O desenvolvimento de tecnologias alternativas para facilitar a mensuração da produção de calor e de metano em animais é necessário e deve trazer efeitos positivos para a indústria de produção animal. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi correlacionar a temperatura em pontos anatômicos mensurados através de termografia infravermelha com a produção de calor e a emissão de metano em vacas Holandês e mestiças Holandês x Gir. Seis vacas mestiças Holandês e Gir e quatro vacas Holandês no período médio da lactação, primíparas, foram avaliadas quanto à produção de calor e à emissão de metano diárias, por calorimetria indireta, em câmaras respirométricas. A termografia foi feita nas regiões do ânus, da vulva, da costela (no lado direito), do flanco direito, do flanco esquerdo, da pata dianteira direita, do lábio superior, do masseter e do olho. As imagens termográficas foram tomadas nesses nove pontos anatômicos anteriormente citados, a cada hora, por oito horas após a alimentação da manhã, durante cinco dias. Durante todo o experimento, as vacas receberam a mesma dieta ad libitum e a produção de leite e o consumo foram registrados diariamente O estudo compreendeu 40 dias, incluindo os dias de adaptação dos animais às câmaras respirométricas. A produção diária de metano foi associada com a termografia infravermelha do olho na hora 6 após a alimentação em vacas mestiças Holandês x Gir (r=0,85, p<0,05) e com a termografia infravermelha do olho feita na hora 5 em vacas Holandês (r=0,88, p<0,05). Além disso, a produção de calor foi correlacionada com a termografia infravermelha da pata dianteira direita uma hora após a alimentação em vacas Girolando F1 (r=0.85, p<0.05) e com a termografia infravermelha do olho cinco horas após a alimentação em vacas Holandês (r=0,90, p<0,05). Esses resultados foram posteriormente confirmados usando análise de regressão. As correlações das imagens termográficas com a produção de calor e emissão de metano foram similares entre as vacas Holandês e as vacas Girolando F1. A termografia infravermelha é efetiva na avaliação da produção de calor e da emissão de metano de vacas em lactação Holandês e Girolando F1, embora realizadas em pontos anatômicos diferentes. / The development of alternative technologies that more easily assess heat and methane production of livestock animals are needed and would have positive effects on the livestock industry. The aim of this study was to correlate skin temperature assessed through infrared thermography with heat and methane production in lactating Holstein and Holstein x Gir crossbreed cows. Six Holstein and Gir crossbred and four Holstein cows, all primiparous, at midlactation were used to evaluate daily heat production and methane emissions through indirect calorimetry in respiratory chambers. Thermographic images were taken at nine different body locations every hour during eight hours after feeding for five days. Thermographic images were taken at the following regions: anus, vulva, ribs (on the right side), left flank, right flank, right front foot, upper lip, masseter and eye. During the whole trial cows received the same diet ad libitum, milk yield and feed intake were daily recorded. Data collection lasted 40 days, including adaptation of the animals to the respiratory chambers Daily methane emission was correlated with infrared thermography taken at the eye six hours after feeding in Holstein x Gir crossbred cows (r=0.85, p<0.05) and with infrared thermography taken at the eye five hours after feeding in Holstein cows (r=0.88, p<0.05). Also, heat production was correlated with infrared thermography taken at the right front foot one hour after feeding in Holstein x Gir crossbred cows (r=0.85, p<0.05) and with infrared thermography taken at the eye five hours after feeding in Holstein cows (r=0.90, p<0.05). These results were further confirmed using regression analysis. Correlations between infrared thermography and heat production or methane emissions are similar for Holstein and Holstein x Gir crossbred. Infrared thermography is effective in assess heat production and methane emission in Holstein and Holstein x Gir crossbred lactation cows albeit taken in different anatomical points.

The work was based on my own watching and the aim of this work was to determine basic vital signs of dairy cows breed in grazing system in the submontane area of South Bohemia. Herd of breeding cows, consisting of the Holstein breed, the Jersey breed and the Czech Pied Cattle crossbred with the Jersey, in quantity of 53 heads. During the year 2010 there were six behavioral watchings namely from June to October. Each watching lasted 24 hours and there was used the method of watching in the group with the time interval of 10 minutes. Cattle vital signs were watched: feed intake-grazing, lying down-resting, standing and movement.

