The NZ dairy industry has adopted an encompassing measure of performance, total factor productivity (TFP), as a target measure to guide on-farm improvements. Dairy farmers pay a levy in order to fund agricultural research and extension. Extension services and R&D will continue to be of critical importance to maintain and improve productivity at the farm level. Consequently, it is in the best interest of the dairy industry to adequately target R&D and extension funds and make the best use of resources. To date, the methodology employed to estimate productivity growth has some shortcomings that seriously hamper the ability of potential users to extract useful information from it. First, productivity growth has been reported as an aggregate for the entire dairy industry. Second, it makes no assumption about the efficiency with which resources are being used. Third, it implicitly assumes that all farms face the same technology. Productivity growth can be achieved either through better (more efficient) use of the technology applied, through the adoption of a new technology (technical progress) or a combination of both. Given that the sources of productivity change—technical progress and technical efficiency change—are fundamentally different phenomena, they are, in turn, influenced by different factors. This distinction is important for policy orientation because different instruments/tools may be required to address them. Furthermore, empirical evidence suggests that a variety of farming systems have emerged as a result of dairy farming geographical expansion. Farm-level panel data were used to estimate the Malmquist productivity change index. This index can provide additional insights since it can be decomposed into two additional components, one that measures changes in technical efficiency (i.e., whether firms are getting closer to the production frontier over time), and one that measures changes in technology (i.e., whether the production frontier is moving outwards over time). Hence, it provides individual (farm) estimates of TFP. Moreover, the methodology applied allows to test whether farms in the two regions considered in this study are operating under the sametechnology. These two regions were the long-established dairy areas of Waikato-Taranaki and the newly developed dairy areas of Canterbury-Southland. Results for farms in Waikato-Taranaki indicate that annual TFP change is modest, ranging from 0.29% per annum to 0.59% per annum. Most importantly, technical progress is the only source of TFP change in all four models. Therefore, it is necessary to encourage investments in new R&D targeted to remove the technological constraints that impede the realisation of further productivity gains in the regions. However, important differences in the estimates of TFP, technical progress and change in technical efficiency between models were found for farms in Canterbury-Southland. Estimates of TFP change ranged from 0.7% per annum to 2.8% per annum. Even though technical progress and change in technical efficiency contributed to total factor productivity growth (TFPG), the latter component was the most important contributor in three of the four models. Moreover, in two models the rate of technical progress was negative (i.e., technical regress). The analyses indicate that dairy farms in Canterbury-Southland were on average 10% more productive than farms in Waikato-Taranaki when farms in both regions faced the frontier. These results were consistent for all the input/output set chosen. Furthermore, the null hypothesis that the two regions do not face the same production technology (i.e., each region has it own production frontier) was accepted irrespective of the input/output set chosen. The rejection of the null hypothesis, that farms in traditional and non-traditional dairy regions were operating under the same underlying technology (and hence face the same production frontier), called for a review of the traditional approach to R&D in one central experimental station, strengthening the need for a local approach through the promotion of networks and synergies with universities and other research institutions.

Logistics has became one of the most important activities for all companies where has been treated as strategic function to gain competitive advantage over a companies' competitors. Agribusiness as any other business is also using logistics tools in their supply chain to reduce their chain cost and more important to improve their business efficiency as a whole. Transportation is one of the logistics activities that most influences price of product which in some cases can represent 25% of the final price. Milk collection for a dairy business plays an important part in the overall performance of the company. A poor milk collection system jeopardise the entire chain as it is the first stage of the manufacturing process. The main purpose of this work is to identify and describe the possible differences and similarities between a Brazilian and New Zealand Dairy Company regarding their logistics of milk collection. Even though the two companies are in the same business segment they are inserted in different environments/markets therefore need to deal with different issues regarding milk collection such as companies' structure, milk production's cycle, and routing and scheduling applications. However, both understand the importance of the logistics activities and apply tools in their chain to improve their efficiency. Due to its size and market share the New Zealand Company has a better collection system in place than the Brazilian Company. Both have implemented some changes in the last few years that brought some improvements for their milk collection.

