mTor pathway, and cell-cycle checkpoints (such as CDKs, CHK, and Wee) are being tested. In this context, the synthetic lethality of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) and PARP1 is known. Evaluation of PARP1 and CDK1 pharmacophores led to the development of the tetrahydro-arylazepinone (TAAP) scaffold as a potential dual PARP1/CDK1 inhibitor. We screened a handful of TAAP analogs against PARP1 in a cell-free assay that identified the low micromolar PARP1 inhibitor 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-5H-benzo[e][1,4]-diazepin-5-one (TBAP), which served as the lead compound. The analogous 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-5H-pyrido[2,3-e][1,4]-diazepin-5-one (TPAP) series showed a similar bioactivity profile. Satisfyingly, the N1-benzyl TPAP analogue showed activity in the low nanomolar range. The TAAP series (i.e., 6/7-membered scaffold) unfortunately lacked CDK1 inhibitory activity. Finally, many PARPi's show poor isoform-selectivity. The development of isoform-selective PARPi can clarify the specific function of each PARP isoform and may reduce the adverse side effects shown by PARPi. A handful of TAAP analogs were screened against 13 PARP isoforms, where some compounds demonstrated exquisite PARP1/2 selectivity. Concurrently, we discovered an inhibitor for PARP11, an isoform that lacks any known synthetic ligand. Future directions are suggested towards fine-tuning the structure-activity relationship of TAAP-isoform selective PARPi as well as developing a dual PARP1/CDK1 inhibitor. / Master of Science / The aim of this work is to explore the therapeutic potential of poly-(ADP-ribosyl) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) for the treatment of ovarian and breast cancer, specifically triple negative breast cancer. Poly-(ADP-ribsoyl) Polymerases (PARPs) are a superfamily of enzymes comprised of 17 known isoforms. Currently, there are three FDA approved PARPi - olaparib, isoforms. Further, tumors have been shown to develop resistance to PARPi. Herein, we explored the 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-5H-aryl[1,4]diazepin-5-one scaffold as a potential PARP1/2-selective rucaparib, and niraparib; however, these PARPi demonstrate non-selectivity amongst the PARP inhibitor and its possibility for targeted pharmacology with other kinases.

O melanoma cutâneo é a neoplasia de pele de maior mortalidade. A imprevisibilidade de sua evolução é uma de suas características principais, o tratamento do tumor primário é, atualmente, de pouca morbidade e, na doença disseminada, as opções terapêuticas são pouco eficazes. É fundamental a pesquisa de marcadores tumorais que permitam a previsão da evolução, melhor compreensão da patogênese do melanoma e possibilitem a descoberta de alvos moleculares. Nesse contexto, estudos genéticos mostraram a importância da regulação do ciclo celular, especialmente a passagem da fase G1-S. Importantes fatores envolvidos compõem a cascata da proteína Rb (p16, ciclina D1, CDK4 e pRb) e da proteína p53 (p53 e p21). Objetivo: verificar a frequência da expressão de p16, ciclina D1,CDK4, pRb, p53 e p21 em melanomas cutâneos de cabeça, pescoço e tronco e sua relação com prognóstico. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo envolvendo 46 pacientes (sendo 67,3% homens, idade média 57,7 ± 15,8 anos) com melanoma cutâneo de cabeça, pescoço e tronco que foram tratados pela mesma equipe com seguimento mínimo de dois anos. Foram estudados fatores clínicos (topografia do tumor primário, tempo de seguimento, ocorrência de metástases e óbito relacionado), histopatológicos (tipo histológico, índice de Clark, índice de Breslow) e análise imuno-histoquímica pela técnica de micro-array para as proteínas reguladoras do ciclo celular p16, ciclina D1, CDK4, pRb, p53 e p21. Resultados: Houve proporção igualitária entre as topografias (23 casos em tronco, 23 em cabeça e pescoço). Treze pacientes com Clark I (29,5%), cinco com II (11,3%), 16 com III (36,5%), 10 com IV (22,7%) e nenhum com Clark V. A média das