Feed rations and their influence on milk yield were assessed for the years 2010 and 2011 in working conditions on the school farm Měšice. This was mainly comparison of the basic nutrients feed rations with a recommendation. Furthermore, feeding technology, quality of silage, composition of feed rations and content of milk components were evaluated. Selected economic indicators of dairy cows were evaluated in the monitored enterprise. The results indicate that the feed rations give a good presumption for high milk yield of dairy cows. However, quality of roughages, primarily corn silage should be improved.

The aim of the trial was to analyze selected indicators of milk yield and economics of milk production in dairy herd of Holstein cattle. Economics of dairy cows is critical to keeping cattle on the farm. Among the main priorities that can improve the economic results of cattle, are mainly production conditions corresponding milk yields, good fertility, high quality market products, quality dairy nutrition, good health, appropriate management of breeding and compliance of welfare in the cattle breeding, because good health belongs among main conditions of economically successful milk production. In dairy cattle breeding herd of Holstein cattle in the farm Meclovská zemědělská, a. s. there were monitored 1081 dairy cows on the first to eleventh lactation for the two years (2010-2011). From the results, there was clear that 2010 was achieved higher milk yields (9 080,87 kg/lactation) than in 2011 (7 857,83 kg/lactation), a higher content of milk fat and protein, it was achieved lower costs (181,44 CZK/FD and 6,98 CZK/kg of milk) than in 2011 (199,40 CZK/FD and 7,92 CZK/kg of milk) and higher profit.

The diploma thesis deals with the study of factors that influence the production of milk in terms of nutrition. On the given farm the standart of nutrition is evaluated on the basis of the composition of the feeding diet and optimal security needs nutrients and energy in relation to the desired production and the recommended values. The feeding technique, the quality of feed composition and feed rations are evaluated on the given farm, too. The work also focused on evaluating the basic economic indicators of milk production.

My diploma thesis is based on the observation of dairy cows nutrition at the farm, nutrition is the most important factor in the production of milk. The introduction of my thesis is focused on a literary overview, which briefly describes the process of digestion, evaluation of nutrients in feed doses and assessment of mixed feed doses. Attention is focused on feed technology in the farm, there was evaluated the intake of dry matter by dairy cows. Dairy cows were fed by total mixed ration (TMR), samples were sent for evaluation to an accredited laboratory and compared to NRC (2001). Another criterion was the evaluation of the particle structure by the Penn state separator (2002), the results were compared with the recommended standard, there was evaluated the homogeneity of the mixed feed structure too. The thesis evaluate composition of the feed ration, where maize silage is predominanting, there is described the variability of starch in maize silage in the monitored period. The thesis describes the evaluation of ungraded starch from bovine feces, samples were again analyzed in an accredited laboratory and evaluated according to the recommended standard, and the probable causes of increased content of unstressed starch in beef excrement are described. Some of the milk production indicators are also mentioned. There was used the informations of Czech and foreign authors.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2003Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:07:09Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 garcia_wr_me_botfmvz.pdf: 238200 bytes, checksum: bdfcb81b8d18c74773dc24d7cc9f1694 (MD5) / O objetivo deste trabalho foi o testar a combinação de tratamentos hormonais com progesterona (CIDR), gonadorelina (análogo de GnRH), prostaglandina F2a (PGF2a) e cipionato de estradiol (ECP), com a finalidade de avaliar tratamentos hormonais de sincronização da ovulação e viabilizar a inseminação artificial em tempo fixo (IATF), em vacas mestiças lactantes Holandês-Zebu mantidas a pasto no verão. O trabalho foi dividido em 2 experimentos. Experimento I foi realizado entre Dezembro (2001) a Fevereiro (2002), em Fernandópolis, SP, Brasil. Os animais foram divididos aleatoriamente em 4 tratamentos: Controle (n=51): inseminação artificial (IA) 12 horas após detecção do estro; GP + CIDR (n=50): GnRH - 6dias - PGF2a e IA 12 horas após detecção do estro; ECPsynch + CIDR (n=52): GnRH - 6dias - PGF2a - 24hs – ECP - 48hs - IATF e Ovsynch + CIDR (n=53): GnRH - 6dias - PGF2a - 36hs – GnRH - 12hs - IATF. A análise estatística foi procedida por CATMOD (com nível de significância de P<0,05). A eficiência na detecção de estro foi de 50,9%. A taxa de ciclicidade foi influenciada por ordem de lactação (P<0,001; sendo de 41,4% nas vacas primíparas e de 72,6% nas multíparas) e por escore de condição corporal (ECC; P<0,001). A resposta ovulatória ao 1° GnRH foi influenciada por ECC (P< 0,01). A taxa de sincronização de ovulação não foi influenciada por tratamentos (P=0,45, sendo de 75,4% no protocolo Ovsynch + CIDR e de 73,0% no protocolo ECPsynch + CIDR), porém condição corporal (P<0,05) proporcionou efeito sobre a taxa de sincronização. Na taxa de prenhez a IATF, foi verificada interação entre os tratamentos e ordem de lactação (P<0,01), sendo o protocolo ECPsynch + CIDR mais eficiente nas multíparas (50,0%) em relação ao Ovsynch + CIDR (16,7%), e nas primíparas o protocolo Ovsynch + CIDR (37,9%) foi superior... / The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the combination of hormonal treatments with progesterone (CIDR), gonadorelin (GnRH analogue), prostaglandin F2a (PGF2a) and estradiol cypionate (ECP), in protocols that allow fixed time artificial insemination (TAI) in crossbred cows managed in a grazing based dairy system during the summer. The experiment was divided in two trials. Trial I was conducted from December (2001) to February (2002), in Fernandópolis, SP, Brazil. The animals were randomly assigned to one of 4 treatment groups: Control (n=51) AI 12 hours after estrus detection; GP + CIDR (n=50): GnRH - 6day - PGF2a - AI 12 hours after estrus detection; ECPsynch + CIDR (n=52): GnRH - 6day - PGF2a - 24h – ECP - 48h - AI and Ovsynch + CIDR (n=53): GnRH - 6day - PGF2a - 36h – GnRH - 12h - AI. Data were analyzed by CATMOD procedure of SAS. Efficiency in the heat detection was 50,9%. The cyclicity was influenced by parity (P<0,001; 41,4% in primiparous cows and of 72,6% in multiparous cows) and by body condition score (BCS, P<0,001). The ovulatory response to the first GnRH injection was influenced by BCS (P<0,01). Synchronization rate was not influenced by treatments (P=0,45, 75,4% in the Ovsynch+CIDR and of 73,0% in the ECPsynch+CIDR), but it was influenced by BCS (P<0,05). Interactions were observed between treatments and parity (P <0,01) in the pregnancy rate at TAI. Treatment ECPsynch+CIDR was more efficient in multiparous cows (50,0%) when compared with Ovsynch+CIDR (16,7%). In primiparous cows the Ovsynch+CIDR (37,9%) was more efficient then ECPsynch+CIDR (25,0%). Pregnancy rate in groups with TAI was influenced by BCS (P<0,01). The service rate in GP+CIDR, evaluated for 5 day after the application of PGF2a, was influenced by cyclic status (P<0,05). Conception rate of the animals that were inseminated after the heat detection (GP+CIDR and Control) was influenced by BCS (P<0,05)...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-11-24Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:48:08Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 teixeirajunior_dj_me_jabo.pdf: 236904 bytes, checksum: 5fb28b8482958f9edbca5e91bd529587 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Objetivou-se avaliar a cana-de-açúcar hidrolisada com dois tipos de cales como único volumoso na dieta de vacas em lactação sobre o consumo de nutrientes, produção e composição do leite. Os tratamentos testados foram canade- açúcar hidrolisada com cal virgem (CHCV), cana hidrolisada com cal hidratada (CHCH), cana in natura (CIN) e silagem de milho (SIL). Utilizaram-se oito vacas da raça holandesa, delineadas em quadrado latino 4x4, repetido, com quatro animais, quatro tratamentos e quatro períodos de 20 dias, sendo 15 de adaptação e cinco de coleta de dados. O consumo de matéria seca (CMS) e o consumo de matéria seca de forragem (CMSf) foram superiores para SIL em relação à CHCV, CHCH e CIN. O consumo de nutrientes em kg/dia e percentagem do peso corporal (%PC), com exceção do consumo de fibra em detergente neutro (CFDN) e extrato etéreo (CEE), foi superior para SM em relação aos demais volumosos (P<0,05). O CFDN, em kg/dia, foi maior para SM em relação à CHCV e CIN, e semelhante entre SM e CHCH (P<0,05). O CEE nas formas como foi expresso não foi alterado pelos tratamentos (P>0,05). A produção de leite foi estatisticamente semelhante entre SM e CHCH, e estas superiores a CHCV e CIN (P<0,05). A produção de leite ajustada para 4% de gordura foi semelhante entre SIL, CHCH e CHCV (P<0,05), sendo a menor produção observada para animais alimentados com cana