Yes / Sunburn is a commonly occurring acute inflammatory process, with dermal vasodilatation and leukocyte infiltration as central features. Ultraviolet (UV) B-induced hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids releases polyunsaturated fatty acids and their subsequent metabolism by cyclooxygenases (COX) and lipoxygenases (LOX) may produce potent eicosanoid mediators modulating different stages of the inflammation. Our objective was to identify candidate eicosanoids formed during the sunburn reaction in relation to its clinical and histological course. We exposed skin of healthy humans (n=32) to UVB and for 72h examined (i) expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory eicosanoids using LC/ESI-MS/MS and (ii) immunohistochemical expression of COX-2, 12-LOX, 15-LOX and leucocyte markers, while (iii) quantifying clinical erythema. We show that vasodilatory prostaglandins (PG)E2, PGF2¿ and PGE3 accompany the erythema in the first 24-48h, associated with increased COX-2 expression at 24h. Novel, potent leukocyte chemoattractants 11-, 12- and 8-monohydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acid (-HETE) are elevated from 4-72h, in association with peak dermal neutrophil influx at 24h, and increased dermal CD3+ lymphocytes and 12- and 15-LOX expression from 24-72h. Anti-inflammatory metabolite 15-HETE shows later expression, peaking at 72h. Sunburn is characterized by overlapping phases of increases in COX products followed by LOX products that may regulate subsequent events and ultimately its resolution. / The Wellcome Trust

No / There are two schools of thought regarding the cyclooxygenase (COX) isoform active in the vasculature. Using urinary prostacyclin markers some groups have proposed that vascular COX-2 drives prostacyclin release. In contrast, we and others have found that COX-1, not COX-2, is responsible for vascular prostacyclin production. Our experiments have relied on immunoassays to detect the prostacyclin breakdown product, 6-keto-PGF1α and antibodies to detect COX-2 protein. Whilst these are standard approaches, used by many laboratories, antibody-based techniques are inherently indirect and have been criticized as limiting the conclusions that can be drawn. To address this question, we measured production of prostanoids, including 6-keto-PGF1α, by isolated vessels and in the circulation in vivo using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and found values essentially identical to those obtained by immunoassay. In addition, we determined expression from the Cox2 gene using a knockin reporter mouse in which luciferase activity reflects Cox2 gene expression. Using this we confirm the aorta to be essentially devoid of Cox2 driven expression. In contrast, thymus, renal medulla, and regions of the brain and gut expressed substantial levels of luciferase activity, which correlated well with COX-2-dependent prostanoid production. These data are consistent with the conclusion that COX-1 drives vascular prostacyclin release and puts the sparse expression of Cox2 in the vasculature in the context of the rest of the body. In doing so, we have identified the thymus, gut, brain and other tissues as target organs for consideration in developing a new understanding of how COX-2 protects the cardiovascular system.

Yes / Aspirin and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) reduce colorectal adenomatous polyp risk and affect synthesis of oxylipins including prostaglandin E2. We investigated whether 35 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in oxylipin metabolism genes such as cyclooxygenase [PTGS] and lipoxygenase [ALOX], as well as 7 SNPs already associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) risk reduction by aspirin (eg. TP53; rs104522), modified the effects of aspirin and EPA on colorectal polyp recurrence in the randomised 2x2 factorial seAFOod trial. Treatment effects were reported as the incidence rate ratio (IRR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) by stratifying negative binomial and Poisson regression analyses of colorectal polyp risk on SNP genotype. Statistical significance was reported with adjustment for the false discovery rate as the P and q value. Five hundred and forty-two (of 707) trial participants had both genotype and colonoscopy outcome data. Reduction in colorectal polyp risk in aspirin users compared with non-aspirin users was restricted to rs4837960 (PTGS1) common homozygotes (IRR 0.69 [95%CI 0.53,0.90]; q=0.06), rs2745557 (PTGS2) compound heterozygote-rare homozygotes (IRR 0.60 [0.41,0.88]; q=0.06), rs7090328 (ALOX5) rare homozygotes (IRR 0.27 [0.11,0.64]; q=0.05), rs2073438 (ALOX12) common homozygotes (IRR 0.57 [0.41,0.80]; q=0.05), and rs104522 (TP53) rare homozygotes (IRR 0.37 [0.17,0.79]; q=0.06). No modification of colorectal polyp risk in EPA users was observed. In conclusion, genetic variants relevant to the proposed mechanism of action on oxylipins are associated with differential colorectal polyp risk reduction by aspirin in individuals who develop multiple colorectal polyps. SNP genotypes should be considered during development of personalised, predictive models of CRC chemoprevention by aspirin. / Funder(s): Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation Programme (EME) Award Id(s): NIHR128210. Funder(s): NIHR Senior Investigator grant. Funder(s): Cancer Research UK (CRUK) Award Id(s): C23434/A24939. Funder(s): European Union-BBSRC (UK) Award Id(s): BB/P028233/1.