medidas de Breslow foi 0,96 (DP=1,01). O seguimento médio foi de 77 meses (DP=47). Oito dos 46 pacientes (17,3%) tiveram evolução desfavorável, com seis óbitos relacionados. A idade foi mais elevada no grupo com evolução desfavorável (p=0,04). Houve expressão de p16 em 80%, ciclina D1 em 58,9%, CDK4 em 43,5%, pRb em 58,5%, p53 em 53,6% e p21 em 52,3% dos melanomas. Em análise univariada, a expressão do p21 foi relacionada com evolução desfavorável (p=0,04), o que não foi observado com a expressão dos outros marcadores (p>0,05). Conclusão: A expressão da proteína p21 nos melanomas cutâneos de cabeça, pescoço e tronco foi relacionada com evolução desfavorável, o que não ocorreu com outros fatores envolvidos na regulação do ciclo celular / Melanoma is the most lethal skin cancer. The outcome of melanoma is not predictable in most cases. Although the treatment for the primary tumor is well tolerated, there are no effective therapeutic options in disseminated disease. Efforts are being made in the search for tumoral markers that may predict outcome, increase the comprehension of melanoma pathogenesis, and may also help the search for molecular targets. In this issue, genetic studies concerning the regulation of cell cycle, including the G1-S checkpoint, are important. The retinoblastoma protein (pRb) pathway (p16, cyclin D1, CDK4 and pRb) and the p53 pathway (p53 and p21) are part of this regulation. Objectives: to verify the expression of p16, cyclin D1, CDK4, pRb, p53 and p21 in head, neck and trunk melanomas, and its correlation with prognosis. Method: Retrospective study approved by institution ethics committee. Fourtysix head, neck and trunk melanoma patients (67.3% men, mean age 57.7±15.8) treated by a single surgeon with minimum 2-years follow-up were enrolled. Clinical factors (primary tumor location, follow-up period, metastasis or related deaths), pathologic (histological subtype, Clark and Breslow index) and microarray immunohystochemical analysis of the cell cycle proteins p16, cyclin D1, CDK4, pRb, p53 and p21. Results: Location of the primary tumor was equal for head/neck and trunk (50% each). Thirteen patients were classified as Clark I (29.5%), five as Clark II (11.3%), 16 as Clark III (36.5%), 10 as IV (22.7%), none as Clark V. Mean Breslow measure was 0.96±1.01. Mean follow-up was 77±47 months. Eight patients (17.3%) had bad outcome, with six related deaths. Patients with worse outcome had a higher mean age at diagnosis (p=0,04). Expression of p16 was positive in 80%. Cyclin D1 was positive in 58.9%. CDK4 was positive in 43.5%. pRb was positive in 58.5%. p53 was positive in 53.6%. p21 was positive in 52.3%. Univariated analysis showed that p21 expression was related to worse outcome (p=0,04), while the other markers were not (p>0,05). Conclusion: p21 expression in head, neck and trunk melanomas was related to worse outcome. Expression of the other cell cycle regulators proteins was not

O melanoma cutâneo é a neoplasia de pele de maior mortalidade. A imprevisibilidade de sua evolução é uma de suas características principais, o tratamento do tumor primário é, atualmente, de pouca morbidade e, na doença disseminada, as opções terapêuticas são pouco eficazes. É fundamental a pesquisa de marcadores tumorais que permitam a previsão da evolução, melhor compreensão da patogênese do melanoma e possibilitem a descoberta de alvos moleculares. Nesse contexto, estudos genéticos mostraram a importância da regulação do ciclo celular, especialmente a passagem da fase G1-S. Importantes fatores envolvidos compõem a cascata da proteína Rb (p16, ciclina D1, CDK4 e pRb) e da proteína p53 (p53 e p21). Objetivo: verificar a frequência da expressão de p16, ciclina D1,CDK4, pRb, p53 e p21 em melanomas cutâneos de cabeça, pescoço e tronco e sua relação com prognóstico. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo envolvendo 46 pacientes (sendo 67,3% homens, idade média 57,7 ± 15,8 anos) com melanoma cutâneo de cabeça, pescoço e tronco que foram tratados pela mesma equipe com seguimento mínimo de dois anos. Foram estudados fatores clínicos (topografia do tumor primário, tempo de seguimento, ocorrência de metástases e óbito relacionado), histopatológicos (tipo histológico, índice de Clark, índice de Breslow) e análise imuno-histoquímica pela técnica de micro-array para as proteínas reguladoras do ciclo celular p16, ciclina D1, CDK4, pRb, p53 e p21. Resultados: Houve proporção igualitária entre as topografias (23 casos em tronco, 23 em cabeça e pescoço). Treze pacientes com Clark I (29,5%), cinco com II (11,3%), 16 com III (36,5%), 10 com IV (22,7%) e nenhum com Clark V. A média das medidas de Breslow foi 0,96 (DP=1,01). O seguimento médio foi de 77 meses (DP=47). Oito dos 46 pacientes (17,3%) tiveram evolução desfavorável, com seis óbitos relacionados. A idade foi mais elevada no grupo com evolução desfavorável (p=0,04). Houve expressão de p16 em 80%, ciclina D1 em 58,9%, CDK4 em 43,5%, pRb em 58,5%, p53 em 53,6% e p21 em 52,3% dos melanomas. Em análise univariada, a expressão do p21 foi relacionada com evolução desfavorável (p=0,04), o que não foi observado com a expressão dos outros marcadores (p>0,05). Conclusão: A expressão da proteína p21 nos melanomas cutâneos de cabeça, pescoço e tronco foi relacionada com evolução desfavorável, o que não ocorreu com outros fatores envolvidos na regulação do ciclo celular / Melanoma is the most lethal skin cancer. The outcome of melanoma is not predictable in most cases. Although the treatment for the primary tumor is well tolerated, there are no effective therapeutic options in disseminated disease. Efforts are being made in the search for tumoral markers that may predict outcome, increase the comprehension of melanoma pathogenesis, and may also help the search for molecular targets. In this issue, genetic studies concerning the regulation of cell cycle, including the G1-S checkpoint, are important. The retinoblastoma protein (pRb) pathway (p16, cyclin D1, CDK4 and pRb) and the p53 pathway (p53 and p21) are part of this regulation. Objectives: to verify the expression of p16, cyclin D1, CDK4, pRb, p53 and p21 in head, neck and trunk melanomas, and its correlation with prognosis. Method: Retrospective study approved by institution ethics committee. Fourtysix head, neck and trunk melanoma patients (67.3% men, mean age 57.7±15.8) treated by a single surgeon with minimum 2-years follow-up were enrolled. Clinical factors (primary tumor location, follow-up period, metastasis or related deaths), pathologic (histological subtype, Clark and Breslow index) and microarray immunohystochemical analysis of the cell cycle proteins p16, cyclin D1, CDK4, pRb, p53 and p21. Results: Location of the primary tumor was equal for head/neck and trunk (50% each). Thirteen patients were classified as Clark I (29.5%), five as Clark II (11.3%), 16 as Clark III (36.5%), 10 as IV (22.7%), none as Clark V. Mean Breslow measure was 0.96±1.01. Mean follow-up was 77±47 months. Eight patients (17.3%) had bad outcome, with six related deaths. Patients with worse outcome had a higher mean age at diagnosis (p=0,04). Expression of p16 was positive in 80%. Cyclin D1 was positive in 58.9%. CDK4 was positive in 43.5%. pRb was positive in 58.5%. p53 was positive in 53.6%. p21 was positive in 52.3%. Univariated analysis showed that p21 expression was related to worse outcome (p=0,04), while the other markers were not (p>0,05). Conclusion: p21 expression in head, neck and trunk melanomas was related to worse outcome. Expression of the other cell cycle regulators proteins was not