in natura (P<0,5). Porém, vacas alimentadas com CIN, CHCH e CHCV conseguiram produção de leite com custo semelhante entre si e menores que vacas alimentadas com SIL. A relação custo/beneficio foi melhor para as canas do que para a SIL. / This study aimed to evaluate the sugar cane hydrolyzed with two types of lime as roughage in the diet of dairy cows on the consumption of nutrients, production and milk’s composition. The treatments were sugar cane hydrolyzed with lime virgin (CHCV), sugar cane hydrolyzed with hydrated lime (CHCH), cane in nature (CIN) and corn silage (SIL). Eight cows were used outlined in Latin square 4x4, repeated, with four animals, four treatments and four periods of 20 days,15 of adaptation and five for data collection. It was estimated the intake of nutrients and milk’s production and composition. The consumption of dry matter (CMS) and consumption of dry matter of forage (CMSf) were higher to animals fed with SM in relation to the CHCV, CHCH and CIN. About consumption of nutrients in kg/day and percentage of body weight (% PC), with the exception of consumption of neutral detergent fiber (CFDN), it was observed superiority (P <0.05) for animals fed with SIL than the animals fed with other bulky. For the CFDN treatment with CHCH was similar to the SIL. The milk’s production presented similarity between SIL and CHCH, which were larger (P <0.05) than CHCV and CIN. When the production of milk was set to 4% of fat there was similarity in production for animals that were fed with SIL, CHCV and CHCH, and the lower (P <0.5) observed production for animals fed with CIN. However, cows fed with CIN, CHCH and CHCV managed to produce milk at a cost similar to each other and smaller than cows fed with SIL. The cost/benefit was better for the cane than for SIL.

Orientador: Mauro Dal Secco de Oliveira / Banca: Atushi Sugohara / Banca: Maria da Graça Pinheiro / Resumo: Objetivou-se avaliar a cana-de-açúcar hidrolisada com dois tipos de cales como único volumoso na dieta de vacas em lactação sobre o consumo de nutrientes, produção e composição do leite. Os tratamentos testados foram canade- açúcar hidrolisada com cal virgem (CHCV), cana hidrolisada com cal hidratada (CHCH), cana in natura (CIN) e silagem de milho (SIL). Utilizaram-se oito vacas da raça holandesa, delineadas em quadrado latino 4x4, repetido, com quatro animais, quatro tratamentos e quatro períodos de 20 dias, sendo 15 de adaptação e cinco de coleta de dados. O consumo de matéria seca (CMS) e o consumo de matéria seca de forragem (CMSf) foram superiores para SIL em relação à CHCV, CHCH e CIN. O consumo de nutrientes em kg/dia e percentagem do peso corporal (%PC), com exceção do consumo de fibra em detergente neutro (CFDN) e extrato etéreo (CEE), foi superior para SM em relação aos demais volumosos (P<0,05). O CFDN, em kg/dia, foi maior para SM em relação à CHCV e CIN, e semelhante entre SM e CHCH (P<0,05). O CEE nas formas como foi expresso não foi alterado pelos tratamentos (P>0,05). A produção de leite foi estatisticamente semelhante entre SM e CHCH, e estas superiores a CHCV e CIN (P<0,05). A produção de leite ajustada para 4% de gordura foi semelhante entre SIL, CHCH e CHCV (P<0,05), sendo a menor produção observada para animais alimentados com cana in natura (P<0,5). Porém, vacas alimentadas com CIN, CHCH e CHCV conseguiram produção de leite com custo semelhante entre si e menores que vacas alimentadas com SIL. A relação custo/beneficio foi melhor para as canas do que para a SIL. / Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the sugar cane hydrolyzed with two types of lime as roughage in the diet of dairy cows on the consumption of nutrients, production and milk's composition. The treatments were sugar cane hydrolyzed with lime virgin (CHCV), sugar cane hydrolyzed with hydrated lime (CHCH), cane in nature (CIN) and corn silage (SIL). Eight cows were used outlined in Latin square 4x4, repeated, with four animals, four treatments and four periods of 20 days,15 of adaptation and five for data collection. It was estimated the intake of nutrients and milk's production and composition. The consumption of dry matter (CMS) and consumption of dry matter of forage (CMSf) were higher to animals fed with SM in relation to the CHCV, CHCH and CIN. About consumption of nutrients in kg/day and percentage of body weight (% PC), with the exception of consumption of neutral detergent fiber (CFDN), it was observed superiority (P <0.05) for animals fed with SIL than the animals fed with other bulky. For the CFDN treatment with CHCH was similar to the SIL. The milk's production presented similarity between SIL and CHCH, which were larger (P <0.05) than CHCV and CIN. When the production of milk was set to 4% of fat there was similarity in production for animals that were fed with SIL, CHCV and CHCH, and the lower (P <0.5) observed production for animals fed with CIN. However, cows fed with CIN, CHCH and CHCV managed to produce milk at a cost similar to each other and smaller than cows fed with SIL. The cost/benefit was better for the cane than for SIL. / Mestre