The anti-inflammatory properties of four medicinal plants were investigated. These plant extracts were subjected to screening for their possible effects as antioxidative, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory agents. In the antioxidant activity, the Plantago lancelota extracts resulted in an IC50 value of 0.4 mg/mL compared to the positive control quecertin with IC50 0.04 mg/mL Plantago lanceolata inhibited COX-2 activity with IC50 values of 0.41 mg/mL. However, the COX-1 inhibition indicated an IC50 of 68.99 mg/mL. The lipoxygenase assay indicated that Plantago lanceolata was the most active plant species with an IC50 value of 4.86 mg/mL compared to the positive control (quecertin) with an IC50<2mg/mL. The nitric oxide assay of the plant extracts indicates a dose-dependent activity of our plant extracts. Likewise the cell viability result indicated a good activity at dose 100 mg/mL. / Life and Consumer Sciences / M. Sc. (Life Sciences)

Dans la première partie nous décrivons la synthèse et l'évaluation biologique de nouveaux inhibiteurs de l'agrégation plaquettaire, composés dont la structure a été établie en partant du 12-HETE et du 13-HODE. Dans la seconde partie nous développons de nouvelles méthodologies pour la préparation de molécules contenant des motifs CF₂R. Tout d'abord une stratégie très flexible a été mise au point pour la préparation de composés gem-difluorobisaryliques et de leurs analogues hétéroaromatiques. Elle est basée sur l'emploi d'intermédiaires gem-difluoropropargyliques faciles d'accès. Par une séquence de Diels-alder-aromatisation on obtient les molécules cibles de la première série. Pour la seconde, des réactions de cycloaddition dipolaire 1,3 ont été utilisées. A partir de ces intermédiaires, des chimiothèques ciblées de molécules fluorées ont été préparées. Nous nous sommes intéressés ensuite à la synthèse de composés fluorés fonctionnalisés et chiraux à travers des réactions d'organocatalyse asymétrique. A partir d'énals gem-difluorés des réactions de Diels-Alder et des additions 1,4 asymétriques ont été réalisées avec succès. / The first part of the thesis deals with the synthesis and biological evaluation of new platelets aggregation inhibitors, based on 12-HETE, 13-HODE and their analogues. In the second part we are interested in novel methodologies for the preparation of CF₂-containing molecules : First, a flexible strategy for the synthesis of gem-difluoro-bisarylic derivatives and heteroaromatic analogues was designed based on the easy synthesis and the reactivity of gem-difluoro propargylic intermediates, which by Diels-Alder cycloaddition and 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions afforded respectively the bisarylic and mixed arylic heteroarylic scaffolds. In addition, two small libraries were constructed around a bisarylic scaffold as representative examples. Second, we were interested in the synthesis of optically active functionalized molecules containing a gem-difluoro group, using asymmetric organocatalysis protocols. After preparation of the gem-difluoro enals, from their difluoropropargylic precursors, asymmetric organocalytic Diels-Alder cycloaddition and 1,4-conjugated additions were successfully performed.

The anti-inflammatory properties of four medicinal plants were investigated. These plant extracts were subjected to screening for their possible effects as antioxidative, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory agents. In the antioxidant activity, the Plantago lancelota extracts resulted in an IC50 value of 0.4 mg/mL compared to the positive control quecertin with IC50 0.04 mg/mL Plantago lanceolata inhibited COX-2 activity with IC50 values of 0.41 mg/mL. However, the COX-1 inhibition indicated an IC50 of 68.99 mg/mL. The lipoxygenase assay indicated that Plantago lanceolata was the most active plant species with an IC50 value of 4.86 mg/mL compared to the positive control (quecertin) with an IC50<2mg/mL. The nitric oxide assay of the plant extracts indicates a dose-dependent activity of our plant extracts. Likewise the cell viability result indicated a good activity at dose 100 mg/mL. / Life and Consumer Sciences / M. Sc. (Life Sciences)