A resistência tubular renal tem sido estudada a fim de se ampliar a compreensão da fisiopatologia da Insuficiência renal aguda (IRA). A isquemia renal induz à resistência a um subseqüente insulto isquêmico sendo que os mecanismos de resistência parecem depender de alterações celulares. O p21 é um inibidor do ciclo celular, o qual pode ser induzido por radicais livres de oxigênio e parece ter um efeito protetor na IRA isquêmica. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar o papel do p21 e do estresse oxidativo em modelo de resistência adquirida após episódio de IRA isquêmica, e em túbulos proximais isolados após isquemia. Ratos Wistar foram divididos em 3 grupos: grupo 1- sham, grupo 2- submetido a procedimento sham e após 2 dias submetido à isquemia de 45 min e grupo 3- submetido à isquemia de 45 min e após 2 dias submetido à segunda isquemia de 45 min. Os valores de uréia plasmática (114±60 vs. 136±44 mg/dL, n.s.), a creatinina sérica (0,86±0,2 vs. 0,98±0,1mg/dL, n.s.) e o clearance de creatinina (0,21±0,1vs. 0,24±0,1mL/min/100g, n.s.), avaliados 48 h após o segundo procedimento (Dia 4), foram semelhantes entre os grupos 2 e 3. O tempo de recuperação da IRA também foi semelhante entre os grupos 2 e 3. A histologia mostrou necrose tubular aguda aparentemente de grau semelhante entre os grupos 2 e 3. O infiltrado linfocitário foi semelhante entre os 3 grupos, entretanto houve aumento no infiltrado de macrófagos no grupo 3. Foi observado aumento na proliferação celular no grupo 2 e grupo 3, quando comparados ao grupo 1(125±28 cél./mm2, p<0,05), entretanto, a proliferação foi mais intensa no grupo 2 (1.262±440 cél /mm2) que no grupo 3 (653±300 cél /mm2, p<0,05 vs. group 2). O grau de apoptose encontrado foi semelhante entre o grupo 2 e o grupo 3. Houve aumento na expressão do p21 apenas no grupo 3 sendo que esta expressão foi semelhante nos grupos 1 e 2. Foi estudada também a resistência celular em túbulos proximais (TP) isolados de ratos normais (grupo Controle) e ratos submetidos à isquemia de 35 min, 24 h antes do estudo (grupo Isquemia). TP do grupo Isquemia foram susceptíveis à hipóxia, porém, resistentes à lesão de reoxigenação. Além disto, apresentaram menor produção de hidroperóxidos. Portanto, a resistência renal isquêmica aparentemente está associada a mecanismos celulares, o estresse oxidativo e o aumento na expressão do p21 são possíveis mediadores destes mecanismos. / Renal tubular resistance has been studied for the understanding of ischemic acute renal failure (ARF). Subsequent ischemic episodes may induce renal resistance whose mechanisms seem to be related to cell alterations. P21 is a cell cycle inhibitor that may be induced by oxygen free radicals and may have a protective effect in ischemic ARF. This study aimed at evaluating the role of oxidative stress and p21 on tubular resistance in isolated renal tubules and in a model of acquired resistance after renal ischemia. Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups: group 1 - sham; group 2 - submitted to sham procedure and after 2 days submitted to 45 min ischemia and group 3 - submitted to ischemia of 45 min followed by a second 45 min ischemia after 2 days. Plasma urea levels (114±60 vs. 136±44 mg/dL), serum creatinine (0.86±0.2 vs. 0.98±0.1mg/dL) and creatinine clearance (0.21±0.1vs. 0.24±0.1mL/min/100g.) evaluated at 48 hours after the second procedure were similar between groups 2 and 3 (all NS). ARF recovery time was also similar between groups 2 and 3. Histology disclosed the same degree of acute tubular necrosis between groups 2 and 3. Lymphocytes infiltrate was similar among all groups whereas macrophages infiltrate was greater in group 3. Enhanced cell proliferation was observed in groups 2 and 3 when compared with group 1 (125±28 cel/mm2, p<0.05), however it was greater in group 2 (1,262±440 cel/mm2) than group 3 (653±300 cel/mm2, p<0.05 vs. group 2). Degree of apoptosis was similar between groups 2 and 3. The p21 expression was increased only in group 3 whereas it was similar in groups 1 and 2. Cell resistance was also evaluated in isolated renal proximal tubules (PT) from control and ischemia groups. In the latter group, animals were submitted to 35 min ischemia and PT were isolated one day later. PT from the ischemia group were sensitive to hypoxia but resistant to reoxygenation injury which was followed by lower hydroperoxides production. In conclusion, renal resistance obtained by an ischemia was associated with cell mechanisms involving oxidative stress and increased p21 expression as mediators of this protection.