O desenvolvimento de tecnologias alternativas para facilitar a mensuração da produção de calor e de metano em animais é necessário e deve trazer efeitos positivos para a indústria de produção animal. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi correlacionar a temperatura em pontos anatômicos mensurados através de termografia infravermelha com a produção de calor e a emissão de metano em vacas Holandês e mestiças Holandês x Gir. Seis vacas mestiças Holandês e Gir e quatro vacas Holandês no período médio da lactação, primíparas, foram avaliadas quanto à produção de calor e à emissão de metano diárias, por calorimetria indireta, em câmaras respirométricas. A termografia foi feita nas regiões do ânus, da vulva, da costela (no lado direito), do flanco direito, do flanco esquerdo, da pata dianteira direita, do lábio superior, do masseter e do olho. As imagens termográficas foram tomadas nesses nove pontos anatômicos anteriormente citados, a cada hora, por oito horas após a alimentação da manhã, durante cinco dias. Durante todo o experimento, as vacas receberam a mesma dieta ad libitum e a produção de leite e o consumo foram registrados diariamente O estudo compreendeu 40 dias, incluindo os dias de adaptação dos animais às câmaras respirométricas. A produção diária de metano foi associada com a termografia infravermelha do olho na hora 6 após a alimentação em vacas mestiças Holandês x Gir (r=0,85, p<0,05) e com a termografia infravermelha do olho feita na hora 5 em vacas Holandês (r=0,88, p<0,05). Além disso, a produção de calor foi correlacionada com a termografia infravermelha da pata dianteira direita uma hora após a alimentação em vacas Girolando F1 (r=0.85, p<0.05) e com a termografia infravermelha do olho cinco horas após a alimentação em vacas Holandês (r=0,90, p<0,05). Esses resultados foram posteriormente confirmados usando análise de regressão. As correlações das imagens termográficas com a produção de calor e emissão de metano foram similares entre as vacas Holandês e as vacas Girolando F1. A termografia infravermelha é efetiva na avaliação da produção de calor e da emissão de metano de vacas em lactação Holandês e Girolando F1, embora realizadas em pontos anatômicos diferentes. / The development of alternative technologies that more easily assess heat and methane production of livestock animals are needed and would have positive effects on the livestock industry. The aim of this study was to correlate skin temperature assessed through infrared thermography with heat and methane production in lactating Holstein and Holstein x Gir crossbreed cows. Six Holstein and Gir crossbred and four Holstein cows, all primiparous, at midlactation were used to evaluate daily heat production and methane emissions through indirect calorimetry in respiratory chambers. Thermographic images were taken at nine different body locations every hour during eight hours after feeding for five days. Thermographic images were taken at the following regions: anus, vulva, ribs (on the right side), left flank, right flank, right front foot, upper lip, masseter and eye. During the whole trial cows received the same diet ad libitum, milk yield and feed intake were daily recorded. Data collection lasted 40 days, including adaptation of the animals to the respiratory chambers Daily methane emission was correlated with infrared thermography taken at the eye six hours after feeding in Holstein x Gir crossbred cows (r=0.85, p<0.05) and with infrared thermography taken at the eye five hours after feeding in Holstein cows (r=0.88, p<0.05). Also, heat production was correlated with infrared thermography taken at the right front foot one hour after feeding in Holstein x Gir crossbred cows (r=0.85, p<0.05) and with infrared thermography taken at the eye five hours after feeding in Holstein cows (r=0.90, p<0.05). These results were further confirmed using regression analysis. Correlations between infrared thermography and heat production or methane emissions are similar for Holstein and Holstein x Gir crossbred. Infrared thermography is effective in assess heat production and methane emission in Holstein and Holstein x Gir crossbred lactation cows albeit taken in different anatomical points.