Dioxygenase-cytochrome P450 (DOX-CYP) fusion enzymes are present in diverse human and plant pathogenic fungi. They oxygenate fatty acids to lipid mediators which have regula­tory functions in fungal development and toxin production. These enzymes catalyze the for­mation of fatty acid hy­droperoxides which are subsequently converted by the P450 activities or reduced to the corresponding alcohols. The N-terminal DOX domains show catalytic and structural homology to mammalian cyclooxygenases, which belong to the most thoroughly studied human enzymes. 7,8-Linoleate diol synthase (LDS) of the plant pathogenic fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis was the first characterized member of the DOX-CYP fusion enzyme family. It catalyzes the conversion of linoleic acid to 8R-hydroperoxylinoleic acid (HPODE) and subse­quently to 7S,8S-dihy­droxylinoleic acid by its DOX and P450 domains, respectively. By now, several enzymes with homology to 7,8-LDS have been identified in im­portant fungi, e.g., psi fac­tor-producing oxygenase (ppo)A, ppoB, and ppoC, of Aspergillus nidulans and A. fumigatus. By cloning and recombinant expression, ppoA of A. fumigatus was identi­fied as 5,8-LDS. Partial expression of the 8R-DOX domains of 5,8-LDS of A. fumigatus and 7,8-LDS of G. graminis yielded active protein which demonstrates that the DOX activities of LDS are independent of their P450 domains. The latter domains were shown to contain a conserved motif with catalytically important amide residues. As judged by site-directed mutagene­sis studies, 5,8- and 7,8-LDS seem to facilitate heterolytic cleavage of the oxygen-oxygen bond of 8R-HPODE by aid of a glutamine and an asparagine residue, respectively. Cloning and expression of putative DOX-CYP fusion proteins of A. terreus and Fusarium oxysporum led to the discovery of novel enzyme activities, e.g., linoleate 9S-DOX and two allene oxide synthases (AOS), specific for 9R- and 9S-HPODE, respectively. The fungal AOS are present in the P450 domains of two DOX-CYP fusion enzymes and show higher se­quence homology to LDS than to plant AOS and constitute therefore a novel class of AOS. In summary, this thesis describes the discovery of novel fatty acid oxy­genases of human and plant pathogenic fungi and the characterization of their reaction mechanisms.

L’endothéline-1 (ET-1) est un puissant agent vasoconstricteur dont la production est dérégulée dans plusieurs maladies inflammatoires où l’expression des cyclooxygénases-1/2 (COX-1/2) est augmentée. Puisqu’il est connu que la voie p38 MAPK est impliquée dans la régulation de l’ET-1 au niveau de l’ARNm, nous avons étudié le rôle de l’un de ses substrats, la kinase MK2 dans la régulation post-transcriptionnelle de l’ET-1 et des COX. Pour ce faire, nous avons utilisé des souris MK2-déficientes (MK2-/-) ainsi que des contrôles (MK2+/+) issus de la même portée. Des paramètres de la fonction cardiaque ont été mesurés sous anesthésie à l’aide d’un cathéter Millar et la réactivité vasculaire de l’artère fémorale a été mesurée par myographe. L’expression de ET-1, COX-1 et COX-2 a été quantifiée dans la cellule endothéliale aortique (CE) par qPCR. En réponse à l’ET-1 (100 nM), l’expression de la préproET-1 dans les CE augmente en fonction du temps (p<0.05) : cette variation est accentuée chez les souris MK2-/-. Bien que la pression artérielle soit similaire entre les souris MK2+/+ et MK2-/-, l’inhibition de COX (indométacine, 1 μM) augmente (p<0.05) la contraction à l’ET-1 des vaisseaux isolés provenant de souris MK2+/+ mais pas des MK2-/-. Ces données suggèrent un rôle de MK2 dans la réponse vasculaire à l’ET-1 et possiblement dans la signalisation post-récepteur de l’ET-1 en général. / Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a potent vasoconstrictor whose production is deregulated in many inflammatory related diseases in which the cyclooxygenase-1/2 (COX-1/2) is up-regulated. Since it is known that the p38 MAPK pathway regulates ET-1 expression at the mRNA level, we studied the implication of the downstream kinase MK2 in the post-transcriptional regulation of ET-1 and COX. To accomplish this, MK2-deficient mice (MK2-/-) and their wild type littermate controls (MK2+/+) were used. Cardiac function parameters were measured using a Millar catheter under anesthesia and isometric reactivity of the isolated femoral artery was measured subsequently using a wire myograph. Aortic endothelial cell (EC) ET-1, COX-1 and COX-2 expression was quantified by qPCR. In response to ET-1 (100 nM), EC expression of preproET-1 increased in a time-dependant manner (p<0.05): this change in mRNA was greater in MK2-/- mice. Although arterial pressure was similar in MK2+/+ and MK2-/- mice, inhibition of COX (indomethacin, 1 μM) increased (p<0.05) the contraction of isolated vessels to ET-1 from MK2+/+ but not MK2-/- mice. These data suggest a role of MK2 in the vascular response to ET-1 and, possibly, ET-1 post-receptor signalling in general.