INTRODUÇÃO: O melanoma acral lentiginoso (MAL) tem freqüência expressiva entre os casos de melanoma observados no nosso meio e difere dos outros tipos clinicopatológicos de melanoma cutâneos por não ter a exposição solar como fator predisponente. Poucos trabalhos da literatura enfocam as alterações dos genes supressores de tumores e a expressão de suas proteínas nas lesões de MAL. Por esses motivos propusemo-nos a realizar um estudo retrospectivo visando uma melhor compreensão das proteínas envolvidas na via p16 INK4a /ciclina D1/CDK4/pRb do ciclo celular, no MAL em casuística brasileira. MÉTODOS: Através de técnica de imunoistoquímica foi demonstrada a expressão das proteínas p16, ciclina D1, CDK4 e pRb em 32 lesões de MAL. Comparou-se a freqüência de expressão desses marcadores nos tumores delgados (espessura de até 1,0mm) e espessos (mais de 1,0 mm de espessura), assim como de acordo com a presença ou ausência de ulceração. RESULTADOS: Houve expressão de p16 em 78% das lesões, de ciclina D1 em 61,5%, CDK4 em 84% e pRb em 85% dos MAL analisados. O padrão de imunomarcação das células neoplásicas foi nuclear para todos os anticorpos. Expressão nuclear associada à citoplasmática foi observada em 76% dos tumores positivos para p16 e 81% dos casos positivos para CDK4. Não houve diferenças significativas entre as freqüências de expressão de cada um dos marcadores quando comparados de acordo com sua espessura (delgados e espessos) e presença de ulceração. CONCLUSÕES: A expressão de ciclina D1 e CDK4, nos melanomas acrais lentiginosos, pode ser considerada aberrante e reflexo de provável alteração na via supressora de tumores p16/ciclinaD1/CDK4/pRb. A expressão tecidual de p16 e pRb, demonstrada pela técnica imunoistoquímica, pode não refletir as prováveis alterações da via supressora de tumores estudada. Esses marcadores, isoladamente, não devem ser considerados como fatores prognósticos no melanoma acral lentiginoso / INTRODUCTION: Acral lentiginous melanoma (ALM) has an expressive frequency between melanoma cases in our country, and it differs from the others clinical pathological types of cutaneous melanoma, because it does not have sun exposure as a predisposing factor. There are few publications in the literature addressing the expression of tumor suppressor pathway proteins in ALM. For these reasons we proposed to carry out a retrospective study aiming at a better understanding of p16 INK4a /cyclin D1/CDK4/pRb pathway involvement in ALM lesions. METHODS: Expression of p16, cyclin D1, CDK4 and pRB in 32 ALM lesions was displayed by immunohistochemistry. We compared the frequency of the expression of these markers in thin (thickness up to 1.0 mm) and thick lesions (thickness above 1.0 mm), as well as in accordance with the presence or absence of ulceration. RESULTS: 76% of the tumors were positive to p16 and 81% of the cases were positive to CDK4. There was no significant difference between the frequency of the expression of each marker when comparing in accordance with the thickness (thin and thick lesions) and the presence of ulceration. CONCLUSIONS: The expression of cyclin D1 and CDK4 in acral lentiginous melanoma may be considered aberrant and as reflex of a probable alteration in the p16/cyclin D1/CDK4/pRb tumor suppressor pathway. p16 and pRb tumor expression displayed by immunohistochemistry may not reflect probable alterations of the tumor suppressor pathway studied. The expression of these proteins, per se, may not be considered as prognostic factor in acral lentiginous melanoma

INTRODUÇÃO: O melanoma acral lentiginoso (MAL) tem freqüência expressiva entre os casos de melanoma observados no nosso meio e difere dos outros tipos clinicopatológicos de melanoma cutâneos por não ter a exposição solar como fator predisponente. Poucos trabalhos da literatura enfocam as alterações dos genes supressores de tumores e a expressão de suas proteínas nas lesões de MAL. Por esses motivos propusemo-nos a realizar um estudo retrospectivo visando uma melhor compreensão das proteínas envolvidas na via p16 INK4a /ciclina D1/CDK4/pRb do ciclo celular, no MAL em casuística brasileira. MÉTODOS: Através de técnica de imunoistoquímica foi demonstrada a expressão das proteínas p16, ciclina D1, CDK4 e pRb em 32 lesões de MAL. Comparou-se a freqüência de expressão desses marcadores nos tumores delgados (espessura de até 1,0mm) e espessos (mais de 1,0 mm de espessura), assim como de acordo com a presença ou ausência de ulceração. RESULTADOS: Houve expressão de p16 em 78% das lesões, de ciclina D1 em 61,5%, CDK4 em 84% e pRb em 85% dos MAL analisados. O padrão de imunomarcação das células neoplásicas foi nuclear para todos os anticorpos. Expressão nuclear associada à