The NZ dairy industry has adopted an encompassing measure of performance, total factor productivity (TFP), as a target measure to guide on-farm improvements. Dairy farmers pay a levy in order to fund agricultural research and extension. Extension services and R&D will continue to be of critical importance to maintain and improve productivity at the farm level. Consequently, it is in the best interest of the dairy industry to adequately target R&D and extension funds and make the best use of resources. To date, the methodology employed to estimate productivity growth has some shortcomings that seriously hamper the ability of potential users to extract useful information from it. First, productivity growth has been reported as an aggregate for the entire dairy industry. Second, it makes no assumption about the efficiency with which resources are being used. Third, it implicitly assumes that all farms face the same technology. Productivity growth can be achieved either through better (more efficient) use of the technology applied, through the adoption of a new technology (technical progress) or a combination of both. Given that the sources of productivity change—technical progress and technical efficiency change—are fundamentally different phenomena, they are, in turn, influenced by different factors. This distinction is important for policy orientation because different instruments/tools may be required to address them. Furthermore, empirical evidence suggests that a variety of farming systems have emerged as a result of dairy farming geographical expansion. Farm-level panel data were used to estimate the Malmquist productivity change index. This index can provide additional insights since it can be decomposed into two additional components, one that measures changes in technical efficiency (i.e., whether firms are getting closer to the production frontier over time), and one that measures changes in technology (i.e., whether the production frontier is moving outwards over time). Hence, it provides individual (farm) estimates of TFP. Moreover, the methodology applied allows to test whether farms in the two regions considered in this study are operating under the sametechnology. These two regions were the long-established dairy areas of Waikato-Taranaki and the newly developed dairy areas of Canterbury-Southland. Results for farms in Waikato-Taranaki indicate that annual TFP change is modest, ranging from 0.29% per annum to 0.59% per annum. Most importantly, technical progress is the only source of TFP change in all four models. Therefore, it is necessary to encourage investments in new R&D targeted to remove the technological constraints that impede the realisation of further productivity gains in the regions. However, important differences in the estimates of TFP, technical progress and change in technical efficiency between models were found for farms in Canterbury-Southland. Estimates of TFP change ranged from 0.7% per annum to 2.8% per annum. Even though technical progress and change in technical efficiency contributed to total factor productivity growth (TFPG), the latter component was the most important contributor in three of the four models. Moreover, in two models the rate of technical progress was negative (i.e., technical regress). The analyses indicate that dairy farms in Canterbury-Southland were on average 10% more productive than farms in Waikato-Taranaki when farms in both regions faced the frontier. These results were consistent for all the input/output set chosen. Furthermore, the null hypothesis that the two regions do not face the same production technology (i.e., each region has it own production frontier) was accepted irrespective of the input/output set chosen. The rejection of the null hypothesis, that farms in traditional and non-traditional dairy regions were operating under the same underlying technology (and hence face the same production frontier), called for a review of the traditional approach to R&D in one central experimental station, strengthening the need for a local approach through the promotion of networks and synergies with universities and other research institutions.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2002. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-01-08T18:24:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 abelleocadiofernandes.pdf: 1271784 bytes, checksum: 225b43c04dd7220f8894dd018f3e6bbd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-01-23T11:12:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 abelleocadiofernandes.pdf: 1271784 bytes, checksum: 225b43c04dd7220f8894dd018f3e6bbd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-23T11:12:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 abelleocadiofernandes.pdf: 1271784 bytes, checksum: 225b43c04dd7220f8894dd018f3e6bbd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-29 / A implantação de programas de qualidade do leite nas indústrias lácteas no Brasil tem sido um grande desafio para a cadeia produtiva. Nos últimos anos, a partir da publicação da Instrução Normativa (IN) 51 do Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, o setor vem buscando soluções para implantar modelos que garantam os resultados exigidos. Por outro lado, as práticas modernas de gestão em muitas empresas ainda estão relegadas a um segundo plano. O objetivo do presente estudo foi propor e avaliar um modelo de gestão na implantação de um programa de melhoria da qualidade do leite em uma indústria na região da Zona da Mata Mineira em Minas Gerais. O modelo estudado é baseado no Sistema de Gestão por Diretrizes que tem como um forte pilar o PDCA. Durante 12 meses do presente estudo acompanharam-se os resultados de 95 propriedades rurais que fazem parte do programa de qualidade da indústria estudada, onde houve uma redução de 1.600.000 para 450.000 UFC/ml nas médias de CTB e de 650.000 para 400.000 CCS/ml nas médias de CCS. Houve também um aumento de 47 para 67% no número de produtores que atendem a IN 62 do MAPA. Conclui-se a partir dos resultados que, para a implantação de um programa de qualidade da matéria-prima em indústrias lácteas, é necessário que seja acompanhado de um sistema de gestão que planeje a implantação, execute as ações planejadas, verifique constantemente os resultados e crie ações de melhoria para obtenção da meta pretendida ou planejada. / The implementation of milk quality programs in the Brazilian dairy industry has been a major challenge for the prosuction chain. In recent