O endotélio vascular desempenha um papel central no controle do tônus vascular pela liberação de fatores relaxantes derivados do endotélio (EDRFs) e fatores contráteis derivados do endotélio (EDCFs). O óxido nítrico (NO) é um dos mais importantes mediadores da vasodilatação, sua produção é catalisada pelas enzimas NO-sintases (NOS). A eNOS é constitutiva e depende do Ca2+ para ser ativada. A fosfolipase A2 (cPLA2), também é dependente de Ca2+, esta enzima é responsável pela conversão de fosfolipídeos de membrana a ácido araquidônico, o precursor de prostanóides, tais como prostaciclina (PGI2) e tromboxano (TXA2). A disfunção endotelial está relacionada com uma menor biodisponibilidade de NO e maior produção de EDCFs e está presente em várias doenças cardiovasculares, como hipertensão arterial. Embora esta disfunção seja multifatorial, o aumento da produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs) parece contribuir de forma considerável. O aumento na [Ca2+]c está relacionado com o aumento na produção de EROs e liberação de EDCFs. Em nosso estudo, utilizamos o ionóforo de cálcio A23187 para avaliar as alterações na sinalização celular decorrentes da mobilização de cálcio, independente da ativação de receptores, que ocorrem na hipertensão arterial. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar as respostas vasculares desencadeadas pelo aumento da [Ca2+]c promovido pelo A23187 em aorta de ratos normotensos (2R) e hipertensos renais (2R-1C). Verificamos que o A23187 induz efeito vasodilatador dependente da produção de NO em aortas de ratos 2R e 2R-1C, pois o relaxamento foi abolido na presença do inibidor da NOS (L-NAME), bem como em aortas sem endotélio. Em aortas de ratos 2R-1C, mas não em aortas de ratos 2R, verificamos a participação da PGI2 no efeito vasodilatador induzido pelo A23187. A produção de PGI2 está aumentada em aortas de ratos 2R-1C em comparação com aortas de ratos 2R, o que indica que esse prostanóide está ativando receptores TP, induzindo contração. O A23187 induziu efeito contrátil de forma independente do endotélio em aorta de ratos 2R. Entretanto, em aortas com endotélio, de ratos 2R-1C o efeito contrátil está prejudicado. O efeito anti-contrátil em aortas de ratos 2R-1C é devido à produção de NO, que está aumentada a ponto de impedir a contração induzida pelo A23187. Verificamos que a contração induzida pelo A23187 é dependente da produção dos prostanóides contráteis, TXA2 e PGI2, que ativam os receptores TP, pois quando utilizamos o inibidor da ciclooxigenase (ibuprofeno) o efeito contrátil foi atenuado. Além disso, quando utilizamos o antagonista dos receptores TP (SQ29548) o efeito foi completamente abolido. O estímulo com A23187 aumentou a produção de TXA2 em aorta de ratos 2R e 2R-1C. Porém, a produção em aorta de ratos 2R-1C foi maior do que aquela observada em aorta de ratos 2R. Observamos que a catalase atenuou a resposta contrátil induzida pelo A23187, demonstrando que o peróxido de hidrogênio modula positivamente a contração induzida pelo A23187. / The vascular endothelium plays a pivotal role in the vascular tone due to the release of relaxing factors (EDRFs) and contractile factors (EDCFs). Nitric oxide (NO) is one of the most important EDRFs involved in the vasodilation and it is produced by the NO-synthases (NOS). eNOS is a constitutive isoform and its activity is dependent of the transient calcium. Besides eNOS, other important enzymes are modulated by Ca2+ such as phospholipase A2 (cPLA2). This enzyme converts membrane phospholipids to araquidonic acid, responsible for the formation of the prostanoids prostaciclin (PGI2) and thromboxane (TXA2). Endothelial dysfunction is related to the decreased NO bioavailability and increased production of EDCFs. It is present in several cardiovascular disorders like hypertension. Endothelial dysfunction is a multifactorial proccess that is also caused by the increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Increased cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca2+]c) is related to augmented ROS and EDCFs production. In the present study, we have used the calcium ionophore A23187 in order to evaluate the altered cellular signaling caused by [Ca2+]c in a receptor activation-independent way that occurs in hypertension. This work aimed to study the vascular responses stimulated by A23187 in normotensive rat (2K) aorta and in renal hypertensive (2K-1C) rat aorta. We have verified that A23187 induces vasodilator effect dependent on the production of NO in 2K and 2K- 1C rat aortas. The vascular relaxation was abolished by the non-selective NOS inhibitor (L-NAME) and by the endothelium removal. In 2K-1C but not in 2K rat aortas, PGI2 contributes to He vasodilator effect induced by A23187. PGI2 production is greater in 2K-1C than in 2K rat aortas, which suggests that PGI2 activates TP receptors inducing contraction. The contractile effect of A23187 is endotheliumdependent in 2K rat aorta. However, in 2K-1C intact-endothelium aortas, the contractile effect of A23187 is impaired. The anti-contractile effect is due to increased NO production that inhibits the contractile response to A23187. The contractile response induced by A23187 is dependent of the prostanoid production like TXA2 and PGI2 that activate TP receptors because this response is inhibited by the cyclooxygenase inhibitor (ibuprofen). In addition, this effect was abolished by the TP receptor antagonist (SQ29548). TXA2 production was stimulated with A23187 in 2K and 2K-1C rat aorta, which was greater in 2K-1C than in 2K rat aorta. We have also observed that catalase blunted the contractile response induced by A23187. These results suggest that hydrogen peroxide positively modulates A23187-induced contractile response.