citoplasmática foi observada em 76% dos tumores positivos para p16 e 81% dos casos positivos para CDK4. Não houve diferenças significativas entre as freqüências de expressão de cada um dos marcadores quando comparados de acordo com sua espessura (delgados e espessos) e presença de ulceração. CONCLUSÕES: A expressão de ciclina D1 e CDK4, nos melanomas acrais lentiginosos, pode ser considerada aberrante e reflexo de provável alteração na via supressora de tumores p16/ciclinaD1/CDK4/pRb. A expressão tecidual de p16 e pRb, demonstrada pela técnica imunoistoquímica, pode não refletir as prováveis alterações da via supressora de tumores estudada. Esses marcadores, isoladamente, não devem ser considerados como fatores prognósticos no melanoma acral lentiginoso / INTRODUCTION: Acral lentiginous melanoma (ALM) has an expressive frequency between melanoma cases in our country, and it differs from the others clinical pathological types of cutaneous melanoma, because it does not have sun exposure as a predisposing factor. There are few publications in the literature addressing the expression of tumor suppressor pathway proteins in ALM. For these reasons we proposed to carry out a retrospective study aiming at a better understanding of p16 INK4a /cyclin D1/CDK4/pRb pathway involvement in ALM lesions. METHODS: Expression of p16, cyclin D1, CDK4 and pRB in 32 ALM lesions was displayed by immunohistochemistry. We compared the frequency of the expression of these markers in thin (thickness up to 1.0 mm) and thick lesions (thickness above 1.0 mm), as well as in accordance with the presence or absence of ulceration. RESULTS: 76% of the tumors were positive to p16 and 81% of the cases were positive to CDK4. There was no significant difference between the frequency of the expression of each marker when comparing in accordance with the thickness (thin and thick lesions) and the presence of ulceration. CONCLUSIONS: The expression of cyclin D1 and CDK4 in acral lentiginous melanoma may be considered aberrant and as reflex of a probable alteration in the p16/cyclin D1/CDK4/pRb tumor suppressor pathway. p16 and pRb tumor expression displayed by immunohistochemistry may not reflect probable alterations of the tumor suppressor pathway studied. The expression of these proteins, per se, may not be considered as prognostic factor in acral lentiginous melanoma

The focus of this research was to investigate the role of protein kinase C-iota (PKC-é) in the regulation of Bad function, a pro-apoptotic member of the Bcl-2 family and Cdk7 function, a master cell cycle regulator in glioblastoma. The results were obtained from the human glial tumor derived cell lines, T98G and U87MG. In these cells, PKC-é co-localized and directly associated with Bad as shown by immunofluorescence, immunoprecipitation, and Western blotting. Furthermore, in-vitro kinase activity assay showed that PKC-é directly phosphorylated Bad at phospho specific residues, S112, S136 and S155 which in turn induced inactivation of Bad and disruption of the Bad/Bcl-XL dimer. Knockdown of PKC-é by siRNA exhibited a corresponding reduction in Bad phosphorylation suggesting that PKC-é may be a Bad kinase. Since, PKC-é is an essential downstream mediator of the PI (3)-kinase, we hypothesize that glioma cell survival is mediated via a PI (3)-kinase/PDK1/PKC-é/Bad pathway. Treatment with PI(3)-kinase inhibitors Wortmannin and LY294002, as well as PDK1 siRNA, inhibited PKC-é activity and subsequent phosphorylation of Bad suggesting that PKC-é regulates the activity of Bad in a PI (3)-kinase dependent manner. Robust expression of PKC-é is a hallmark of human glioma and benign and malignant meningiomas, however, little is understood about its role in glioma cell proliferation. The cyclin dependent kinase activating kinase complex (CAK), comprises of cyclin dependent kinase 7 (Cdk7), cyclin H and MAT1, is the master cell regulator. Cdk7 phosphorylates its downstream cyclin dependent kinases (cdks) and promotes cell proliferation. Results show that PKC-é directly associated and phosphorylated Cdk7 at T170. Furthermore, Cdk7 phosphorylated its downstream target, cyclin dependent kinase 2 (cdk2) at T160. Purified PKC-é was also observed to phosphorylate endogenous as well as exogenous Cdk7. PKC-é knockdown with siRNA, PDK1 siRNA and (PI) 3-kinase inhibitors, Wortmannin and LY294002 treatment exhibited corresponding reduction in phosphorylation of Cdk7 and subsequently cdk2. In addition, PKC-é knockdown reduced cell proliferation; led to cell cycle arrest and also induced apoptosis. Thus, these findings suggest the presence of a novel PI (3)-kinase/PKC-é/BAD mediated cell survival and PI (3)-kinase/PKC-é/Cdk7 mediated cell proliferation pathway.