years, since the publication of the Normative Instruction 51 of the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply the sector has been seeking solutions to implement models that guarantee the required results. On the other hand, modern management practices are still relegated to a second priority in many companies. Therefore the objective of the present study was to propose and evaluate a model to implantation of a milk quality management program in an industry in the region of Zona da Mata Mineira in Minas Gerais State. Furthermore, the model studied is based on the Management System by Guidelines that has as a well-set pillar the PDCA. During the 12 months of the present study, the results of 95 rural farms, included in the quality program of the industry studied, were the colony forming units reduced from 1,600,000 to 450,000 CFU/ml in CFU averages and from 650,000 to 400,000 somatic cells count/ml in the SCC averages. There was also an increase from 47 to 67% in the number of producers meeting the standards of the IN 62 of the MAPA. As a result, it is concluded that for the implementation of raw material quality program in dairy industries it is necessary to be accompanied by a management system that plans the implementation, executes the planned actions, constantly checks the results and creates improvement actions for obtaining of the intended or planned constantly check the results and build continuous improvement actions to achieve the desired or planned goal.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of raw materials delivered by suppliers of a dairy industry based on physicochemical specifications. The development of the work consisted of literature research, followed by a case-study with descriptive approach involving variables of quantitative nature. In order to develop the analysis of data, the following statistical techniques were used: Exploratory analysis of data (used to evaluate the consistency of the collected data and to verify their behavior in relation to variability and normality), non-parametric methods (used to compare periods and collection patterns in relation to the behavior of the variables), CEP (used through the construction of control charts for attributes based on the specifications of the variables), multivariate analysis (used through the factorial analysis in the construction of indexes for the classification of suppliers). Two stages were observed in the development of the study. In the first stage, an analysis on the quality of milk based on the acidity determination was conducted. In the second stage, the analysis of the quality of raw materials was conducted using only lots with appropriate acidity values and considering the other physicochemical variables. The results obtained in the first stage were used to observe that most of the lots were produced according to quality standards established for acidity. For the comparison of the milk collection patterns, in general, pattern 1 obtained better performance in all seasons. In the second stage of the analysis, the results showed that suppliers presented lower percentage of milk lots with appropriate specifications for the percentage of water and density. Moreover, considering the comparison between the collection patterns in winter, it was possible to verify that patterns 2 and 3 had the best performance in the quality indicator. Considering the spring season, it was found that standard 1 presented the best performance. In addition, comparing the collection standards in the summer, it was found that standard 2 obtained the best performance. Through the control charts applied, it was possible to perceive that the process was out of control in the three periods mainly due to problems with the specification of the percentage of water and density. Finally, with the aid of the factorial analysis, indexes for the classification of suppliers were calculated based on physicochemical variables. / A presente pesquisa buscou avaliar a qualidade da matéria-prima entregue pelos fornecedores de uma indústria de laticínios com base nas especificações físico-químicas. O desenvolvimento do trabalho constituiu-se de pesquisa bibliográfica, seguida de estudo de caso com abordagem de cunho descritivo, envolvendo variáveis de natureza quantitativa. Para desenvolver as análises dos dados foram utilizadas as seguintes técnicas estatísticas: Análise exploratória de dados (foi utilizada para avaliar a consistência dos dados coletados e verificar seu comportamento quanto à variabilidade e normalidade); Métodos não-paramétricos (serviram para comparar períodos e rotas de coleta quanto ao comportamento das variáveis); CEP (foi utilizado através da construção de gráficos de controle para atributos com base nas especificações das variáveis); Análise multivariada (utilizada através da análise fatorial na construção do índice para classificação dos fornecedores). No desenvolvimento do estudo foram respeitadas duas etapas. Na primeira etapa foi realizada uma análise sobre a qualidade do leite com base na determinação da acidez. Na segunda etapa foi desenvolvida a análise da qualidade da matériaprima utilizando somente os lotes com medidas adequadas de acidez e considerando as demais variáveis físico-químicas. Com os resultados obtidos na primeira etapa da análise foi possível observar que a maioria dos lotes produzidos estava de acordo com os parâmetros de qualidade estabelecidos para a acidez. Em relação a comparação das rotas de coleta do leite, de modo geral, a rota 1 obteve melhor desempenho em todas as estações. Na segunda etapa da análise os resultados mostraram que os fornecedores apresentaram baixos percentuais de lotes de leite adequados às especificações para o percentual de água excedente e para a densidade. Além disso, considerando a comparação entre as rotas de coleta, no inverno, foi possível verificar que as rotas 2 e 3 tiveram melhor desempenho no indicador de qualidade. Considerando a estação da primavera, percebeu-se que a rota 1 obteve melhor desempenho. E, realizando-se a comparação das rotas de coleta no verão, verificou-se que a rota 2 obteve melhor desempenho. Pelos gráficos de controle aplicados foi possível perceber que o processo estava fora de controle nos três períodos, devido, principalmente, a problemas com as especificações do percentual de água excedente e da densidade. Por fim, com auxilio da análise fatorial, foram calculados índices para classificação dos fornecedores com base nas variáveis físico-químicas.