Chu Wai Kit. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 87-96). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgments --- p.ii / Publication --- p.iii / List of Abbreviations --- p.iv / List of Tables --- p.v / List of Figures --- p.vi / Abstract --- p.vii / 摘要 --- p.x / Table of Contents --- p.xii / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Epidemiology of gastric cancer --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Risk factors associated with gastric cancer --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3 --- Prevention of Gastric Cancer --- p.9 / Chapter 1.4 --- H. pylori eradication and gastric cancer development --- p.11 / Chapter 1.5 --- Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and gastric cancer prevention --- p.13 / Chapter 1.6 --- COX-2 independent pathway --- p.14 / Chapter 1.7 --- Animal model of gastric cancer --- p.15 / Chapter 1.8 --- Microarray system --- p.16 / Chapter 1.9 --- Hypothesis --- p.18 / Chapter 1.10 --- Aim of study --- p.19 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Chemoprevention of gastric cancer by celecoxib --- p.20 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.20 / Chapter 2.2 --- Material and Methods --- p.22 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Animals --- p.22 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Chemicals --- p.22 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Study design --- p.23 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Cell Culture --- p.24 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Celecoxib treatment --- p.24 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- Cell proliferation assay --- p.25 / Chapter 2.3 --- Results --- p.26 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Chemoprevention of gastric cancer by celecoxib in rats --- p.26 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Effects of celecoxib on growth of human gastric cancer cells --- p.29 / Chapter 2.4 --- Discussion --- p.30 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- MNNG induced gastric cancer effectively --- p.30 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Celecoxib significantly suppressed gastric carcinogenesis in rats --- p.31 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Celecoxib inhibited the growth of MKN 45 in a concentration-dependent manner --- p.31 / Chapter 2.4.4 --- Celecoxib may exert its anti-tumor property through COX independent pathway --- p.32 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Gene expression profiles of celecoxib treated rat gastric tumor and human gastric cells --- p.34 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.34 / Chapter 3.2 --- Material and Methods --- p.34 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- RNA extraction --- p.34 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Target preparation and Array hybridization --- p.35 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Post-hybridization processing and Scanning --- p.36 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Microarray data analysis --- p.36 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Quantitative RT-PCR --- p.37 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results --- p.39 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Gene expression profiles of rat gastric tumors --- p.39 / Chapter 3.3.1.1 --- Genes differentially expressed in MNNG induced gastric tumors --- p.39 / Chapter 3.3.1.2 --- Genes differentially expressed in celecoxib treated group --- p.42 / Chapter 3.3.1.3 --- Mechanisms underlying chemoprevention of celecoxib --- p.43 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Verification of gene expression by quantitative RT-PCR --- p.55 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Confirmation of the gene expression profiles in human by quantitative RT-PCR --- p.59 / Chapter 3.4 --- Discussions --- p.63 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Effects of celecoxib on Akt pathway in gastric cancer cells --- p.68 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.68 / Chapter 4.2 --- Material and methods --- p.72 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Protein extraction --- p.72 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Western blotting --- p.72 / Chapter 4.3 --- Results --- p.74 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Expression of the Akt pathway after treatment with celecoxib --- p.74 / Chapter 4.4 --- Discussions --- p.78 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Conclusion --- p.82 / References --- p.87