The aim of this thesis is to elaborate a strategic analysis of the enterprise Moravia Lacto a. s. through external and internal analysis. On base of gained information propose suggestions to firm's management for improvement it's position in the market.

The theme of this thesis is "Strategic Analysis of an Enterprise". The aim of my work is to carry out strategic analysis of Zedníček family farm with emphasis on external analysis using selected analytical methods. The external environment of the company and its opportunities and threats are evaluated using SWOT analysis. The internal environment is assessed, including the characterization of the strengths and weaknesses. The current strategic position of the company is formulated from the obtained information. The result of this work is proposal for the procedures and recommendations that could be implemented by Zedníček family farm to improve its market position.

A proteólise é provavelmente o fenômeno mais importante que ocorre durante a maturação da maioria dos tipos de queijos e influencia fortemente suas características de aroma, sabor e textura. Neste trabalho estudou-se a aplicação de diferentes técnicas analíticas para extração e determinação dos compostos nitrogenados liberados durante a maturação do queijo Prato, compostos esses indicadores da extensão e da profundidade da maturação. Complementando esses estudos, utilizou-se métodos mais específicos como eletroforese em uréia-PAGE e RP-HPLC para avaliação dos peptídeos e aminoácidos formados. Os resultados mostraram que as frações nitrogenadas estudadas e os métodos utilizados na avaliação direta da proteólise se mostraram adequados para uso em análises de rotina. A determinação espectrofotométrica da tirosina e triptofano comprovou ser uma metodologia adequada para avaliação da intensidade de maturação, podendo ser usada como um método rápido alternativo ao de Kjeldahl. Os grupamentos amínicos livres analisados com TNBS ou ninidrina-cádmio também são técnicas mais rápidas e de fácil execução, além de fornecer informações que refletem melhor as degradações das proteínas durante a maturação. O acompanhamento da proteólise do queijo Prato ao longo da maturação indicou alto grau de associação entre os resultados obtidos em todos os métodos utilizados, sugerindo que todos podem ser empregados na sua avaliação e monitoramento. A avaliação instrumental da textura demonstrou a correlação dos atributos adesividade, elasticidade e coesividade com os outros índices usados na avaliação da proteólise, evidenciando que as alterações percebidas pelos consumidores podem ser medidas por parâmetros objetivos. A análise eletroforética demonstrou o aumento na concentração de peptídeos ao longo da maturação, sendo evidente o desdobramento gradual da αs1-caseína formando a fração αs1-I (f24-199) e da β-caseína, formando as frações γ1, γ2 e γ3. A análise por RP-HPLC também demonstrou um aumento no número de picos durante a maturação, com maior variação naqueles eluídos nas regiões intermediária e final da separação. / Proteolysis is probably the most important biochemical event which occurs during the ripening of most cheese varieties, with a major impact on flavour and texture. This work is about the application of different analytical techniques for extraction and determination of the nitrogen fractions liberated during the maturation of Prato cheese. These compounds are indicators of the extension and depth of maturation. Complementing these studies, more specific methods such as urea-PAGE electrophoresis and RP-HPLC were applied. The results showed that the nitrogen fractions studied and the methodology used in direct evaluation of the proteolysis are of potential for use in routine applications. The spectrophotometric determination of tyrosine and tryptophane confirmed that this procedure is good for estimating the extent of cheese ripening. Although they are considered gross indices, they could be used as an alternative fast method for Kjeldahl. Determinations of total free aminic groups by reaction with TNBS or ninhydrincadmium are also fast and easy. Proteolysis of Prato cheese during the maturation showed a high degree of correlation with the results obtained in all tested methods, suggesting that all of them can be used for its evaluation and monitoring. Instrumental measurement of texture indicated correlation of the attributes adhesiveness, elasticity and cohesiveness with the other indices used for proteolysis evaluation, meaning that the alterations noticed by the consumers can be measured by objective parameters. Electrophoretical analysis demonstrated an increase in peptides concentration as ripening progressed, revealing a gradual breakdown of αs1-casein to αs1-I (f24-199). There was a degradation of β-casein with a concomitant increase in concentration of γ-caseins. The RP-HPLC analysis also showed an increase in the number of peaks, with large variation in those eluted in the middle and final portion of the chromatogram.

Food industry occupies a prominent place in branch of process engineering. From design process equipment point of view, great emphasis is placed on hygienic requirements, accuracy, reliability and above all safety. The diploma thesis is focused on comprihensive design of milk heating technology for cheese production with high-temperature curd. The diploma thesis describes technological and constructional design of technology. The diploma thesis also contains basic design of measurement and regulation.